Chapter 1

By making certain dietary changes (such as decreasing fat intake), a person may:

forestall the development of certain diseases and lessen the severity of a disease

Breast milk is considered the best food for young infants because

it is sanitary, provides immunity and is nutritionally adequate

1 kcal equals

1000 calories or 1 Calorie

4 grams protein

16 kcal 4g x 4 cal per g

A gram of protein contains how many kilocalories per gram

4

10 grams carbohydrate

40 kcal 10g x 4 cal per g

5 grams fat

45 kcal 5g x 9 cal per g

Stimulant effects

Alkaloids

What has the ability to develop crops that supply higher yields, resist pests, or are tolerant to drought conditions and could help solve the world food shortage.

Biotechnology

A unit of heat energy needed to raise one liter of water one degree Celsius.

Calorie

A person typically needs strong positive motivation to get them to change their eating behaviors. What are circumstances that will motivate a person to improve ingrained food- related behaviors?

Desire to gain/lose weight and motivated to improve health

describes a food that is manufactured to boost nutrient intakes?

Functional foods

person's way of living that includes: use of drugs, physical activity habits and dietary practices

Lifestyle

Which is a risk factor of chronic disease

Smoking, physical inactivity, genetic background and obesity

True or false: The information we have about diet and its relationship to health is constantly changing as new research becomes available.

True

Babies born to mothers undernourished during their pregnancy may suffer from

breathing problems

The nutrient composition in the bodies of men and women have similar amounts of what

carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins

smallest living functional unit in an organism.

cell

one hundredth of a meter.

centimeter

Water Glucose Iron

considered essential nutrients

Potential problems associated with undernutrition during pregnancy include:

death of mother and premature births

When taken in high amounts, many vitamins behave like _____and can produce unpleasant and even toxic side effects.

drugs

Pastries, Alcohol and Sugar-sweetened soft drinks

empty calories

A nutrient is considered what when it must be supplied by food because the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs.

essential

Vitamins, minerals, water, and amino acids are all examples of:

essential nutrients

Malnourished children are especially susceptible to

measles.

Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called:

medical nutrition therapies

What is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount?

megadose

The prefix that means 1/1000

milli

food that is energy dense but provides some nutrition.

nuts

By eating a variety of nutrient dense foods you are likely to

obtain adequate amounts of the nutrients your body needs and eat a safe amount of each nutrient.

Overweight or obese Americans are an example of

overnutrition or malnutrition

The amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called

physiological dose.

The purpose of UNICEF is to

provide high-quality food for undernourished populations

Most Americans are food

secure

In 2016, the National Academy of Sciences reported

there is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically engineered crops are unsafe for humans or harmful to the environment.

Americans with low incomes and individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa and chronic alcoholism are at increased risk of

undernutrition

nutritional habits, smoking and heredity

examples of risk factors

Most foods contain a mixture of what

fat, protein and carbohydrate

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal One gram of fat contains 9 kcal and one gram of carbohydrate contains 4 kcal,

Lipids contain how many kcal per gram.

9

Which of the following protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by exposure to certain environmental and internal factors?

Antioxidants

orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables

Beta carotene, lutein, and lycopene (bcll)

Reduced risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration.

Carotenoids

What occurs when an essential nutrient is missing from the diet?

Deficiency disease

Households that include members that worry about running out of food or not having enough money to buy food are considered:

Food insecure

What is the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can happen to it?

chemistry

Orange juice fortified with calcium, margarines that interfere with the body's ability to absorb cholesterol and yogurt with live bacteria are all examples of

functional foods

The alteration of a plant or animal's hereditary material is called

genetically modified.

regulation of fluid balance, formation of certain chemical messengers, structural and functional components of various substances and tissues

minerals

When compared to a whole product, a refined product will typically have less

minerals and vitamins

Consuming reasonable amounts of food while obtaining enough nutrients from food is defined as dietary

moderation.

The typical American today consumes _______fat, sugar, and total kcalories than in 1970.

more

The nutrient that comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman is

water.

About how many nutrients are considered essential?

50

What term describes the energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight?

Energy density

May kill certain microbes

Glycosides

What contributes to the spread of infectious disease in developing countries?

Lack of clean cooking and drinking water and poor sanitation practices

Which food does not contain nutrients from each if the classes of food groups

Margarine

Which of the following is the deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C?

Scurvy

What is the best way to get the appropriate nutrients and phytochemicals in your diet?

Variety

Heading Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by a lack of what

Niacin

Can a good supplement can adequately replace a diet filled with a variety of whole foods?

No

eating large amounts of foods that are fortified and taking megadoses of a supplement may result in

Nutrient toxicity

What term describes a food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its energy value?

Nutrient-dense

sugar, vitamins, and minerals What is the name for the nutrient-dense paste that is made of peanuts, powdered milk, oil, and is used to treat undernourished children in developing countries.

Plumpy'nut

What is the state of health when the body is improperly nourished, including under- and overnutrition?

Malnutrition

energy source and necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins

lipids

What is produced when a wheat kernel is stripped of its nutrient-rich germ and bran?

White flour

provide food aid and learn more efficient ways to grow food are what?

strategies to reduce poverty and hunger

The most likely time for the possibility of nutrient toxicity to become a concern would be when:

taking a megadose of a vitamin or supplement

Which of the following foods are rich in phytochemicals?

vegetables and fruits

maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components

vitamins

regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportation of substances

water

irrigation that removes water from rivers, use of pesticides and cutting down trees to create cropland

Conventional farming that harms environment

Risk factor of heart disease

High fat diet

Formula for finding inches to centimeters

Inches x 2.54

What has happened to the average calorie intake for Americans since 1994?

Increased

soybeans & legumes

Isoflavonoids

Which circumstances increase a person's chances of undernutrition in the United States?

Living in poverty, Anorexia nervosa and Chronic alcoholism

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

Minerals Vitamins

v Antioxidant effects, may improve immune system functioning

Organosulfides

Factors most likely to influence food choices

Religious beliefs, peers and mood

Some ways to solve problems created by conventional farming methods include:

Rely more on non chemical pest management and find ways to improve crop yields.

red wine, purple grapes & grape juice

Reservatrol

What is the name for the current nutritional assistance program that enables low-income participants to purchase food with an electronic benefit transfer card

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

provides calories from only one of the macronutrients?

Vegetable oil

School lunch program, WIC, SNAP and Elderly nutrition program

food assistance programs that are popular in the United States

less red meat, milk, and eggs, more refined products and more fish, cheese, and poultry

Compared to the past, today's typical American consumes:

Which factors contribute to undernutrition in developing countries?

Disease War Overpopulation