Chapter 16 DSM

The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following?

(All of the listed responses are correct) stimulation of secretion by sweat glands, dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes, acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles

How many motor neurons are needed to carry an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine?

2

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

A decrease in heart rate

The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is __________.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Why are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation short lived?

Acetylcholine is quickly destroyed.

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Nitric oxide

The major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include which of the following?

All of the listed responses are correct, increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract, secretion by digestive glands, constriction of the respiratory passageways

The cellular mechanisms that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include which of the following?

All of the listed responses are correct; Facilitation of synapses; Increased neurotransmitter release; Formation of additional synaptic connections

While Michael is sleeping, his eye muscles are moving, but all other skeletal muscles are at rest. Which of the following statements about Michael is true?

All of the listed responses are correct; He is likely dreaming; His reticular activating system (RAS) has not been stimulated sufficiently to arouse the cerebral cortex; He is in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Stimulation of which receptor brings about contraction of the smooth muscle in vascular smooth muscle?

Alpha-1; Alpha-1 receptors are the more common type of alpha receptor. Their stimulation results in G protein activation that brings about a release of intracellular calcium ions into the cytosol from reserves in the endoplasmic reticulum. This action excites the cell and causes contraction of the smooth muscle in blood vessels. It also causes sphincters along the digestive tract and urinary bladder to close.

One of the problems associated with aging and the nervous systems is the development of plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). Which of the following accurately describes plaques?

An accumulation of extracellular fibrillar proteins and abnormal dendrites and axons

What is the name for a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Autonomic plexus

Stimulation of which receptor causes dilation of the airways?

Beta-2

What is the meaning of "dual innervation"?

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions stimulate the same organ.

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the __________.

Celiac/Solar plexus

Which higher brain region is not involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system?

Cerebellum

Which ganglia are part of the sympathetic division and are located anterior to the vertebral bodies?

Collateral ganglia

What is the name for a condition in which the person is unconscious and can't be awakened by strong stimuli?

Coma

Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation?

Constriction of airways

The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?

Controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

Controls skeletal muscle

How would the stimulation of muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle affect the heart?

Decreased heart rate; Stimulation of muscarinic receptors, a type of cholinergic receptor located in postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system, would cause K+ channels to open, resulting in hyperpolarization of the cardiac plasma membranes and a decreased heart rate.

Schizophrenia may be caused by an excessive production of which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

Which part of the brain plays a key role in memory consolidation?

Hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the nervous system?

Increase in synaptic connections

Which of the following is NOT a response to increased levels of sympathetic activity?

Increased digestive and urinary functions

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Increases activity of the digestive tract

Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________.

Inside the tissues of visceral organs

What is the term for parasympathetic ganglia that are embedded in the tissues of the target organ?

Intramural ganglia

In the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons originate in __________.

Intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs

Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?

It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, thus providing a greater amount of control.

Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?

It carries impulses away from the ganglion.

Which of the following is NOT true of the cardioacceleratory reflex?

It is a short reflex.

What is the term used for the changing of short-term memories to long-term memories?

Memory consolidation

Which of the following is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues

What are the receptors found at neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division?

Muscarinic receptors

What are the receptors that are found on all ganglionic cells of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Nicotinic receptors; Nicotinic receptors occur on ganglion cells of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. They also occur at the neuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system. ACh always causes excitation of the ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber by opening chemically gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane. These receptors were so named because researchers found that the toxin, nicotine, binds to these receptors and will stimulate them.

Which of the following is a common age-related anatomical change in the nervous system?

None of the listed responses is correct.

In organs that receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, the two divisions produce __________.

Opposing effects

Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?

Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in nutrient content in the blood.

What are the nerves that carry sacral parasympathetic output to the bladder, terminal parts of the large intestine, and the sex organs?

Pelvic nerves

What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long. These are the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers. In the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, these short preganglionic fibers connect neurons from the hypothalamus to chain and/or collateral ganglia just outside the vertebral column, relaying motor signals outside the CNS. The long postganglionic fibers relay the motor signal from the chain ganglia to the targets.

The LOWEST level of integration in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of __________.

Regulatory centers in the brain stem that control the viscera

Stimulation of Beta 2 receptors causes

Relaxation of airway smooth muscle.

What part of the brain functions to wake a person from sleep?

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Which of the following is an important cause of a stroke?

Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel

You did not get to study for your A&P quiz the night before. After briefly reviewing the material for the quiz this morning, you are answering questions on your quiz. What kind of memory are you using?

Short-term memory

Which organs are NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Skeletal muscles

What part of the nervous system is NOT part of the reticular activating system?

Spinal cord

What is the name of the endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Suprarenal gland

Which division of the nervous system "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Which two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation?

The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus

How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?

The medication blocks the beta-1 receptors in the heart from stimulating an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions.

Based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The origin of preganglionic fibers

Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestine?

The vagus nerve

Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE?

They bypass the central nervous system (CNS).

Visceral reflexes __________.

are all polysynaptic and can be either short or long

Visceral reflexes provide __________.

automatic motor responses

Which of the following sympathetic receptors causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction and an increase in metabolic activity?

beta-1; Beta-1 (β) receptors are located on the plasma membranes of cells in many organs, including skeletal muscles, the lungs, the heart, and the liver. The stimulation of β1 receptors leads to an increase in metabolic activity. For example, the stimulation of β1 receptors in skeletal muscles accelerates the metabolic activities of the muscles. The stimulation of β1 receptors in the heart increases heart rate and force of contraction.

The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually __________.

brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites

Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?

chain ganglia

A state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies __________.

consciousness

Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following?

increasing the force of cardiac contractions, dilating the respiratory passageways, and accelerating the heart rate

Stimulation of Alpha 2 receptors has an

inhibitory effect on cells.

The processing center of a visceral reflex is the __________.

interneuron

Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to __________.

keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles; Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles. This activation of the SNS during exercise enhances muscle performance by helping maintain homeostasis of body temperature and energy metabolism. The cooling of the body helps eliminate heat so that enzymes are not damaged. The enhancement of oxygen and nutrient delivery optimizes skeletal muscle so that the body is prepared for a physical struggle.

Increasing stimulation to the reticular activating system (RAS) makes an individual __________.

more alert to sensory information

Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or by the nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?

parasympathetic division

The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?

redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy

Learned motor behaviors are __________.

skill memories

Stimulation of Alpha 1 receptors causes

smooth muscle contraction.

Which of the following is NOT a region where parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found?

spinal cord segment T4

During a crisis, the event necessary for an individual to be able to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called __________.

sympathetic activation; During a crisis, the event necessary for an individual to be able to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called sympathetic activation. In these situations, the entire body responds by way of the SNS as well as the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine being released throughout the body. These cause increased alertness, increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, elevation of muscle tone, and activation of energy reserves.

What is the term for the chain of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system that lies right outside the vertebral column?

sympathetic chain ganglia

Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with the cells they innervate through structures called __________.

varicosities

The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the __________.

white ramus