chapter 45

The aptly named dead horse arum has a heat-producing flower. What advantage does this heat provide? -It increases the evaporation of the scent, attracting pollinators from greater distances. -It creates a barrier to invasive plant species. -It warms the pollinators, which are usually bats. -It enables blooms to emerge through snow. -It prevents inefficient pollinators from collecting pollen.

It increases the evaporation of the scent, attracting pollinators from greater distances.

During a late-summer walk through a park, you notice a tree that has remnants of many flowers but no fruits or seeds developing. There are no other trees like this one in the area. What could explain this occurrence? -It is a species that reproduces only by runners, not via fruits (or the seeds they contain). -It is actually a gymnosperm, not an angiosperm. -It is a female tree, and there are no known male trees of the same species in the area. -It is a male tree with only male flowers that produce pollen, but no seed, and hence does not form fruit.

It is a male tree with only male flowers that produce pollen, but no seed, and hence does not form fruit.

Endosperm has allowed the angiosperms to become the most numerous and diverse plant group. What is the role of the endosperm? -It ejects and disperses seeds after they mature. -It is the ripened ovary tissue involved in seed dispersal and protection. -It is a type of male gamete. -It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates. -It is the hard outer seed coat that protects the embryo.

It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates.

________ results in the production of spores in flowering plants. -Mitosis -Fertilization -Spermatogenesis -Meiosis -Germination

Meiosis

In the fern life cycle, how do spores and gametes differ? -Gametes are diploid; spores are haploid. -Spores are produced mitotically; gametes are produced meiotically. -Gametes are produced by the sporophyte. -Gametes are easily visible to the unaided eye; spores are not. -Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.

Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.

Which of the following undergoes meiosis during the development of pollen grains? -Megaspore mother cell -Microspore mother cell -Megaspore -Generative nucleus -Microspore

Microspore mother cell

Some very showy desert flowers avoid desiccation of delicate floral tissues by blooming at night. They are pollinated by -bees. -bats. -hummingbirds. -wind.

bats

An incomplete flower -produces sterile seeds. -lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts. -is incapable of self-fertilization. -remains in the bud stage and does not bloom. -manufactures infertile pollen.

lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts.

A pollen grain is actually the -combination of male and female gametophytes. -female gametophyte. -male gametophyte. -primitive egg cell, which will develop into the embryo. -megaspore mother cell.

male gametophyte.

Meiosis produces a ________, which eventually gives rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed. -microspore -megaspore -pollen tube -sepal -sporophyte

megaspore

Ferns and mosses mainly live in ________ environments. -moist -sterile -arid -desert

moist

In general, plants have evolved from ________ to ________. -no fruit; no spores -seed; seedless -seedless; seed -fruit; seedless -diploid; haploid life cycle

seedless; seed

In the development of a plant's ovule, the result is a gametophyte made up of -seven diploid cells and one haploid cell. -seven binucleate cells and one haploid cell. -seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei. -eight haploid, uninucleate cells

seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei.

The sporophyte produces -gametes by mitosis, followed by meiosis. -gametes by mitosis. -spores by mitosis. -gametes by meiosis. -spores by meiosis.

spores by meiosis.

In the life cycle of a fern, the large fern plant that we normally see is the -gamete. -zygote. -spore. -sporophyte. -gametophyte.

sporophyte

An oak tree is a -zygote. -spore. -sporophyte. -gametophyte. -gamete.

sporophyte.

In flowering plants, the unfertilized ovule contains the -stigma. -pollen grain. -endosperm. -embryo. -female gametophyte.

female gametophyte.

If you see moss near the base of a tree in your yard, the green leafy moss plants are -gametophytes. -gametes. -sporophytes. -zygotes. -spores.

gametophytes

Angiosperms with wind-dispersed pollen include -pine trees. -grasses. -ferns. -roses. -mosses.

grasses

A plant, such as an iris, that reproduces asexually most of the time probably -is found in a changing environment. -has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents. -lacks the ability to make flowers. -forms spores. -produces offspring that move into new environments.

has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents.

In the alternation of generations, what is formed when a spore germinates? -A plant that produces spores when mature. -An increased number of spores. -A haploid stage called the gametophyte. -A haploid stage called the sporophyte. -A plant that meiotically produces sex cells.

A haploid stage called the gametophyte.

Which of the following pollinators would likely visit a flower that is relatively simple in design and smells like rotting carrion? -Beetles -Hummingbirds -Butterflies -Moths and butterflies -Bees

Beetles

When wheat is processed to make white, all-purpose flour, the wheat is passed through rollers that pop off the embryo and the ovary wall. Some people add "wheat germ" to the white flour used to make baked goods in order to increase the protein content of these products. What is wheat germ? -Wheat flour -Endosperm -Bran -Embryo -Wheat fruit

Embryo

Cotyledons and endosperm both provide nutrition. What is the difference between them? -Endosperm is found only in monocots; cotyledons are found only in dicots. -Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling. -Cotyledons are found only in flowering plants; endosperm is found only in young ferns. -Cotyledons provide nutrition for the developing embryo; endosperm provides nutrition for the young seedling. -Endosperm is always photosynthetic; cotyledons are usually not.

Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling.

You have some freshly produced seeds that refuse to germinate when placed in moist soil. What can you do to break dormancy and encourage the seeds to germinate? -Treat them with abscisic acid. -Freeze them, then follow up with sufficient warmth and moisture. -Boil them. -Put them in the dark. -Put them in sunlight.

Freeze them, then follow up with sufficient warmth and moisture.

Yucca flowers are pollinated only by yucca moths, which lay their eggs in the flower's ovary. This interaction ensures that the plant has seed for the next plant generation and that the moth larvae have a food source to develop. What is a potential disadvantage or vulnerability of this very specialized plant-animal interaction? -The plant ovary may be consumed by the larvae, which would kill all the developing seeds. -If the moths are exterminated by insecticides, the plant-animal interaction ceases and the plant will no longer be pollinated or reproduce. -Other moths that do not serve as pollinators may outcompete the yucca moths. -Pollination can occur only during the day, but the moths are most active at night.

If the moths are exterminated by insecticides, the plant-animal interaction ceases and the plant will no longer be pollinated or reproduce.

Which of the following is "male" in the life cycle of angiosperms? -Endosperm -Embryo sac -Pollen grain -Megaspore mother cell -Seed cone

Pollen grain

________ are modified leaves that are often green and surround the flower bud. -Sepals -Stigma -Petals -Ovules -Filaments

Sepals

Spores and gametes are both haploid reproductive cells. What is the difference between the two? -Gametes germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and spores carry out fertilization. -Spores fuse to form a diploid zygote that eventually becomes the sporophyte, gametes. -Spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. -Spores are found only in plants that reproduce asexually, and gametes are found only in plants that reproduce sexually.

Spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, and gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.

Which of the following is TRUE for female reproductive structures in angiosperms? -The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary. -The sepals are contained within the petals, which enclose the carpel. -The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther. -The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style. -The stamen includes the filament and pollen-producing anther.

The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals? -These flowers attract pollinators that are animals. -The wind is a significant factor in pollination, especially because of the large petals. -In general, these are aquatic plants, and water aids in their pollination, regardless of color and odor. -Such plants are usually self-pollinators and do not rely on external factors for pollination. -Such flowers produce only microspores or megaspores, not both.

These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.

What are the results of double fertilization? -Diploid zygote and diploid endosperm -Egg cell and sperm cell -Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote -A zygote and an embryo -Embryo sac and pollen sac

Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote

While walking along a riverbank after a swim, you step on a sharp fruit. When you pick it up, you notice that it rattles, which indicates there is an air pocket around the seeds. How is this fruit most likely dispersed? -Water -Being eaten by animals -Wind -Explosively propelled -Clinging to animals

Water

The male reproductive structure, the stamen, consists of -one or more sepals, the style, and one or more anthers. -a single sepal, four or more petals, and the entire carpel. -the stigma, style, and ovary. -a filament that bears an anther. -a carpel enclosed in the petals, then the sepals.

a filament that bears an anther.

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by -wind pollination. -cell division within the spore case. -digestion of the seed coat. -a pollen tube. -burrowing through the embryo sac wall.

a pollen tube.

A flowering plant produces pollen in the -ovule. -anther. -stigma. -fruit. -style.

anther

The male gametophyte of flowering plants is produced by cell divisions within the -anther. -sepal. -stigma. -carpel. -filament.

anther

Flowers that make pollen, but not ovules, lack -petals. -stamens. -sepals. -filaments. -carpels.

carpels

The American holly tree requires a "male" tree and a "female" tree to produce red berries in the winter, which indicates that the male flowers lack ________ and the female flowers lack ________. -petals; carpels -carpels; stamens -petals; ovules -sepals; anthers -anthers; stamens

carpels; stamens

The first leaves produced by an embryo while still inside the seed are -endosperms. -embryo sacs. -cotyledons. -coleoptiles. -epicotyls.

cotyledons

In many dicots, the first pair of leaves to emerge from the soil after seed germination is completely unlike all the rest of the leaves that form on that plant. In such plants, these leaves are -cotyledons, which have elongated and turned green. -formed from the endosperm. -made from the opening and greening of the coleoptile. -derived from the root, not the shoot. -made from the epicotyl hook.

cotyledons, which have elongated and turned green.

Cotyledons, or "seed leaves," absorb food molecules stored in the -ovary wall. -endosperm. -megaspore. -gametophyte. -sporophyte.

endosperm.

In general, the plant life cycle has evolved from ________ to ________. -dominant sporophyte; dominant gametophyte -dominant gamete; dominant gametophyte -dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte -dominant spore; dominant gamete -dominant gamete; dominant spore

dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT -one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac. -the microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores. -the generative cell forms two sperm cells via mitosis. -the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. -the tube cell produces the pollen tube.

one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac.

A fruit is a mature -endosperm. -embryo. -cotyledon. -integument. -ovary.

ovary

All of the following are included in the male parts of a flower EXCEPT -pollen. -stamens. -ovules. -anthers.

ovules

All of these flower structures are modified leaves EXCEPT -stamens. -sepals. -pollen. -petals. -carpels.

pollen

The sexual life cycle of plants is described as alternation of generations because it alternates between -flowers and spores. -sporophytes and gametophytes. -male plants and female plants. -eggs and sperm. -reproductive plants and vegetative plants.

sporophytes and gametophytes.

The female reproductive structure, the carpel, consists of -stigma, filament, and sepals. -filament, anther, and pollen. -stigma, style, and ovary. -stamen, sepals, and filament. -sepals, petals, and ovary.

stigma, style, and ovary.

Plants that grow in ________ areas most likely do not require drying or exposure to cold to break dormancy were it to occur. -northern temperate -desert -subtropical or tropical -arctic

subtropical or tropical arctic

In monocots, the shoot tip is protected by ________, which eventually degenerate(s) once exposed to air. -the hypocotyl -cotyledons -a slime layer formed by the shoot cells -the coleoptile -the epicotyl

the coleoptile

In dicots, the shoot tip is protected by -a slime layer formed by the shoot cells. -the coleoptile. -the hypocotyl hook. -a woody sheath around the epicotyl.

the hypocotyl hook.

All of the following are true of the relationship between the yucca and the yucca moth EXCEPT -the female moth collects yucca pollen. -the yucca plant is dependent on the yucca moth to reproduce, but the yucca moth can lay its eggs in any of several kinds of flowers. -the yucca moth spreads pollen on the stigma of the yucca flower in which it lays its eggs. -the moth lays its eggs directly inside the yucca ovary, where its eggs hatch into caterpillars. -some of the developing yucca seeds feed the yucca caterpillars.

the yucca plant is dependent on the yucca moth to reproduce, but the yucca moth can lay its eggs in any of several kinds of flowers.

The immature angiosperm pollen grain consists of a tube cell and a generative cell that will divide to produce ________ sperm cells. -four -three -two -one

two

Conifers do not have flowers to attract pollinators. Instead, fertilization occurs -when insects coated with pollen are trapped in the sticky resin. -via wind pollination. -when birds transfer pollen in their droppings after eating the pine seeds. -as the sperm and egg unite inside the woody cone. -when the endosperm takes the place of the male gametes.

via wind pollination.

Desert plants often have ________ in their seed coats that keep them dormant until there is enough rain to complete their life cycle. -digestive enzymes -wetting agents -water-soluble chemicals -drying agents -cold-sensitive compounds

water-soluble chemicals