(Ch. 11-15) The Nervous System

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

constriction; dilation

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called

contralateral

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

cornea

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

The elevated ridges within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that support the hair cells are known as a

crista ampullaris

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

direct long-term functions, such as growth

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

dura mater

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

filum terminale

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include

-understanding spatial relationships. -mathematical computation. -speech. -writing. -All of the answers are correct.

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

-surface of the epiglottis -surface of the tongue -portions of the pharynx -All of the answers are correct.

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

-sympathetic activation. -increased activity of autonomic centers in the -hypothalamus. -increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. -All of the answers are correct.

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

-the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. -an increase in metabolic activity. -relaxation of airway smooth muscle. -All of the answers are correct.

________ provide information about the external environment.

Exteroceptors

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

Wallerian

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors.

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

brachial

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures.

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

hyperopia

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

internal ear.

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon

The flexor reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

multipolar

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

myopia

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

peppery

A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.

photon

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

phrenic

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

pia mater.

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid

The basal nuclei

provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

pseudopolar

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

pupil.

The midbrain contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin.

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

sciatic

In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

shingles

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

somatic

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

somatic motor nuclei

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

subarachnoid space.

The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the

synapse.

A fast-adapting mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a

tactile (Meissner) corpuscle

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

telodendria.

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

Absorption at the arachnoid granulations returns CSF to the

venous circulation

Which of the following is not one of the special senses?

vibration

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

-Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. -When activated, cAMP levels are affected. -Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type. -They are proteins in the plasma membrane. -All of the answers are correct.

The cerebellum

-functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. -receives input from the motor cortex and basal nuclei. -if damaged, leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. -compares intended movement to actual movement. -All the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze

The cerebellum relies on information from

-motor commands from upper motor neurons. -the inner ear as movements are under way. -proprioceptive sensations. -the eyes. -All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a function of tears?

-provides oxygen -nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva -lubricates the eye -washes away debris -All of the answers are correct.

Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

-salivation -sweating -very low heart rate -diarrhea -All of the answers are correct.

Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into ________ or more bundles that penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.

20

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central

________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax.

Ceruminous

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.

Cones

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.

Conjunctivitis

________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation.

Perception

________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.

Proprioceptors

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.

Rods

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

Schwann cells

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

X

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called

adrenergic

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the

arbor vitae

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries cells are the

astrocytes

The largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS that absorb and recycle neurotransmitters are the

astrocytes

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the

auditory ossicles

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the

axolemma

The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

equilibrium.

The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as

cataracts

The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is

calcium

The ________ space separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal.

epidural

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

electroencephalogram

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

endoneurium.

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal