Chapter 21: Biotechnology

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

Biological control is the ______.

to decrease pollutants in the environment

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms or their products _____.

the blastocyst

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

somatostatin

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

food enviorment

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce________ products or where they are released into the________.

Genetic material

What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism?

stem cells

With the exception of those in the blood, other types of adult___________ ____________are difficult to locate and to remove in sufficient numbers for transplantation.

addition

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene ____________.

knockin addition

A gene ____________ is a gene _____________in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that

pluripotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.

gene modification

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

cloning

Biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive _____________.

3

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

transgenic

Despite concerns about the proliferation of resistant insects and endangerment of native species, many farmers are embracing______ crops.

pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells are_________ , which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

consistent gene expression

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

Gene knockout allows researchers to study

redundancy

If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.

knockout

In a type of gene replacement called gene __________, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

salmon

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

mouse model

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a ______.

production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants

Molecular pharming can refer to ______.

1. Mammary cells from an adult sheep were removed and grown in the lab; researchers extracted the nucleus from an egg cell from a different sheep. 2. Electrical pulses were used to fuse the diploid mammary cell with the enucleated egg cell. 3. The zygote began embryonic development. 4. The resulting embryo was implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep.

Order the steps that were used to create Dolly, the sheep cloned from somatic cell DNA.

Dolly

Prior to the cloning of _____________, it was believed that the chromosomes of somatic cells of mammals had incurred irreversible genetic changes that rendered them unsuitable for cloning.

development diseases

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of ___________ , and for their potential to treat human____________.

Killing of the pollinators of native species Endangerment of native species Proliferation of resistant insects

Select perceived risks of transgenic plants in agriculture.

Many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice. Cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counterparts.

Select problems exhibited by cloned mice.

Biodegradable plastics Vaccines Antibodies Medicines

Select products that are generated in transgenic plants.

They have the capacity to divide. They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types.

Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

Resistance to disease Resistance to insects Resistance to herbicides

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon produced by engineering bacterial cells

Somatostatin is a hormone ______.

brain

Stem cells could be implanted into the ___________to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

older telomeres

Tests revealed that Dolly was "genetically ____________" than her actual age indicated. This was likely due, in part, to her shorter ______________.

glyphosate weeds

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of _____________, which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills ____________ but not the crop of interest.

Bt harmless

The bacterium____________(use abbreviation) produces toxins that are lethal to many caterpillars and beetles that feed on food crops, but that are generally_______to plants and animals.

stem

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called ___________ cells.

embryonic stem

The early mammalian embryo contains_________ __________cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

cloning a sheep by fusing a mammary cell of one sheep with an enucleated egg from another sheep

The figure depicts the process of ______.

genetically organisms

The introduction of genetic material into plants and animals results in_________ modified _________.

growth

The larger fish at the back of the photo has grown faster and larger due to the incorporation of a ______________ -factor regulating gene from another salmon species.

pharming

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular ___________.

bioremediation

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is___________.

biological control

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called___________ _____________.

editing

To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced int a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene _______________.

modification

To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.

Leaves

Transgenic plants have been modified to produce vaccines against many animal diseases in which part of the plant?

antiviral viral

Transgenic plants that express the pokeweed______________ protein are resistant to a variety of ___________ pathogens.

False

True or false: Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

Cartilage

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

Bacillius thuringiensis

What bacterium produces toxins that are used to protect food crops from beetles and caterpillars?

Stem cells

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?