chapter 6 review questions

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example o

connectionism

The process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called _____.

consolidation

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

deepest

Generally speaking, the more...the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.

elaborate

...failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

The conscious repetition of information is also known as

rehearsal

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____.

rehearsal

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory.

sematic

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are....memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is

sensory

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

Saving information for future use is called _____.

storage

When using memory retrieval, the information that an individual is searching for comes out of

storage

Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This is an example of _____.

the encoding specificity principle

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____.

the serial position effect

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _____.

what they mean

is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections

connectionism

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes _____.

context-dependent memory

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _____ memory.

declarative

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is also known as

declarative memory

....attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a

divided

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory.

episodic; semantic

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

he two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory, is called

levels of processing

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

.....effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.

primacy

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as

priming

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's last name. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer last name. This is an example of _____.

proactive interference

Oscar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the...

recency effect

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a

repressed memory

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as

semantic

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

_____ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

Retrograde

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

3

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _____.

anterograde amnesia

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

memory of words

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____.

7;2

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material.

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. Which of the following brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?

Amygdala Hippocampus

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is

chunking

involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

chunking