Brain and Behvaior
Which bests represents Lamarckian evolution?
"If you don't use it, you lose it."
Which best describes the concept of evolution?
"Reproduction of the fittest."
Damage to the basil ganglia would most likely result it...
... a movement disorder.
Reuptake is the absorption of ...
... neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron
According to Bell-Magendie Law ...
... ventral roots carry motor information, while dorsal roots carry sensory information
The term "pons" is named as such because...
...axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other.
Across mammalian species, the most constrant structure is the...
...cerebellum.
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called...
...dendrites.
An impairment of eating, drinking, temp regulation and sexual behavior suggests possible damage to the...
...hypothalamus
Dendrites often contain additional short outgrowths. These are believed to:
...increase the surface area available for synapses.
The hippocampus plays a major role in...
...memory.
The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the...
...nucleus incumbens
One function of the thalamus is to...
...relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum, would also likely have problems with...
...shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli.
Compared to iontropic effects, metobotropic effects are...
...slower and longer lasting
How many pairs of cranial nerves to humans have.
12.
Which of the following would produce spatial summation
A rapid sequence of weak stimuli
Which group is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?
Alcoholics
Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development?
Altering the chemical paths
Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic?
Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.
What causes hydrocefalus.
An obstruction in the flow of cerebral spinal fluid.
Enzymes serve as...
Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.
Which of the following would be the most likely affect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic NS activity?
Decreased heart rate
What supports the argument that humans have NOT stopped evolving?
Evolution is based on reproduction rates, so as long as some people have more children than others to, their genes will spread.
Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ______ for them.
Homozygous
What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more ____ potential?
Hyper-polarization
Why is that all neurons in a health adult brain have made appropriate connections?
If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies
More people would be born without an appendix if...
If more people without and appendix reproduce than people who have an appendix.
If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered what type of neuron?
Intrinsic
Color vision deficiency is more common in males than females because...
It is a recessive X-linked gene.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dendrite?
It is in contact with the dendrites of other neurons. Dendrites do: 1. Taper as it gets further from the body 2. Its surface may be lined with synaptic receptors 3. It receives information from other neurons or the environment.
Which of the following is TRUE about genetic drift?
It occurs more often in small populations.
What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain?
It stays in the nervous system the rest of that person's life.
Suppose a virus damaged the dorsal roots of the spinal cords, but not the ventral roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?
Loss of sensation but preserved motor control.
Where do the metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?
Mitochondria
What are two kinds of cells in the nervous system?
Neurons and gila.
____ in the brain and spinal cord and ___ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the sheaths that surround neurons.
Oligodendrocytes; Schwann Cells
Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to which area of the cortex?
Parietal Lobe
What is one important difference between people who are blind because of cortical blindness and others who are blind because of problems with their eyes:?
People with damage to their eyes can still imagine visual scenes
If you were to stub your toe and feel the pressure a second or two before you feel the pain, then which of the following statements is most likely true:
Pressure sensitive neurons are large and myelinated.
What is the production of new neurons called?
Proliferation
A strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of...
RNA
Which of the following activities does NOT stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus incumbens...
RUNNING What does: Gambling, sex, video games
Which of the following actions is most likely to be dependent on ionotropic events
Rapid muscle contractions
What is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a [missing word... neuron?]
Resting potential
After a meal that was rich in ammino acid tryptophan, which neurotransmitter level would increase the most
Serotonin
The _____ of neurons most strongly differentiate them from other cells in the body.
Shape
Seeing a snake coming out of the drain in the bathtub may dilate your pupils, make your hair stand on your neck and cause you to sweat. These are due to the ______ NS.
Sympathetic
Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?
Temporal
Which of the following is an advantage of having a resting potential?
The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus.
A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group?
The limbic system.
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, are all controlled by which structure?
The medulla
Religious affiliation is...
The one exception to a behavior due to heritability.
Which two factors affect the speed of an action potential?
The presence of myelin and the diameter of the axon.
The neuron will produce an action potential only if the depolarization exceeds what level?
The threshold of excitation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of glial cells in the human brain?
They are more numerous than neurons.
What do the corpus collosum and anterior comissure have in common?
They both are made of gray matter.
Which of the following is NOT true of axons?
They carry information toward the soma. True: They can vary in length, they release chemicals that cross the synapse, and some of them are covered in myelin sheaths.
What generally is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic NS and the parasym NS
They usually have opposite affects on each other
What are two requirements for the brain to metabolize glucose?
Thiamine and oxygen
Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of a conduction of an action potential along an axon?
Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.
Which is NOT performed by a glia?
Transmitting information. True: They remove waste materials, build myelin sheaths, guide the growth of axons and dendrites.
When researchers try to estimate the heritability of a human behavior, what are the main kinds of individuals they consider?
Twins and adopted children.
The all-or-none law states:
a neuron produces an action potential of maxiamal strentgth, or none at all.
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotrans is a _____; a drug that mimics or increases effects is a _____
antagonist; agonist
Compared to dendrites, axons usually:
are covered in myelin
Which type of glia remove waste material in the NS?
astrocytes
Which division of the NS consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines and other organs
autonomic
Myelination in the human brain
continues well into adult years
Each hemi of the cerebral cortex recieves most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls its muscles iwth the ___
contralateral; contralateral
Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?
dendrite, cell body, axon...
After the migrating neuron reaches its destination ___ behin to form
dendrites
A nueron can have any number of ____, but no more than one_____.
dendrites; axon
Main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?
glucose.
Radial glia:
guide the migration of neurons during the embryonic stage.
A chemical is called a _____ when it flows throuhg the blood to targets throughout the body
hormone
Chemicals known as ___ and ___ guide neuron migration:
immunoglobins; chemokines
Saltatory conduction ____ the velocity of action potentials and _____ the amount of energy used by the neuron ____.
increases, decreases.
The neurotrans GABA exerts ____ and it's affects are almost always ____
iontropic; inhibitory
If a sympathetic nervous system axon does not receive enough nerve growth factor, the nueron
kills itself
After cells have differentiated as neurons or gila they:
migrate
The results of several studies of facial expressions in people who were born blind suggest:
no role of genetics but a major role of environment in the control of facial expressions.
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:
nodes of Ranvier.
Massive cell death in the brain during prenatal development is:
normal.
Knowing that it is appropriate to tackle people on the football field, but not in the classroom, is dependent on the functioning of the:
prefrontal cortex
The only area of the cerebral cortext known to recieve input from ALL sensory modalities is the:
prefrontal cortex
Temporal summation most likely occurs with:
rapid succession of sub-threshold excitation
The primary feature of a nueron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just was is the:
refractory period
In humans, myelination first occurs in the
spinal cord
Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials known as the
spontaneous firing rate.
Monkeys with Kluver-Bucy syndrome fail to show normal fears and anxieties after damage to the:
temporal lobe
Early in development, the nervous system begins as a
tube surrounding a fluid filled cavity
The superior colliculus is to ____ as the inferior colliculus is to _____.
vision; hearing
Chalmers' fundamental "hard problem" is:
why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness.