Chapter 7: Emotional Development

In some nations, paid maternity leave is as long as _____ months.

15 Months

Disorganized attachment (Type D)

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

When does an infant give a social smile?

About 6 weeks

Which theorist is associated with a laboratory procedure called the Strange Situation?

Ainsworth

Separation anxiety is normal, but if it keeps occurring after age 3, it is considered to be:

An emotional disorder.

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?

insecure-avoidant

Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. From what Mandy has learned about social bonds, she concludes that her brother was displaying a(n) _____ attachment.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

How many babies cry excessively?

20%

When does infants manifest nine traits that cluster into the four categories?

3 months

What is synchrony?

A mutual exchange that requires split-second timing; connection and relationship between child and parent

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C).

A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

Secure attachment (type B) makes a toddler:

willing to explore

What are the four types of babies?

-Easy (40%) -Difficult (10%) -Slow-to-warm-up (15%) -Hard-to-classify (35%)

What are the three dimensions of temperament?

-Effortful control (able to regulate attention and emotion, to self-soothe) -Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy) -Exuberant (active, social, not shy)

What are signs of attachment?

-Proximity-seeking (approaching and following their caregivers) -Contact-maintaining (touching, snuggling, and holding)

When is anger notable?

At about 6 months

At which age does a new conscious develops of others and the sense of "me" and "mine" happens?

At about age 1

With respect to the link between infant temperament and attachment, easy temperament is to slow-to-warm-up temperament as type _____ attachment is to type _____ attachment.

B; A

At which age does babies become self aware?

Between 15 to 24 months

__________ is crucial for emotional development, particularly for emotions that are in response to other people.

Brain maturation

What is separation anxiety?

Clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave. Separation anxiety is normal at age 1, intensifies by age 2, and usually subsides after that.

_____ makes type A attachment more likely.

Controlling parenting

No matter what form of _____ is chosen, responsive, individualized continuity of care seems best; changes in caregivers are difficult early in life when each gesture or sound requires interpretation

Daycare

Satisfying a baby's basic needs, such as food and comfort, with care and consistency relates to:

Erikson's first crisis of life.

What's stranger wariness?

Fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move too close, too quickly. Wariness indicates memory, so it is a positive sign.

When would separation become an emotional disorder?

If it stops the child from doing normal and activities and it intensifies after age 3

What probably causes reflux?

Immature swallowing

What's the still face technique?

In still-face experiments, the adult stops all expression on cue, staring quietly with a "still face" for a minute or two. Purpose is to see how infants react when their parents are responsive to them

At which age does infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of social awareness?

In the first two years

_________may arise before 6 months, when the brain expects maternal attention and the infant sees mother paying heed to another baby

Jealousy

Zondra's 1-year-old nephew is looking out the window when a loud fire engine approaches with a screaming siren. Even after the truck passes, her nephew remains upset. Why?

Many 1-year-olds fear anything unexpected

______ of the cortex is crucial for the social smile and laughter in the first months of life

Maturation

What does sadness indicates?

Sadness indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by a greater increase in the body's production of cortisol.

Learning that is accomplished by _____ others is known as social learning.

Social

What are the three kinds of social interactions?

Synchrony, attachment and social referencing

_____ is defined as the biological core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment.

Temperament

The _____ is a laboratory procedure for assessing infants' attachment by exposing them to the potential stress of various adults coming and going in an unfamiliar playroom.

The Strange Situation

_____ is expressed at 6 weeks, and _____ between 2 and 4 months.

The social smile; laughter

What is colic?

Uncontrollable crying..probably the result of immature digestion.

Anger is a healthy response to frustration, unlike__

Unlike sadness

Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A).

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

Rosa and Ramon are a very busy professional couple. After the birth of their second child, the grandparents on both sides of the family have provided help caring for their children. The care provided by the grandparents is called:

allocare

Hayden is 7 months old. He is capable of:

anger

According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the:

anus

What percentage of infants in the United States are cared for exclusively by their mothers for the first year?

approximately 20 percent

An infant's smile in response to seeing a person's face normally emerges

at about 6 weeks of age.

What is Erikson's second crisis of life?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

All social emotions, particularly sadness and fear, affect the _______

brain

Based on the textbook's discussion, which brain area is LEAST likely to be affected by childhood abuse?

cerebellum

Erikson believed that the development of a sense of trust in early infancy depends on:

consistency, continuity, and sameness of experience.

Toddlers often touch their caregivers' faces or grab onto their hands; such actions are an expression of attachment called:

contact-maintaining.

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

Sad and angry infants whose mothers are _______ become fearful toddlers and depressed children

depressed

The MOST common type of infant temperament is "_____," whereas the LEAST common is "_____."

easy; difficult

Personality traits are learned, whereas temperamental traits are _______

genetic

The _____ grows more slowly when an infant is often frightened.

hypothalamus

While visiting the neighbors, Umar clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Umar is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

About one-fifth of all infants have a type of attachment that could be categorized as _____, either avoidant or unduly anxious as in type _____.

insecure; C

Lottie is 3 months old. Her MOST sophisticated emotional capability is:

laughter and curiosity.

According to the textbook, infants progress in their first two years from ". . . basic instinctual emotions to learned emotions and then to thoughtful ones." Based on this statement and on the At About This Time feature at the beginning of Chapter 7, which choice correctly pairs a type of emotion with an example?

learned emotion - fear

Julia describes her adult attachment style as "avoidant." With respect to the continuum of attachment, Julia's attachment style is BEST described as _____ in anxiety and _____ in avoidance.

low; high

A placid, happy baby is low in the ______ dimension of temperament.

negative mood

Which emotions require social awareness?

pride, shame, jealousy, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt.

Toddlers often approach and follow their caregivers; such actions are an expression of attachment called:

proximity-seeking.

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is:

psychoanalytic

If parents are sensitive and responsive to their child's needs, if the infant's temperament is "easy," or if the infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony, it is likely that the child will have a(n) _____ attachment.

secure

Research demonstrates that in developed nations the majority of infants are classified as:

secure

Which attachment style describes an infant who is mildly upset at his mother's departure in the Strange Situation but is easily soothed on her return?

secure

Almost two-thirds of all infants have a positive bond with their caregiver known as _____ attachment, or type _____.

secure; B

Temper can be seen as an expression of __________

selfhood

Which of the following is an example of contact-maintaining?

snuggling

Daryl is standing next to his 2-year-old nephew at his birthday party when suddenly a clown appears with balloons for everyone. Many people laugh and show surprise at the clown's sudden entry, but Daryl's nephew looks to him for the appropriate social response. This is an example of:

social referencing.

During the first month of infancy, _____ appear(s) as the cortex matures.

social smiles and laughter

When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from _____ to _____.

synchrony; attachment

What is temperament?

the "biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situations"..originate with nature not nurture

What is self awareness?

the realization that one's body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people