CCOT: East Asia (Japan and China) 8000BCE - 1900

The Third Unique Characteristic of Ancient China

Emphasis on learning and literacy - Perhaps because writing on oracle bones was a primary way to communicate with ancestors, literacy was highly valued, and eventually became an important basis for social status.

Zheng He

(1371-1433) An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Terracotta Warriors

-Farmers accidentally discovered part of the tomb project while digging a well -8,00 warriors- 8th wonder of the ancient world -guarding the tomb of the first Chinese emperor. -lift size, warriors, chariots, horses, acrobats, musicians, and more no two are alike; not created out of one piece of stone

Ethnocentrism in Japan

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Characteristics of a Civilization

1) Generation of reliable surpluses 2) Highly specialized occupations 3) Clear social class distinctions 4) Growth of cities 5) Complex, formal governments 6) Long-distance trade 7) Organized writing systems

East Asian Trade and Cultural Contacts with Outsiders 1450-1750

1. Trade contacts with westerners were limited to a few trading enterprises with the Dutch and Portuguese. 2. Initial tolerance of Christian Missionaries before instituting a ban on Christian proselytizing. 3. Ming/Qing emperor's court was curious about European science, technology, and practical mechanical inventions. 4. Still strong ethnocentric attitudes towards the West.

state-building

1. constructing a state from scratch 2. efforts to create stable, legitimate political authority and institutions in post-conflict situations. (Qin Dynasty after the period of Warring States)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan

Wu Wei

A chief value of Daoism is ______ - disengagement from the affairs of the world, and the ability to live simply, and in harmony with nature

kabuki theater

A form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

feudal

A political and social order that was created in the Middle Ages when governments weren't able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection to the people in exchange for land. The rise of centralized governments in Western Europe, Russia, and Japan mark the end of feudalism in the early modern era.

8000 B.C.E

Beginnings of agriculture

Similarity #1 between Rome and Han

Both Rome and China were huge empires with long borders to defend. Each built walls and maintained a chain of forts and garrisons. Both spent a great deal of time, effort, and money trying to defend their borders from nomadic attack, and both ultimately failed.

Similarity #3 between Rome and Han

Both developed a competent bureaucracy that allowed the empires to thrive for a number of years. Roman bureaucracy more vulnerable to corruption due to class tensions and patron-client system. Han was more merit-based.

Similarity #4 between Rome and Han

Both were expansionist empires, assimilating many diverse peoples into their culture.

Focus on: Civil Service in China

Focus on: Civil Service in China The bureaucracy contributed to China's stability because it generally stayed in effect even as dynasties changed. Regardless of who was in charge, the leaders generally depended on the bureaucracy to carry out the functions of government. And remember, since appointment to a civil service position was earned by a strong performance on the civil service examination, the civil service was a meritocracy (earned) as opposed to an aristocracy (inherited).

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangzi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

alternate attendance

By edict of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1635, the country's regional lords (daimyo) were required to reside in Edo during alternate years. This policy was known as "Sankin Kotai," and it helped the shoguns maintain control of the daimyo since adhering to the requirement was both time-consuming and costly, leaving the daimyo little money to raise armies or munitions.

Economic Importance of the Grand Canal

China's Grand Canal facilitated trade between northern and southern China, fully integrating the economies of both regions into a network that allowed food crops to be transported easily across the empire.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.

junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

active

Confucianism encourages ______relationships and a very ______ government as a fundamentally good force in the world.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. Attempted to conquer Korea.

Scholar-Gentry

Gov't workers (bureaucrats) appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. These officials mostly came from the well-educated men known as the ______. These men had earned academic degrees by passing the rigorous imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911.

Emperor Wu Di

Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education. Established an imperial university to educate government officials in 124 B.C.E. Enrollment began at 3,000 students and rose to more than 30,000 students during the later Han.

How did Tokugawa Ieyasu keep the daimyo from rising up against him?

Ieyasu then "invited" daimyos to make biannual trips to Edo where they would reside under the watchful eye of his court. This requirement not only prevented the daimyos from ever being home long enough to organize a credible military force, but also completely sacked the daimyos of their wealth. No self-respecting daimyo would parade to Edo without decking out his travelling entourage in the most elaborate clothing, jewels and transportation, so the trip alone could completely drain a daimyo's treasury..

Ancient gender roles

In ancient civilizations, men typically farmed or hunted outside the home while women performed domestic duties. As men's work outside the home gained social value, women's power declined. This divide grew as civilizations grew larger and more complex.

Geographic Relationships in East Asia

Japan's geographical location has greatly impacted its development. Its location northeast of major trade routes that connected China, Southeast Asia, and India often kept it out of the line of attack and invasion. Unlike Korea, Japan is an island, and could only be reached by sea. As a result, Japan was one of the few areas in east Asia that China never successfully attacked.

Samurai

Japanese soldiers who served the land owned by the lords (daimyos).

Yellow River Valley Civilization

Named for its light colored loess soil, which made it appear yellow, the Yellow, or Huang He River plain was the site of China's earliest civilization, the Shang. The plain's fertile farmland sometimes suffered from such great flooding that the river became known as "China's Sorrow

Contrast Them: India, China, and Japan on European Aggression

No doubt about it, the Japanese under the Tokugawa Shogunate reacted most decisively against European colonialism. China and India both allowed trade and European occupation of port cities, although China increasingly limited it under the Manchus. India was the least suspecting of the Europeans, and it paid dearly. In the next chapter you'll see the consequences of these three attitudes toward the Europeans: India was overrun, China was partially overrun, and Japan, after briefly falling prey to outside influence, turned the tables and became a colonizing empire itself.

legalism

One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period. Strict laws with harsh punishments lessen number and severity of crimes. Government strength lies in its agriculture and military—therefore those two areas demanded the highest number of recruits; government discouraged other career paths. Used by the Qin dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, to end Warring States period.

Similarity #5 between Rome and Han

Overextension. Both empires suffered their greatest challenges in confronting simultaneously the strains of over-expansion and the subsequent internal revolts that were triggered by the costs. In Rome these dual problems, along with the barbarian invasions, finally precipitated the end of the empire in the west. In China they led to the loss of the Mandate of Heaven and the downfall of dynasties.

Daimyos

Powerful territorial lords in Japan - Had a great deal of local control - Caused political power to fragment -Each maintained his own government and his own samurai loyal to him - Pledged allegiance to the shogun as an overlord - Acted independently and quarreled frequently

Similarity #6 between Rome and Han

Public Works: Most Chinese technology centered around control of water in order to prevent famine, while Roman technology included roads, aqueducts, and the coliseum. Both empires attempted to build public works that improved the lives of citizens instead of works with no public utility (i.e. - tombs)

ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

ren (Confucianism)

Confucius believed that the five basic relations should be characterized by ____, or kindness and benevolence. Outward behavior that reflects ___ includes courtesy, respect,diligence and loyalty.

passive

Daoism encourages a ______existence, and little government interference with this pursuit.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Bones that were used in divination rituals. Animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests scratched questions for the gods, or a dead ancestor who would answer questions.

Similarity #2 between Rome and Han

The economies of both societies were based on agriculture, but both grew into wealthy urban-based empires.

The Second Unique Characteristic of Ancient China

The emphasis on this world - The main connections to the spiritual world were the continuing influence of the ancestors and the emperor's status as "Son of Heaven" through the mandate of heaven. Otherwise, the Chinese did not put emphasis on an array of agricultural gods, nor was there a priestly caste, such as existed in other ancient civilizations.

Shang Dynasty

The history of China may be traced to the first written records that describe a distinctive culture with its own cuisine, beliefs, and practices that emerged between 1750 and 1500 B.C.E. The culture is known as the _____________, which conquered most of the other tribes, founded a kingdom that stretched north and south from the Huang He River Valley, and lasted about 700 years.

Confucianism and merchants

The merchants are ranked the lowest in the Classical Chinese Confucian social order due to the fact that they do not produce anything, only profit from others' creations. The merchant class was often more affluent than farmers and artisans, but they are still on the bottom of the social order.

Mongol Rule in China (Impact)

The most expansive pastoralist people, the Mongols, had a small cultural impact, leaving behind no new universal faith, language, or organizational skills. To control conquered populations, the Mongols distributed population clusters of one culture among those of another culture or sent them to other areas of the empire where their services as skilled craftsmen, bureaucrats, or military experts were required. In China, some Mongols sampled Daoism or Buddhism, though most remained true to their ancient animistic beliefs. While they adopted many Chinese luxuries, such as wearing silk, the Yuan dynasty did not attempt to assimilate into Chinese society. The Mongolian occupation, however, impacted the succeeding Ming dynasty, which attempted to return to a pure Chinese culture and reestablish Confucian values

prehistory

The period before the invention of writing.

The First Unique Characteristic of Ancient China

The supreme importance of the family - Chinese culture emphasized family. One reason was the veneration of ancestors, based on the belief that spirits of dead ancestors continued to guide the prospects of the living.

Tang and Song innovations

The technological, social, and cultural innovations from these dynasties included the first use of the compass; the invention of a water-powered clock,gunpowder, and printing press with movable type; the rise of densely populated urban areas; the growth of NeoConfucian thought; the use of stylized landscape painting; and the development of paper currency and flying cash, a form of credit.

Indian Ocean trade routes

These trade routes served as water-based counterparts to the silk roads and connected China, Southeast Asia,India, and the Middle East. Traders contributed to the spread of Buddhism and Hindu cults along these sea lanes.

Compare and Contrast European and Japanese Feudalism

They were similar in terms of political structure, social structure, and honor code. In Europe, the feudal contract was just that, a contract. It was an arrangement of obligations enforced in law. In Japan, on the other hand, the feudal arrangement was based solely on group identity and loyalty. In both cases, the feudal arrangement was based on culture,and so the feudal system stayed around for a very long time.

mandate of heaven

This Chinese belief stated that the gods had granted power to the political ruler and also had the ability to revoke that power. This revocation could be seen through events such as floods. peasant uprisings, and nomadic invasions.

Sui Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty existed from 589 AD to 618 AD, and it ended what was known as the Age of Confusion. Under this dynasty, the Grand Canal was built and linked the Yangtze River with the Yellow River. The Great Wall of China was also rebuilt during this time.

Han Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty flourished between 206 B.C.E. and 220 C.E. The Han emphasized filial piety, or respect for one's parents, as part of a Confucian belief system. Among the Han's most important emperors was Wu Di, who built roads and canals, established a Confucian imperial university, and introduced civil service exams.

Song Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty ruled from 960 to 1279 C.E. Under the Song, Significant innovations in agriculture, trade, monetary practices, and manufacturing led to an economic revolution. The southern capital of Hangzhou became a powerful trade city and center of commerce. The Song navy became a major maritime power thanks to such technology as the magnetic compass and cotton sails.

Tokugawa Shogunate

This Japanese dynasty was established by Tokugawa leyasu in 1603 and lasted until 1867. Under the shogunate, Japan's contact with the rest of the world was strictly limited; Japanese citizens were forbidden to travel outside the country, and only a few foreign merchants were allowed to trade in Japanese ports. Nevertheless, the Japanese economy, agriculture, and population grew, and the country enjoyed peace

Ghengis Khan

This Mongol military leader successfully united the various Mongol tribes during the early 13th century C.E. He led the Mongol army on invasions throughout Central Asia, Tibet, Persia, and Northern China, where he destroyed Beijing in 1215. By the time of his death in 1227, ________ had founded the Mongol Empire.

Kublai Khan

This Mongol military leader, the grandson of Genghis Khan, defeated the Chinese Song dynasty in 1279 and took control of the country. He established the Chinese-style Yuan dynasty, which legally separated Chinese and Mongol subjects.

ancestor veneration

This belief focuses on the worship of family ancestors and is fundamental to Confucian philosophy and other traditional belief systems.

Confucianism

This belief system (not a religion) was founded by the Chinese philosopher _____. According to ________, people should strive to have ren, or appropriate feelings, and Ii, or correct thoughts. _______ focuses on filial piety, or respect for one's parents, as well as the veneration of ancestors. _________ greatly influenced the development of Chinese culture and government, as well as the cultures of East Asia.

Daoism

This belief system emerged during the Era of Warring States in reaction to the conflict wracking China. ____ rejects political institutions and aggressive war in favor of individual oneness with nature.

imperial government

This centralized form of government practices military control of a territory using a variety of techniques including diplomacy, extensive supply lines, building fortifications, defensive roads and structures administrative hubs, bureaucracy, and the enlistment of local populations as officers or soldier.The Roman empire and the Qin and Han dynasties are examples of _______

Fall of Han Dynasty

This collapse occurred as the result of internal strife including political corruption, economic instability,and unsupportable population growth as well as external pressures including frequent invasions along China's northern borders. An extended period of civil war brought the Han Empire to its end by 220 CE

Yuan Dynasty

This dynasty, founded by Mongol conqueror Kublai Khan, reigned over China from 1279CE. to 1368 CE. Under the _____, foreigners and Mongolians made up the civil service and Chinese subjects were legally separated from Mongols. Despite this discrimination, China enjoyed relative stability and prosperity during this time.

Qin Dynasty

This dynasty, founded by Qin Shihuangdi, reunited China and ended the Era of Warring States through reliance on Legalism. Although the Qin dynasty only lasted for the duration of Qin's rule between 221 B.C.E. and 207 B C E it started China's tradition of centralized imperial rule by instituting a centralized bureaucracy. Emperor Qin also connected existing defensive walls in the north into a single system, which today is called the Great Wall.

cultural transfer

This exchange of knowledge, culture, and technology among differing cultures resulted from such interregional activities as trade and conquest during the Middle Ages. Some examples of cultural transfer took place between Tang China and the Abbasid Empire, between Western Europeans and Muslims during the Crusades, and among the conquered peoples of the Mongol Empire.

Japanese Feudalism

This form of government became prominent in Japan by the late 12th century and lasted until 1867. Under this system, a Shogun, or supreme general, ran a centralized military government with regional divisions based on military strength. A daimyo led each of these divisions, and a number samurai fought under the daimyos command.

steppe

This landform is made up of vast, semi-arid, grass-cover plains. ___ stretch across Central Asia, from Mongolia to the area surrounding the Caspian Sea. Technological developments, such as pastoral groups' adoption of the horse, allowed steppe dwellers from Central Asia to develop expansive long-distance trade. The Turks and Mongols are natives of the ____ region.

Foot-binding

This practice, common in China for several centuries required the physical binding of women's feet to achieve a tiny, "lily-like" shape and size. Foot-binding originated with the upper classes and contributed to a girl's chance of making a good marriage. Foot-binding became popular in tandem with the rise of neo-Confucianism and the emphasis it placed on patriarchal gender roles..

NeoConfucianism

This religious, political, and social movement encouraged a return to Confucian values as a way to strengthen society and the state. It became an official state belief system during the Song dynasty as a result of an anti-Buddhism campaign and the increasing Mongol threat. _______ incorporated Buddhist ideas, combining them with a Confucian emphasis on traditional family rituals and gender roles. It also placed value on the civil service exam.

spread of printing

This spread from East Asia to the Islamic world and then to Western Europe, exemplifying the scientific and technological diffusion that resulted from Eurasian trade routes and the cross-cultural interactions of traders, missionaries, and travelers.

spread of gunpowder

This spread from East Asia to the Islamic world and then to Western Europe,exemplifying the scientific and technological diffusion that resulted from Eurasian trade routes and the cross-cultural interactions of traders,missionaries, and travelers.

Pax Mongolia

This term, meaning "Mongolian Peace," describes the 13th century period during which peace, stability, and increased trade spread throughout the vast Eurasian territory ruled by the Mongol Empire.

Contrast Them: Ethnocentrism in Europe and Elsewhere

To be sure, many cultures were ethnocentric. The Chinese, for example, believed their kingdom to be the Middle Kingdom, literally the" center of the world," and themselves ethnically superior to other races. So the Europeans were hardly unique in their self-important attitudes. However, in their ability to act on those attitudes, they were dangerously unique. Armed with the most technologically advanced militaries and strong economic motives, the Europeans were quite capable of subjugating people whom they considered to be inferior, barbaric, or dispensable. Their success at doing so often reinforced the ethnocentric attitudes, leading to further colonialism and subjugation.

Oda Nobunaga

Took over most of Japan by 1583 with his powerful army, using muskets and cannons. He improved the economy by creating towns, and he linked them all by constructing a network of roads to aid in both commerce and the movement of troops.

Han dynasty gender roles

Under the Han's patriarchal social organization, women were legally subordinate to their fathers or husbands. A woman's greatest goal was to marry well and thus help her family. Upper-class women were often educated in literature, music, and the arts.

Contrast Them: Divine Right and Mandate of Heaven

Under the Mandate of Heaven, the emperors believed they were divinely chosen, but would only be given authority to rule so long as they pleased heaven. If they didn't rule justly and live up to their responsibility, heaven would ensure their fall. Divine Right on the other hand, was used to justify absolute rule without any corresponding responsibilities. Monarchs who ruled under a strict theory of Divine Right saw themselves as God's personal representatives, chosen specifically for the task of ruling. In other words, Divine Right was a privilege without any corresponding responsibilities, whereas the Mandate of Heaven was upheld only so long as rulers acted justly.

tributary system of trade

Used by the Han Empire, this system of trade rested on the belief that the Han did not trade with inferior neighboring peoples but instead received tribute, or payments of goods or money, from them. When these groups brought tribute to the Han court, the Han gave them trade goods in return.

Differences between Japanese and Western European Feudalism

WE feudalism placed more emphasis on written contracts. Japanese feudalism relied more on group loyalties based on honor, not written contracts. This difference had consequences, with the West developing parliaments to defend their contracts, and Japan relying on collective decision-making teams. Even today, western businesses still rely on written contracts, while Japanese companies rely on awareness of "honor codes" that govern business relationships.

Geisha

a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing

analects

a collection of sayings of Confucius compiled by his disciples; one of the four books.

How did the Tokugawa peace change the Samurai class?

a. Only the samurai would receive access to the finest education, only they would sit for the civil service exam and only they would administer the mundane day-to-day necessities of a centralized government. b. They could keep their honor and their connection to their past by being the only ones who could cany a sword, but with the peace of Tokugawa, the need for a warrior elite vanished. c. Over the course of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the once feared, battle-hardened military elite slowly evolved (or devolved depending on your point of view) into paper-pushing bureaucrats more likely to be seen behind a desk than on a battlefield. d. By the mid-I9cb century, of the 1.7 million samurai, nearly all had either settled into lives of sedentary labor or had grown indebted to the merchant class

Shimabara Rebellion

peasant uprising, protest against taxes but also religious persecution, defeated, led to end of Christianity in Japan, contact with foreigners restricted

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Silk Road

trade route between China and the Roman Empire, named for the most important item traded

Period of Warring States

• Time of disunity for China (403-221 B.C.E.); many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for their rule • Legalism helped the State of Qin to gain control and unify China • Development of three significant schools of thought—Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism—this period is also referred to as the Hundred Schools of Thought

Shogun

(literally, "a commander of a force") was one of the (usually) hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the ____, were the real rulers of Japan though they were appointed by the emperor.

Difference #1 between Rome and Han

Longevity and Persistence. Rome's empire rose, fell, and disappeared, although it lived on as a concept. China's empire has lasted for the past 2000 years. Dynasties have come and gone, sometimes the empire has broken into fragments, and sometimes it has been ruled by conquering "barbarians," but finally the empire endured as a single political entity. Today, although there is no emperor, China's geopolitical unity continues.

Shoguns

Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration. From 1185 to 1868 the Shoguns were the real power in Japan, the emperor was little more than a figurehead.

Cultural Importance of the Grand Canal

More than just a technological achievement, the Grand Canal served as a basis for political and cultural unity as well, making it possible for China to maintain hegemony over east Asia for many years. The canal was the major conduit for internal trade in China until railroads were built in the 19th century, and even today it still serves vital trade functions.

Shi Huangdi

Self-proclaimed "first emperor" of China—reigned fourteen years. To centralize power: disarmed local military forces; built roads to enhance and expedite communication and movement of armies; standardized laws,currencies, weights and measures, and built defensive walls, including the Great Wall. Forced millions of laborers to work on public works projects, including palaces, roads, bridges, irrigation systems, and a tomb for himself.

Slavery in classical China

Slavery did exist, but it was far less prominent than it was in Ancient Rome. During the Warring States Period, dependent peasants as well as slaves worked the large estates. The Qin government tried to abolish slavery, but it persisted into the Han era. However, only a small fraction of the population was enslaved, and most people that were slaves served as domestic servants

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Zhou Dynasty

Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.

Great Wall

The Han Dynasty improved this massive Chinese defensive structure during the Classical Age. The purpose of the _____ was to protect China from the frequent invasions of the nomadic Xiongnu people.

Christianity in Japan

The Jesuit priests (padres) tried to spread Christianity and Japan saw it as a threat from the outside world, especially since a lot of people were converting; so they banned Christianity in 1590's (also saw it as a threat after seeing the Philippines being taken over in the same way). Started punishing/torturing Christian worshippers, and crucified missionaries.

East Asia

The Yellow region is called ?