Chapter 1

How is assent different from informed consent when conducting research on children?`

Assent is an additional step where children agree to participate, whereas informed consent is provided by parents.

Which is a limitation of the longitudinal design?

Cohort-related changes may limit the generalizability of conclusions.

What is the role of intersectionality in developmental science?

Development is influenced by and interacts with race, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and disability.

Which statement expresses the idea that development consists of different areas that overlap?

Development is multidimensional.

Which statement fully describes how individuals contribute to their own development?

Environments influence growth, and individuals interact with their environments.

Which developmental theorist proposed that a person must navigate through different crises at each stage?

Erikson

A correlational research study can show whether one variable causes a change in another variable.

False

Developmental scientists have put substantial effort into recruiting and understanding the influence of race and ethnicity on human development.

False

What is the current view about the roles of nature compared to nurture in human development?

Genetics and environmental influences work together to influence development.

How do independent and dependent variables differ?

Independent variables are manipulated, and dependent are held constant and measured.

What is a problem with the term development when studying human development?

It suggests growth as the transformation from birth to adulthood.

Mei is an applied developmental scientist. Which is most likely to be the foundation of Mei's research program?

Mei examines how enrollment in a free meals program in elementary school impacts academic achievement across time.

Which is a challenge for researchers when using naturalistic observation?

Observers being present can cause those being observed to act differently than they would otherwise.

______'s developmental theory explains how children's cognitive reasoning advances through stages.

Piaget

The Washingtons were teenagers at the time of desegregation. Why might their experiences be different than those of elementary school children during the same historical time period?

They likely had different social roles, different levels of maturity, and different life experiences.

Ethology is the evolutionary basis of behavior and development.

True

Research on risky behaviors can present challenges for maintaining confidentiality.

True

According to adult members of the Washington family, which of the following helped them cope with discrimination following the integration of schools?

a positive neighborhood context

Which study highlights the current state of the nature—nurture debate in developmental science?

a study on how genetics and early parent—child relationships relate to emotional wellbeing in adulthood

Which is an example of continuous development?

a teenager completes his homework faster than the year before

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory suggests that children ______.

act on the world around them as they progress through different stages of reasoning

Which type of developmental research examines a person in great detail to fully understand their life experiences?

case study

Which is the most apparent indicator of development?

change

A group of people who grow up during the same time period and share similarities as a result are referred to as a(n) ______.

cohort

It is important for applied developmental science to take a multidisciplinary approach because real life is ______.

complicated and requires expertise from many fields

Basic research assumes that ______.

development is universal, as people grow in similar, predictable ways

A student graduating from high school and immediately moving away from home is an example of ______ change.

discontinuous

When portions of development occur in ways that are sudden or abrupt, it is called ______.

discontinuous change

Psychoanalytic theories are concerned with how ______.

drives and motivations outside of awareness affect people's wellbeing

People influence their own development by ______.

engaging with other people and their environments

What is the purpose of integrity in research?

ensuring commitments to participants and their communities are upheld in an open and accurate manner

Which is part of correlational research?

examining relationships between behaviors

A study using a socioemotional development perspective would examine ______.

experience of bullying and relationships with self-esteem

Lifespan human development focuses on development ______.

from conception through death

Development is considered multidirectional because it includes ______.

growth and decline

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development ______.

includes the broader society and culture's influences on development

Examining how gender, race, and ethnicity all interact with one another is most relevant to ______.

intersectionality

Which ethical principle is concerned with all participants equally sharing the risks and benefits of research?

justice

Which developmental research design method follows the same participants over weeks, months, or years?

longitudinal

Dr. Fothergill follows children who were victims of Hurricane Katrina over time, seeking to understand both the short-term and long-term effects of this traumatic event. What type of research design does Dr. Fothergill employ?

longitudinal research

One important way ethics guide developmental scientists' research is by ______.

maximizing the benefits for participants and minimizing any harm

The interactions between microsystems in Bronfenbrenner's theory of development make up the ______.

mesosystem

Which component of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory consists of an individual's immediate social and physical surroundings?

microsystem

Unlike other contexts, ______ influences are experiences that only happen to a few people.

non-normative

Dr. Fothergill explains the importance of long-term research in this particular study. If the research team had only studied the children for a year, they would ______.

not have observed the long-term patterns among the three trajectories of children

In ______, children learn through watching other people and witnessing the consequences they face.

observational learning

A researcher wants to see what students choose to do during recess. How would the researcher get the best answer?

observing what students do during recess

Which method is used to get more information out of a participant's responses?

open-ended interview

Which type of research encourages participants to expand on their responses to gain additional information?

open-ended interview

When a parent gives a child an ice cream for a good report card, the parent is using ______.

operant conditioning

To conduct research on sensitive topics, sometimes researchers will use ______ for adolescents, which requires parents to opt out of research.

passive consent

When it comes to basic issues in the study of lifespan development, developmental scientists agree that ______.

people change throughout their entire lives

Lifespan human development is a field that explores how ______.

people grow and change from birth through old age

Which example shows a cohort that would be studied in lifespan development?

people who were born in 2008

A child with hearing loss develops strong eyesight and sense of touch reflects the body's ______.

plasticity

A researcher is engaged in correlational research. They are looking for ______.

relationships between variables

A researcher implies that they will be acting as a psychologist when recruiting participants for their study. Which ethical principle is this researcher violating?

responsibility

An example of using physiological measures in a developmental study is ______.

tracking how long an infant looks at a puppet to understand attention

Theories in research are ______.

used to organize information gathered from many observations.

The teacher sends a student to the hallway for disrupting class. What is the teacher doing?

using punishment to reduce an unwanted behavior