Chapter 1 Worksheet

complete each statement below regarding the body's structural hierarchy, then arrange them in order (top to bottom) from smallest to largest

- collections of like cells performing a similar function are called tissues. they are divided into four major categories: connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular - multiple, different tissue types working together are called organs - the digestive organs are an example of a(n) organ system in that they are multiple, different organs working together to carry out a similar function - a complete, single organism represents the largest division of hierarchical organization

complete each statement below to correctly describe the concept of a negative feedback mechanism, then click and drag the sentences to arrange them in order these events occur

- situation: during a hot day, water lost through sweat produces a condition of decreasing blood (fluid) volume - detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus - response: the sense of thirst is enhanced partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone - effect: drinking fluids reverses the declining water volume

which of the following statements accurately describes homeostasis?

- the body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions

complete each statement below by placing the proper word in the appropriate position to explain the scientific criteria for life

- the definition of life can be interpreted as meeting a set of criteria including: organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution - all living things exhibit organization or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings. the inability to maintain this characteristic of life leads to disease and death - made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life, cellular composition is a requirement of all living things - in order to carry out many of the other characteristics of life, organisms must exhibit metabolism. this is the ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products - all living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display responsiveness - in interacting with their respectively often dynamically and radically changing environments, living things must be able to maintain a relative homeostasis, or set of stable internal conditions - characterized by both differentiation and growth, development is the characteristics of life that explains increased size and functional complexity - the ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristics of reproduction - species of living organisms will all demonstrate evolution over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success with the environment

which of the following is/are true regarding variations of human physiology? check all that apply

- the physiological function of organ systems can be difference due to age - men and women vary in their physiology - failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes

complete each statement below regarding the body's structural hierarchy, then arrange them in order (top to bottom) from smallest to largest

- the smallest particles with unique chemical properties, called atoms, are composed of neutrons and protons in a centralized nucleus with electrons in surrounding concentric clouds - two or more atoms make up a(n) molecule and are exemplified by groups of macromolecules known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids - together, molecules form much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. these are collectively referred to as organelles - the smallest unit of life is the cell, which is comprised of multiple organelles and macromolecules

which of the following statements is/are true regarding living organisms? check all that apply

- they maintain relatively stable internal conditions - they exhibit genetic change from generation to generation - they exhibit a far higher level of organization that the nonliving world around them

which of the following is not an example of a physiological variation?

a spleen on the right side of the body

what is the study of body structures called?

anatomy

place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy and physiology

anatomy - the uterus has three layers - the small intestines has three portions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - the bronchi and alveoli are part of the lower respiratory tract - several layers of squamous cells comprise the epidermis of the skin - the brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla - the internal carotid artery is lateral to the trachea - tendons are the structures that attach muscles to bones physiology - during exercise, an increase in sympathetic activity increases cardiac output - sweat production increases to cool the body during exercise - insulin and glucagon help maintain normal blood sugar levels - kidneys secrete H+ to raise a person's pH - increased levels of prolactin promote milk formation in the mammary glands

place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology

anatomy: - study of form - each kidney contains approximately 6-10 pyramids - the human heart is comprised of four chambers - the brachial artery gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteries - the brain is composed of two hemispheres - mitochondria are cellular organelles more numerous in active cells physiology: - study of function - cellular energy requires the body's production of ATP - skeletal muscles contract via a process called the sliding filament theory - glucose (a form of simple carbohydrate) is the necessary fuel for the brain - heart cells are capable of contracting on their own due to a property called autorhythmicity - the long-term acid-base balance of the body is controlled by the kidneys

label the following parts of the human body structural hierarchy

atom -> molecule -> macromolecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

a tissue is more complex than an organ

false

dynamic equilibrium can be describes as having a certain set point for a given variable where internal conditions remain constant at this point

false

every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure

false

what is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?

homeostasis

match the following medical term roots to their basic order elements

liver- hepat heart- cardi stomach- gastro small intestines- entero sodium- natr

what is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

organ system

place each statement in the proper category to distinguish whether it is referring to positive and negative feedback

positive feedback: - this feedback produces a rapid "climactic event" - good grades in school produces compliments and family pressure to continue this success, resulting in greater levels of academic success - this feedback is an increasing, amplifying, or magnifying process - stretching the cervix indirectly causes the uterus to contract with more force, causing greater stretch of the cervix - platelets in the blood adhere to a recent cut in the skin and release chemicals, which cause additional platelets to adhere to the wound negative feedback: - this feedback negates or reverses a trend - decreasing blood pressure indirectly causes widespread vasoconstriction, resulting in a rise in blood pressure - decreasing levels of blood calcium cause parathyroid hormone to be released, resulting in the increase of blood calcium levels