Chapter 16 MC
103 : The removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved is referred to as: A : avoidance learning. B : punishment. C : positive reinforcement. D : extinction. E : inefficient management.
a
104 : Which of the following is sometimes called negative reinforcement? A : Avoidance learning B : Punishment C : Positive reinforcement D : Extinction E : Neutral learning
a
110 : One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the teams work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool? A : Extinction B : Positive reinforcement C : Negative reinforcement D : Avoidance learning E : Punishment
a
112 : __________ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them. A : Vicarious learning B : Self-esteem C : Self-reinforcement D : Delegation E : Experiential learning
a
113 : At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of: A : vicarious learning. B : self-esteem. C : self-reinforcement. D : delegation. E : experiential learning.
a
114 : Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction? A : Job design B : Job enlargement C : Job simplification D : Work redesign E : Job enrichment
a
122 : __________ is a major part of the job characteristics model. A : Critical psychological states B : A hierarchy of needs C : Schedules of reinforcement D : All of these E : None of these
a
126 : __________ influence(s) the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of the work. A : Skill variety, task significance, and task identity B : Skill variety only C : Task significance only D : Task identity only E : Task significance and task identity only
a
129 : __________ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance. A : Feedback B : Assessment C : Evaluation D : Satisfaction E : Fulfillment
a
133 : Rick is a manager at InfoServices, where he encourages sales employees to visit one new customer each day. This is an example of: A : goal specialty. B : goal difficulty. C : goal acceptance. D : a flexible work schedule. E : feedback.
a
134 : Allowing employees to choose how they complete a task is an example of providing employees with which element of empowerment? A : Power B : Knowledge C : Information D : Rewards E : Meaningfulness
a
57 : A(n) __________ is an example of an intrinsic reward. A : employees feelings of self-worth B : pat on the back from your boss C : pay raise D : promotion E : bonus
a
58 : Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by: A : extrinsic rewards. B : intrinsic rewards. C : variable rewards. D : all of these. E : none of these.
a
60 : Which of the following theories focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences? A : Reinforcement B : ERG C : Hierarchy of needs D : Two-factor E : Acquired needs
a
69 : According to Maslow, the highest-order needs are __________ needs. A : self-actualization B : physiological C : esteem D : belongingness E : safety
a
78 : The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships describes: A : a need for affiliation. B : a need for power. C : a need for achievement. D : a need for authority. E : all of these.
a
79 : A high need for __________ often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland. A : power B : achievement C : affiliation D : success E : expertise
a
80 : Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as: A : her need for power. B : her need for achievement. C : her need for affiliation. D : her need for relatedness. E : none of these.
a
97 : Which of the following explain(s) how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful? A : Process theories B : Reinforcement theory C : Content theories D : Hierarchy of needs theory E : None of these
a
99 : In goal-setting theory, __________ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous. A : goal specificity B : goal difficulty C : goal acceptance D : feedback E : goal motivation
a
105 : __________ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. A : Avoidance learning B : Punishment C : Positive reinforcement D : Extinction E : Avoiding punishment
b
107 : One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the students grade. The professors actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques? A : Negative reinforcement B : Punishment C : Positive reinforcement D : Avoidance learning E : Rewards enhancement
b
117 : __________ moves employees systematically from one job to another to provide variety and stimulation. A : Job simplification B : Job rotation C : Job enlargement D : Job enrichment E : None of these
b
119 : Which of the following is not one of the core job dimensions of Hackman and Oldhams job characteristics model? A : Skill variety B : Task difficulty C : Feedback D : Autonomy E : Task significance
b
121 : Karen is a first-line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employees opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use? A : Job enlargement B : Job enrichment C : Job rotation D : Positive reinforcement E : Avoidance learning
b
124 : Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending? A : Task complexity B : Task identity C : Task significance D : Task structure E : None of these
b
128 : Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone? A : Some of her employees are lazy. B : Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength. C : Some of her employees have a low need for power. D : All of her employees have high growth-needs. E : Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.
b
137 : __________ means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. A : Commitment B : Engagement C : Employee loyalty D : Employee assurance E : Empowerment
b
55 : Which of the following is the arousal and persistence to pursue a certain course of action? A : Commitment B : Motivation C : Satisfaction D : Rewarding behavior E : Behavior modification
b
65 : Which of the following is not a type of need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory? A : Safety B : Compensation C : Physiological D : Esteem E : Self-actualization
b
67 : __________ needs describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen. A : Self-actualization B : Physiological C : Esteem D : Belongingness E : Safety
b
70 : Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well-being as __________ needs. A : physiological B : existence C : belongingness D : relatedness E : growth
b
74 : Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory? A : Good motivators and inadequate hygiene factors B : Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators C : Good hygiene factors and motivators D : Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators E : None of these
b
77 : The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction? A : Increase the level of hygiene factors B : Increase the level of motivators C : Decrease the level of motivators D : Decrease the level of hygiene factors E : None of these
b
81 : Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his universitys career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. What type of career should Alden pursue? A : He should look for work as a project manager. B : He should think about starting his own business. C : He should look for work in corporate America as he is sure to climb to the top. D : He should play the lottery. E : None of these
b
82 : Which component of goal-setting theory refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable? A : Goal specificity B : Goal difficulty C : Goal acceptance D : Feedback E : Goal motivation
b
85 : Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation? A : Hierarchy of needs theory B : Equity theory C : Two-factor theory D : ERG theory E : Acquired needs theory
b
89 : Which of the following theories is based on the relationship among the individuals effort, the individuals performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance? A : Equity B : Expectancy C : Reinforcement D : Two-factor E : ERG
b
92 : A recent finding from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason for people leaving their jobs is that they: A : dont make enough money. B : dont feel appreciated. C : dont believe in what the organization stands for. D : dont like their colleagues. E : dont like their boss.
b
93 : The __________ involves determining whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance. A : P O expectancy B : E P expectancy C : O V expectancy D : A Z expectancy E : V P expectancy
b
96 : Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome? A : Motivators B : Valence C : O V expectancy D : P O expectancy E : E V expectancy
b
100 : Which of the following theories focuses on changing or modifying employees on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishment? A : Two-factor B : Hierarchy of needs C : Reinforcement D : ERG E : Equity
c
101 : Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior? A : Avoidance learning B : Punishment C : Positive reinforcement D : Extinction E : Suspension
c
106 : Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated? A : Positive reinforcement B : Negative reinforcement C : Extinction D : Reward enhancement E : All of these
c
115 : While __________ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it is not typically effective as a motivational technique. A : job rotation B : job enlargement C : job simplification D : work redesign E : job enrichment
c
116 : Research shows that all of the following are associated with job enrichment except: A : higher employee morale. B : a greater sense of employee motivation. C : higher turnover. D : stronger organizational performance. E : a greater sense of employee commitment.
c
123 : The core dimension of Hackman and Oldhams job characteristics model that is based on the number of diverse activities that compose a job and the number of skills used to perform it is known as: A : autonomy. B : job enlargement. C : skill variety. D : task identity. E : feedback.
c
125 : The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as task: A : complexity. B : identity. C : significance. D : structure. E : simplification.
c
131 : The delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization is referred to as: A : the need for power. B : the need for achievement. C : empowerment. D : passing the buck. E : engagement.
c
136 : Shifting power down from the top of the organization and sharing it with employees to enable them to achieve goals is known as: A : engagement. B : connectedness. C : empowerment. D : motivation. E : distributive management.
c
56 : __________ refers to a reward given by another person. A : An intrinsic reward B : An internal reward C : An extrinsic reward D : A valued reward E : Charity
c
61 : Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence? A : Reinforcement B : ERG C : Hierarchy of needs D : Two-factor E : Social learning
c
62 : Which of the following theories emphasizes the needs that motivate people? A : Process B : Reinforcement C : Content D : Contingency E : Situational
c
71 : Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish satisfactory relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by __________ needs. A : growth B : existence C : relatedness D : self-actualization E : physiological
c
73 : According to Herzberg, __________ is an example of a hygiene factor. A : achievement B : recognition C : pay D : responsibility E : opportunity for growth
c
75 : Which of the following focus on high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth? A : Hygiene factors B : Extrinsic factors C : Motivators D : Dissatisfiers E : All of these
c
76 : __________ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction. A : Hygiene factors B : Reinforcers C : Motivators D : Dissatisfiers E : All of these
c
83 : In goal-setting theory, __________ means that employees have to buy into the goals and be committed to them. A : goal specificity B : goal difficulty C : goal acceptance D : feedback E : goal motivation
c
91 : Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about 10 percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity? A : Working harder, not smarter B : Changing outcomes C : Changing work effort D : Changing perceptions E : Leaving the job
c
94 : Tim is a manager at Chucks Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chucks Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim? A : E P expectancy B : O V expectancy C : P O expectancy D : E V expectancy E : None of these
c
95 : Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi? A : E P expectancy B : O P expectancy C : Valence D : Motivators E : O E indicators
c
98 : __________ theory focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. A : Goal-setting B : Social learning C : Equity D : Hierarchy of needs E : Reinforcement
c
102 : Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of: A : extinction. B : negative reinforcement. C : avoidance learning. D : positive reinforcement. E : none of these.
d
108 : Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grown-up. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification? A : Empowerment B : Extinction C : Punishment D : Avoidance learning E : Positive reinforcement
d
109 : Which of the following refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future? A : Avoidance learning B : Punishment C : Positive reinforcement D : Extinction E : None of these
d
120 : __________ refers to incorporating high-level motivators into the work, including responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement. A : Job simplification B : Job rotation C : Job enlargement D : Job enrichment E : None of these
d
127 : __________ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self- determination in planning and carrying out tasks. A : Self-control B : Self-esteem C : Self-reinforcement D : Autonomy E : Delegation
d
130 : The core job dimension of feedback provides the worker with: A : employee growth-need strength. B : experienced meaningfulness of the work. C : experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work. D : knowledge of the actual results of the work activities. E : demotivation.
d
135 : __________ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. A : Engagement B : Synergy C : Motivation D : Empowerment E : Leadership
d
63 : Which of the following theories proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs? A : Reinforcement B : Process C : Situational D : Hierarchy of needs E : Contingency
d
66 : Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs? A : Physiological B : Safety C : Belongingness D : Esteem E : Self-actualization
d
68 : Which of the following types of needs reflect the desire to be accepted by ones peers, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved? A : Self-actualization B : Physiological C : Esteem D : Belongingness E : Safety
d
72 : The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with: A : Maslow. B : Herzberg. C : McClelland. D : Alderfer. E : Adams.
d
84 : Which component of goal-setting theory means that people get information about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement? A : Goal specificity B : Goal difficulty C : Goal acceptance D : Feedback E : Goal motivation
d
86 : __________ theory focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others. A : Expectancy B : Reinforcement C : Hierarchy of needs D : Equity E : ERG
d
90 : Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity? A : Working harder, not smarter B : Changing outcomes C : Changing work effort D : Changing perceptions E : Leaving the job
d
111 : Which theory proposes that an individuals motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments, but also from the persons thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other peoples behavior? A : Reinforcement B : Hierarchy of needs C : ERG D : Experiential learning E : Social learning
e
118 : Which of the following combines a series of small tasks into one, new broader job so that people perform a variety of activities? A : Job simplification B : Job rotation C : Job enrichment D : All of these E : None of these
e
132 : Empowering employees involves giving employees: A : information. B : knowledge. C : power. D : rewards. E : all of these.
e
138 : According to the making progress principle, people are most motivated when they have the opportunity to experience: A : empowerment. B : affiliation. C : empathy. D : power. E : achievement.
e
59 : Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrows leaders. Sally is motivated by: A : power factors. B : leadership factors. C : hygiene factors. D : extrinsic rewards. E : intrinsic rewards.
e
64 : Which of the following is a process theory? A : Goal-setting theory B : Equity theory C : Expectancy theory D : All of these E : None of these
e
87 : Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon makes more in salary even though, in Karas opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do? A : She could reduce the number of hours she works. B : She could increase her level of absenteeism. C : She could ask for a raise. D : She could reduce the number of hours she works and ask for a raise. E : All of these
e
88 : Which of the following is not a common method for reducing a perceived inequity? A : Change work effort B : Change outcomes C : Change perceptions D : Leave the job E : Change equity
e
