Chapter 26: Urinary System

Each kidney has about 1 million of which of the following? A : segmental arteries B : renal arteries C : arcuate arteries D : afferent arterioles

D : afferent arterioles

The kidneys help regulate the pH of body fluids through selective reabsorption of which of the following? A : creatinine B : calcitriol C : phosphate ions D : bicarbonate ions

D : bicarbonate ions

A nephron includes a 1. renal corpuscle.2. renal tubule.3. renal capsule. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

D. 1 and 2 are correct

Regulation of urine osmolarity occurs because of1. countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle.2. countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta.3. countercurrent flow in the collecting ducts. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

D. 1 and 2 are correct

Two hormones working on the regulation of water balance that directly oppose each other include: A. Angiotensin I & angiotensin II B. Renin and ADH C. ANP and aldosterone D. Renin and angiotensin

C. ANP and aldosterone

The regulation of glomerular filtration A. Is not linked to sodium balance B. Includes only renal secretion C. Involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium D. All of the answer choices are correct

C. Involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

All of the following might be observed in a freshly voided normal urine sample EXCEPT A. amber color. B. transparency. C. ammonia odor. D. pH 6.0. E. specific gravity 1.020.

C. ammonia odor.

Which does NOT promote filtration of large volumes of fluid? A. large surface area presented by glomerular capillaries B. thin and porous filtration membrane C. high capsular hydrostatic pressure D. high capillary blood pressure E. relaxation of mesangial cells

C. high capsular hydrostatic pressure

Assuming GFR is 180 liters per day, which substance would be completely reabsorbed (returned to blood)? A : urea B : creatinine C : water D : glucose

D : glucose

Which is NOT a cause of acute renal failure? A : devastating illness B : anti-inflammatory drugs C : hemorrhage D : increased cardiac output

D : increased cardiac output

Shock-wave lithotripsy is a procedure used in the treatment of A : urinary tract infection B : nephrotic syndrome C : polycystic kidney disease D : renal calculi

D : renal calculi

The site of most tubular resorption is the

Proximal convoluted tubule

The site where the osmolarity of tubular fluid is close to the osmolarity of the blood is in the

nephron loop

The part of nephron that receives substances from tubular cells during reabsorption is the

peritubular capillaries

The site of promoted filtration by hydrostatic pressure is the

renal corpuscle

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone. A. Aldosterone B. Renin C. ANH D. Angiotensin-II E. ADH

E. ADH

ADH acts on the _____ to regulate facultative water reabsorption. A. proximal convoluted tubules B. descending portions of the nephron loop C. thick and thin segments of the ascending nephron loop D. early and late distal convoluted tubules E. late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

E. late distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

If the urinary excretion rate of a drug such as penicillin is greater than the rate at which it is filtered at the glomerulus, how else is it getting into the urine? A. movement through intercellular clefts in the glomerular capillaries B. active transport C. blood colloid osmotic pressure D. tubular reabsorption E. tubular secretion

E. tubular secretion

High blood pressure will result in an increase in glomerular filtration rate. A : True B : False

A : True

Which embryonic kidney is normally retained in the fetus? A : metanephros B : ectopic kidney C : urogenital ridge D : pronephros E : mesonephros

A : metanephros

For every one H+ secreted into the tubular fluid of the PCT, one HCO3- and one Na+ are reabsorbed. A. True B. False

A. True

The kidney processes about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily but only about 1.8 L (1%) leaves the body. A. True B. False

A. True

Calculate net filtration pressure when GBHP = 55 mmHg, CHP = 15 mm Hg, and BCOP = 30 mm Hg. A : 40 mm Hg B : 100 mm Hg C : 10 mm Hg D : 70 mm Hg

B : 100 mm Hg

Nephrons are constantly being replaced in the kidneys. A : True B : False

B : False

Identify the correct tubuloglomerular feedback response to increased glomerular filtration rate. A : efferent arterioles constrict B : afferent arterioles constrict C : decreased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide D : increased secretion of norepinephrine

B : afferent arterioles constrict

Kidney production of the enzyme renin affects the A : integumentary system B : cardiovascular system C : digestive system D : respiratory system

B : cardiovascular system

How does alcohol affect renal function? A : increased ADH secretion, more dilute urine B : decreased sodium reabsorption, more dilute urine C : decreased ADH secretion, more dilute urine D : increased sodium reabsorption, more concentrated ruine

C : decreased ADH secretion, more dilute urine

Which of the following is associated with normal aging? A : slowed peristalsis of urine along ureters B : frequent urination due to increased filtration rate C : decreased filtration, reabsorption and secretion D : increased kidney size due to chronic inflammation

C : decreased filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Kidney malfunction would affect which bodily function? A : production of neurotransmitters B : regulation of bone development C : excretion of urea D : white blood cell production

C : excretion of urea

Which of the following are NOT components of the renal tubule? A : nephron loop B : proximal convoluted tubule C : glomerulus D : distal convoluted tubule

C : glomerulus

By increasing reabsorption of water filtered from blood, kidneys function to A : decrease blood volume B : increase urine volume C : increase blood pressure

C : increase blood pressure

What quality of the plant polysaccharide inulin allows it to be used clinically to determine the GFR? A : inulin is filtered and then maximally reabsorbed B : inulin cannot be filtered C : inulin is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted D : inulin is filtered but only secreted to a limited degree

C : inulin is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

Why is dramatic reduction in the adipose capsule surrounding a kidney dangerous? A : risk of kidney infection would nearly double B : increased formation of kidney stones C : kidney dropping could lead to ureter kinking and blockage of urine flow D : blood flow into the kidney would be greatly impaired

C : kidney dropping could lead to ureter kinking and blockage of urine flow

Besides the kidney, several organs, tissues, and processes contribute to the management of wastes in the body. These include all of the following EXCEPT A : sweat glands B : the gastrointestinal tract C : sebaceous glands D : the lungs E : the liver

C : sebaceous glands

A kidney abnormality in which the two developing kidneys fuse, usually inferiorly, into a single U-shaped kidney is called a

horseshoe kidney

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

increase, sodium

Which of the following factors can affect GFR? A. Adenosine B. Intrarenal angiotensin II C. Prostaglandin E2 D. All of the answer choices are correct E. None of the answer choices is correct

D. All of the answer choices are correct

In forming dilute urine, the osmolarity of the fluid in the tubular lumen ________ as it flows down the descending limb of the nephron loop and ________ as it flows up the ascending limb. A : increases; decreases B : decreases; decreases C : increases; increases D : decreases; increases

A : increases; decreases

Select the correct order of structures from urine production to urine leaving the body. A : kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra B : kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder C : kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, ureter D : kidney, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

A : kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

The medical term for uncontrolled urination at night is A : nocturia B : uremia C : polyuria D : dysuria E : azotemia

A : nocturia

Which of the following allows urine to be delivered to the urinary bladder when performing a hand-stand? A : peristaltic waves along the ureters B : gravity C : filtration rate D : micturition reflex

A : peristaltic waves along the ureters

Dehydration becomes more common in the elderly as A : the sensation of thirst diminishes B : blood supply to the kidneys increases C : the urinary bladder capacity is reduced D : filtration increases

A : the sensation of thirst diminishes

In an analogy to a recycling center, which event best illustrates tubular secretion? A : workers place additional garbage left at the center and larger items onto the conveyor belt B : workers remove useful items such as aluminum cans from the conveyor belt C : from an input hopper, smaller garbage passes onto a conveyor belt D : garbage trucks dump garbage into an input hopper

A : workers place additional garbage left at the center and larger items onto the conveyor belt

All of the following are functions of the kidneys EXCEPT A. removal of worn out red blood cells and pathogens from the blood B. helps to maintain blood pressure, volume, blood composition C. removal of wastes of metabolism from the blood D. assists in maintaining blood pH

A. removal of worn out red blood cells and pathogens from the blood

The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure. A. renin B. angiotensin II C. ADH D. ANP E. epinephrine

A. renin

Which urinalysis indicates altered body metabolism or kidney function? A : pH of 6.5 B : glucose present C : becomes turbid on standing D : two liters volume in 24 hours

B : glucose present

Which of the following drives obligatory water reabsorption? A : parathyroid hormone B : reabsorption of solutes C : secretion of H+ into the tubular fluid D : insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels

B : reabsorption of solutes

Glomerular filtration of blood occurs by an ATP-driven process. A. True B. False

B. False

In paracellular resorption, water and solutes in tubular fluid return to the bloodstream by passing through the tubular cells. A. True B. False

B. False

Normally filtered Na+ and glucose are reasbsorbed in the first half of the DCT by Na+ symporters. A. True B. False

B. False

The first place that the reabsorption of water is not automatically coupled to the reabsorption of filtered solutes occurs in the PCT. A. True B. False

B. False

The chief force of forward filtration in the renal corpuscle is: A. Glomerular osmotic pressure B. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure C. The size of the renal corpuscle D. The presence of a basement membrane in the glomerular capsule

B. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Secretion into the tubular fluid occurs A. When principle cells in the PCT secrete H+ into the urine B. When the principle cells in the DCT and collecting ducts reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+ C. When the cells in the loop of Henle become impermeable to water D. Never occurs at all

B. When the principle cells in the DCT and collecting ducts reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

Juxtamedullary nephrons A. make up about 80-85% of the nephrons within the kidney. B. allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine. C. have renal corpuscles located in the outer portion of the renal cortex. D. have very short nephron loops. E. have very thick descending nephron loops.

B. allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine.

Which hormone does NOT influence ion or water reabsorption in the kidneys? A. parathyroid hormone B. erythropoietin C. aldosterone D. atrial natriuretic peptide E. angiotensin II

B. erythropoietin

Which does NOT occur with age? A. decline in filtration rate B. increased blood flow to the kidneys because of high blood pressure C. greater chance of renal calculi D. decrease in detrusor muscle stability E. increase in polyuria and nocturia

B. increased blood flow to the kidneys because of high blood pressure

Glomerular filtration rate is decreased by all of the following EXCEPT A. increased production of angiotensin II. B. increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. C. increased stretching of of smooth muscle fibers in afferent arterioles. D. increased activity of renal sympathetic nerves.

B. increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide.

The collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter develop most directly from which of the following structures? A : endoderm B : metanephric mesoderm C : ureteric bud D : urogenital sinus

C : ureteric bud

Women are more likely to acquire a urinary tract infection (UTI) than men because of the anatomical differences in which structure? A : kidney B : bladder C : urethra D : ureter

C : urethra

Renal plasma clearance of a particular substance equals A : its concentration in plasma times the urine flow rate divided by its concentration in urine B : None of the choices is correct. C : its concentration in plasma times its concentration in urine divided by urine flow rate D : its concentration in urine times the urine flow rate divided by its concentration in plasma

D : its concentration in urine times the urine flow rate divided by its concentration in plasma

ADH's ability to cause excretion of concentrated urine depends upon the A : osmotic gradient of water in interstitial fluid in the renal medulla B : osmotic gradient of solutes in interstitial fluid in the renal cortex C : osmotic gradient of water in interstitial fluid in the renal cortex D : osmotic gradient of solutes in interstitial fluid in the renal medulla

D : osmotic gradient of solutes in interstitial fluid in the renal medulla

Which of the following would necessarily characterize a solute in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule? A : lipid soluble B : waste C : charged D : small

D : small

Identify the method or structure that does NOT assist in waste management. A : sweat glands B : lungs C : blood D : thyroid gland

D : thyroid gland

The function(s) of ANP include: A. Reduction of blood pressure B. Reduction of blood volume C. Promotion of Na+ excretion D. All of the answer choices are correct

D. All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following statements is correct? A. The female urethra extends from the internal to external urethral orifices. B. The male urethra is about 20cm long. C. Both the male and the female urethra contain transitional epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, and stratified squamous epithelium. D. All of the statements are correct. E. None of the statements are correct.

D. All of the statements are correct.

Which of the following cells are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A. Granular cells B. Mesangial cells C. Macula densa cells D. Podocytes

D. Podocytes

Which of the following would be considered an ABNORMAL finding in a urinalysis? A. urochrome B. transparent C. specific gravity 1.020 D. albumin E. pH of 6.0

D. albumin

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________? A. increase, pressure B. decrease, volume C. increase, sodium levels D. decrease, pH E. increase, urea

D. decrease, pH

Concentrated urine is formed in part because of the action of symporters which actively reabsorb ions from the fluid in the A. glomerulus. B. proximal convoluted tubules. C. descending limb of the nephron loop. D. thick segment of the ascending nephron loop. E. collecting ducts.

D. thick segment of the ascending nephron loop.

Urine produced by the kidneys is transported by the ______ to the urinary bladder where it is stored until being excreted from the body. A. nephron B. hepatic portal system C. urethra D. ureters

D. ureters

Identify a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin