Chapter 3 Reading Question

Without the cartilage at the back of the tongue called the _______________, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

Epiglottis

The first destination for absorbed nutrients is the __________, transported via the __________.

Liver; Hepatic Portal Vein

Fat-soluble nutrients initially travel via the ______ before entering the bloodstream.

Lympathic System

Lipids are transported via the __________ because they are __________.

Lymphatic system; Fat-Soluble

During ____________, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes it with saliva.

Mastication

These hairlike projections that cover the villi and form the brush border of the enterocyte are called _______

Microvilli

Digestion begins in the __________.

Mouth

This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the

Pancreas

The Secrete(s) digestive enzymes and other substances:

Pancreas & Small intestinesalivary glands

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called _____________________ that move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

Peristalsis

The secretions that makeup __________ are produced in the glands located underneath and behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

Saliva

The lowest portion of the GI tract, where water and electrolytes are absorbed and waste is eliminated, is the __________.

The Larger Intenstine. The large intestine is the lowest portion of the GI tract.

Large Intestine:

This organ consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum.

Small Intestine:

This organ contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area. This organ releases sucrase, maltase, and lactase to break down sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Pancreas:

This organ releases amylase into the small intestine to digest starch.

Stomach:

This organ temporarily stores chyme. This organ secretes pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl. The hormone ghrelin is released here to stimulate hunger and gastric motility.

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are absorbed through ______, which requires both a carrier protein and energy in the form of ATP.

Active Transport

Glucose and amino acids are examples of nutrients absorbed by __________.

Amino acids and glucose are absorbed by active transport.

The liver produces __________ and the gallbladder stores it.

Bile

When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called___________ to break up the large fat globules.

Bile

Digestive Disorders in the Small Intestine Region:

Celiac disease

The Secrete(s) digestive enzymes only:

Chief Cells of the Stomach

The first portion of the small intestine is called what?

Duodenum

To improve symptoms of constipation, __________.

Eat more fiber. It Increasing intake of fiber and fluid increases the bulk of stool and reduces constipation.

A fourth method is called ______, which involves a vesicle that forms from the enterocyte's cell membrane, engulfing the nutrient and then drawing the nutrient into the cell.

Endocytosis

These absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine are called ___________________

Enterocytes

The absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine are called

Enterocytes.

The bolus slides down this tube, called the ________, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Esophagus

Nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine via a variety of mechanisms. Most nutrients require _______, where a specific carrier protein is utilized, but no energy is required.

Facilitated Diffusion

Mouth:

Food mixes with saliva here.

Example of Facilitated Diffusion:

Fructose

Stores(s) bile:

Gallbladder

Which hormone helps control gastric secretions and the rate of release of chyme into the small intestine?

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) GIP, secreted from the duodenum, stimulates secretions from the intestines and pancreas and inhibits stomach motility.

Digestive Disorders in the Stomach Region:

Gastroenteritispeptic, Ulcers

Some smaller molecules (like small lipids, water, certain minerals, and vitamin C) can cross via _______. Like with facilitated diffusion, no energy is required because the concentration of a nutrient is higher inside the GI tract than in the enterocyte. Unlike with facilitated diffusion, however, no ________ is needed.

Passive Diffusion, Carrier Protein

There are four ways that nutrients are absorbed:

Passive diffusion, Facilitated diffusion Active transport, Endocytosis.

Which sentences describe the proper identification of, treatment, and/or diet for Celiac Disease.

People with Celiac disease should include foods with dietary fiber such as beans, fruits, vegetables, brown rice, and quinoa. Home-cooked meals are a good way to increase variety and reduce the cost of a gluten-free diet. The most accurate diagnostic tests for celiac disease are a blood test and small intestine biopsy.

The major enzymes Digested in the Stomach:

Pepsinogen

A process called ______ helps to propel first the bolus and then chyme forward through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Peristalsis

The major Enzymes Digested in the Pancreas:

Trypsinogen, Carboxypeptidase

The circular folds of the small intestine are covered with thousands of ___________ or finger-like projections that increase the surface area and enhance absorption of digested nutrients.

Villi

Examples of Passive Diffusion:

Water, Some Minerals, Small Lipids

The breakdown of food via enzymatic reactions is known as __________.

chemical digestion. Chemical digestion involves enzymes.

The semiliquid mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine is called __________.

chyme. Chyme is the liquid mass formed in the stomach

The chemical reaction that produces single molecules small enough to be absorbed is known as __________.

hydrolysis

The lower third portion of the small intestine, about 12 feet long, is called the _______

ileum.

The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system is called __________.

peristalsis

A key difference between active transport and diffusion is that active transport _________

requires ATP. Energy in the form of ATP helps a carrier molecule shuttle nutrients across a cell membrane.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the __________.

small intestine

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

to store bile and then secrete it to the small intestine via the common bile duct. The gallbladder stores bile and then secretes it into the small intestine via the common bile duct to emulsify fat.

The fingerlike projections on the small intestine that increase its surface area are called __________.

villi

More Than One Organ Secretes This Enzyme:

Lipase, Amylase

The major Enzymes Digested in the Small Intestine lactase dipeptidase sucrase

Lactase, Dipeptidase, Sucrase

Each villus contains capillaries and lymphatic vessels called ___________that pick up digested nutrients during absorption.

Lacteals

Most water is absorbed in the _____, and solid waste is then eliminated.

Large Instestine

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine resulting in malabsorption?

Celiac disease. It results in flattened villi of the small intestine. These individuals will suffer from malabsorption unless they follow a strictly gluten-free diet.

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area for the absorption of nutrients are called__________, villi, and microvilli.

Circular Folds

Digestive Disorders in the Large Intestine Region:

Constipation, Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hemorrhoids

Digestive Disorders in the Esophagus Region:

Gastroesophageal Reflux disease (GERD)

The bolus passes through the________ into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Examples of Active Transport:

Glucose, Amino Acids

These mucus-producing cells called _________ are found throughout the length of the small intestine.

Goblet Cells

Heartburn is caused by __________.

HCl from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus lack of mucus in the stomach.

Once absorbed, water-soluble nutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids enter capillaries and travel to the liver via the ______

Hepatic Portal Vein

Chemical digestion is regulated by __________.

Hormones regulate chemical digestion

Chemical digestion is regulated by __________.

Hormones.

Pepsin can begin the digestion of protein in the stomach after it is converted from pepsinogen by __________.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCL). It converts pepsinogen to pepsin.

Chyme passes through the ____________________________ , a sphincter that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

Ileocecal valve

This structure, called the ___________, lies between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine. It prevents material from flowing back from the large intestine into the small intestine.

Ileocecal valve

Example of Endocytosis:

Immunoglobulins

If a patient experiences symptoms including alternating patterns of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain, he or she may have __________.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)