Chapter 28: Nervous Systems
Stimulation of the cerebral cortex during surgeries caused what in patients?
Recalling sensations and memories.
With synapses, signals are transmitted between ___ or ___.
two neurons, neuron and effector cells.
What was the outcome of Phineas Gage's skull being pierced by a metal rod?
He had intact intellect but his associates noted negative changes to his personality.
What is the potential energy in a neuron's plasma membrane called?
Membrane potential.
The (motor/autonomic) nervous system carries signals to and from skeletal muscles.
Motor
Which neurons convey signals to effector cells?
Motor neurons.
The (motor/autonomic) nervous system mainly responds to external stimuli.
Motor.
___ enclose axons, form a cellular insulation, and speed up signal transmission.
Myelin sheaths.
What is centralization?
The presence of a distinct and separate central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
The nervous system send commands to effector cells that carry out appropriate responses, aka ___.
motor output.
A neuron's plasma membrane, just inside the cell, is slightly (positive/negative).
negative.
The peripheral nervous system consists of ___ and ___.
nerves (bundles of neurons wrapped in connective tissue), and ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies).
Many small, nitrogen-containing molecules are ___.
neurotransmitters.
The vertebrate brain evolved by the enlargement and subdivision of the ___, ___, and ___.
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
The cerebrum is part of the ___.
forebrain.
The peripheral nervous system is located ___.
outside the CNS.
The (parasympathetic/sympathetic/enteric) division primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body.
parasympathetic
A neuron's plasma membrane, just outside the cell, is slightly (positive/negative).
positive.
The cerebral cortex is less than _ mm thick.
5
The cerebral cortex accounts for __% of the total human brain mass.
80
What alters the permeability of a portion of the membrane, allows ions to pass through, and changes the membrane's voltage?
A stimulus?
___ are self-propagated in a one-way chain reaction along a neuron.
Action potential.
___ are all-or-none events.
Action potentials.
___ is a depressant.
Alcohol.
___ is characterized by confusion, memory loss, and personality changes and difficult to diagnose.
Alzheimer's disease.
___ are concerned with higher mental activities such as reasoning and language.
Association areas.
Where do signals pass between cells?
At electrical synapses.
The (motor/autonomic) nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle and organs and glands of the digetsive, cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine.
Autonomic
The (motor/autonomic) nervous system regulates the internal environment.
Autonomic
How do some neurotransmitters inhibit a receiving cell's activity?
By decreasing its ability to develop action potentials.
___ counters the effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Caffeine.
What three things consists the vertebrate nervous system?
Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, and ganglia.
Hey! Go look over the chart on slide 43 of the powerpoint.
Did you do it?
Where is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine found?
In the brain and at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells.
Where does most of the cerebrum's integrative power reside?
In the cerebral cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres.
Which neurons are located entirely in the CNS?
Interneurons.
Which neurons integrate information and send it to the motor neurons?
Interneurons.
What are cells that are specialized for carrying signals and the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neurons.
___ consist of relatively short chains of amino acids important in the CNS.
Neuropeptides.
___ include endorphins, decreasing our perception of pain.
Neuropeptides.
___ acts as a stimulant by binding to acetylcoline receptors.
Nicotine
___ is a dissolved gas.
Nitric oxide (I'm not sure how important it is to know this).
What triggers erections during sexual arousal in men?
Nitric oxide.
___ is a motor disorder and characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, slowness of movement, and rigidity.
Parkinson's disease.
What is the voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron called?
Resting potential.
What are four neurological disorders that can be linked to changes in brain physiology?
Schizophrenia, major depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Treatments for depression include ___.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
What are the three main steps of the nervous system?
Sensory input, integration, and motor output.
Which neurons convey signals from sensory receptors to the CNS?
Sensory neurons.
What kind of signals can a receiving neuron's membrane receive?
Signals that are both excitatory and inhibitory and from many different sending neurons.
___ are junctions where signals are transmitted.
Synapses
What are the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division, and the enteric division.
What is a change in the membrane's voltage from the resting potential, to a maximum level, and back to the resting potential?
The action potential.
___ consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The central nervous system.
___ is the largest and most complex part of the brain.
The cerebrum.
What is cephalization?
The concentration of the nervous system at the head end.
What happens, in detail, during chemical synapses?
The ending (presynaptic) cell secretes a chemical signal, a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft, and the neurotransmitter binds to a specific receptor on the surface of the receiving (postsynaptic) cell.
Sleep and arousal involve activity by what four things?
The hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, pons, and neurons of the reticular formation.
Which cortex directs responses?
The motor cortex.
What two functional components can the PNS be divided into?
The motor system and the autonomic nervous system.
Specialized integrative regions of the cerebral cortex include what two things?
The somatosensory cortex and centers for vision, hearing, taste, and smell.
___ determines if a neuron will transmit a nerve signal.
The summation of excitation and inhibition
How are the neurons arranged in a radially symmetrical animal?
They are arranged in a web-like system of neurons called a nerve net.
How do SSRIs work?
They increase the amount of time serotonin is available to stimulate certain neurons in the brain.
What three places is cerebrospinal fluid found in the central nervous system?
Ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and surrounding the brain.
Sleep is an (active/passive) state.
active
Why does the resting potential of neurons exist?
because of differences in ion concentration of the fluids inside and outside the neuron.
The central nervous system consists of the ___ and ___.
brain, spinal cord.
The (parasympathetic/sympathetic/enteric) division consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder that control secretion and peristalsis.
enteric.
A neuron consists of a ___ and two types of extensions (fibers) that conduct signals, ___ and ___.
cell body, dendrites, axons.
Most bilaterally symmetrical animals evolved what two things?
cephalization and centralization.
The limbic system is a functional group of integrating centers in the ___(3).
cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
The central nervous system includes spaces filled with ___.
cerebrospinal fluid.
In birds and mammals the ___ is much larger and correlates with their sophisticated behavior.
cerebrum.
Sleep may be involved in ___.
consolidating learning and memory.
Cutting the ___ revealed information about brain lateralization.
corpus callosum
The limbic system is involved in ___, ___, and ___.
emotions, memory, learning.
Inside the neuron, K+ is (high/low) and Na+ is (high/low).
high, low.
___ is when the nervous system processes sensory information.
integration.
In a phenomenon known as ___, right and left cerebral hemispheres tend to specialize in different mental tasks.
lateralization.
Outside the neuron, K+ is (high/low) and Na+ is (high/low).
low, high.
The nervous system obtains sensory information, aka ___.
sensory input.
Biogenic amines include ___ and ___, which affect sleep, mood, and attention.
serotonin, dopamine.
A ___ is any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated.
stimulus.
The forebrain and hindbrain are subdivided ___ and ___.
structurally and functionally.
The (parasympathetic/sympathetic/enteric) division prepares the body for intense, energy-consuming activities.
sympathetic.
The frequency of action potentials (but not their strength) change with ___.
the strength of the stimulus.