Chapter 7 HomeworkT
Which of the following statements about young children and attention are true
-Television watching has been linked to attention problems in young children. -Pre-school children often have a long enough attention span to watch television for a half-hour. -Toddlers tend to spend little time focusing on any one thing or event.
According to the research, which of the following were true of preschoolers who were able to delay gratification?
-They made more money as adults. -They became more academically successful. -They coped with stress better as adolescents.
According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children?
-secure attachment -fathers' autonomy support -parental education
Teachers can expand children's critical thinking by asking them to do which of the following?
-to analyze -to evaluate -to think
Which type of memory is demonstrated earliest in infants?
implicit memory
Solid metacognition skills will help adolescents:
improve their learning
attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.
joint
reciprocal interaction is one component of:
joint attention
Memory that is a relatively permanent and unlimited is referred to as
long term memory
Remembering your name and your birth date is an example of ______, the retention of information over time. Multiple choice question.
memory
The retention of information over time is referred to as
memory
During elementary school years children use gist, and its use contributes to the improved ______ of older children.
memory and reasoning
Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called
metacognition
When is expertise more likely to occur?
middle adulthood
Which of the following refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks?
mindfulness
In the twentieth century, successive generations in the United States were ______ likely to be educated.
more
Successive generations are ______ likely to be healthy in later adulthood.
more
Later generations were ______ their grandparents to have work experiences that included emphasis on cognitively oriented labor.
more than likely
Advances in executive function skills in preschool are linked with which of the following? (Select all that apply)
-Academic achievement -Subsequent literacy and math skills -School readiness
Which of the following are true of infants' advances in processing information, as compared to how it was envisioned by earlier theorists?It is much richer.
-It is much richer. -It occurs earlier than previously envisioned. -It is more gradual.-
Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind?
thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others
Which of the following refers to the scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people?
AI
In research done by Stephanie Carlson, under which of the following conditions did children become more flexible in their thinking?
After hearing about a topsy-turvy imaginary world
According to one study, older adults assessed in 2013-2014 engaged in a higher level of abstract reasoning than their counterparts who were assessed two decades earlier. This best exemplifies the impact of which of the following?
cohort effects
Which of the following has been linked to a lower risk of cognitive impairment?
Mediterranean diet
Which of the following statements about memory changes in adulthood is true?
Memory changes with age, but in different ways.
What is the definition of source memory?
Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something
Conceptualization of metacognition includes which of the following? (Select all that apply)
Planning Evaluation Self-regulation
Which of the following is true regarding the research into whether mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning?
Some but not all studies have shown that mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning.
If an infant categorizes birds and airplanes into the same group, which of the following statements is true regarding the infant's perceptual categorization and conceptual categorization?
The infant understands perceptual categorization but not conceptual categorization.
Which of the following statements is FALSE about work and cognitive functioning?
Today's jobs will have less of an impact than jobs of the past on adults' cognitive functioning.
older adults tend to develop deficiencies in which of the following areas of attention?
complex vigilance tasks, selective attention, and aspects of driving
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
concepts
Which of the following best characterizes the concept of terminal decline?
Time to death is a good predictor of cognitive decline.
______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
concepts
The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called developmental:
cognitive neuroscience
Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?
theory of mind
Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?
attention
the focusing of mental resources is known as
attention
Daniel is an infant who is playing with toy cars and toy animals. They are all mixed up in a box. Daniel takes all the cars and puts them outside of the box, leaving the animals in the box. In what is Daniel engaging?
categorization
Research has shown that ___ of interests (such as trucks, trains, books, or reading) on particular items is influenced strongly by gender. (Watch your spelling!)
categorization
In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances?
cognitive flexibility cognitive inhibition goal-setting
Reasoning, reflection, solving problems, and making decisions are all parts of:
thinkin
When people grasp the deeper meaning of ideas, keep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decide for themselves what to believe or do, they are using ______ thinking.
critical
___ thinking occurs when a person grasps the deeper meaning of ideas, keeps an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decides for themselves what to believe or do.
critical
Three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning are ______, ______, and ______.
education, work, and health
Scott tries to remember his neighbors' names by putting them in ABC order. This is a more engaging extensive mental strategy for processing, called
elaboration
When someone is engaging in more extensive processing of information for the benefit of memory, that person is most likely using ______ as a memory strategy.
elaboration
Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which two of the following?
engaging in goal directed behavior and exercising self control
Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
The retention of information about life's happenings is known as ______ memory.
episodic
Having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain is best described as:
expertise
Compared with novices, ___ are more likely to rely on their accumulated experience to solve problems.
experts
What type of memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?
explicit memory
True or false: Advances in executive function do not occur until a child reaches elementary school.
false
True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.
false
To be successful in school, children need to be less rigid and learn to be more ___ in their thinking, as well as be able to consider different strategies and perspectives.
flexible
In older children ______ traces are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than verbatim traces.
fuzzy
According to which of the following is decision making influenced by two systems—"verbatim" analytical and gist-based intuition—that operate in parallel?
fuzzy trace theory dual process model
The manipulating and transforming of information in memory is called:
thinking
Michael is a baby who has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?
perceptual categorization
Educational experiences have been ______ with better performance on memory tasks.
positively correlated
Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's:
prefrontal cortex
A researcher is doing an experiment using a reaction-time task in which individuals are asked to push a button as soon as they see a stimulus, such as a light. Which of the following is the researcher most likely measuring?
processing speed
Which of the following techniques would a developmental cognitive neuroscientist be LEAST likely to use?
psychoanalysis
In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT:
relying exclusively on recent experiences
Recalling who the U.S. president is and remembering the capital of Japan are components of ______ memory.
semantic
A person's knowledge about the world and his or her area of expertise is known as
semantic memory
Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory.
short term
the child's ability to pay attention improves ___ during the preschool years
significantly
Which aspect of monitoring information would be most difficult for an older adult?
source memory
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills?
stimulus driven
Which of the following refers to the concept that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth?
terminal decline
The main goal of developmental robotics is to:
to learn more about humans and their development
T/F: A limitation on processing info is the speed at which it takes place
true
True or false: According to the fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model, it is more beneficial for adolescents to base their judgments and decisions on simple gist than on analytical thinking.
true
True or false: Research has shown that categorization is influenced strongly by gender.
true
True or false: The human infant shows a remarkable degree of learning power and complexity in what is being learned.
true
______ consists of the precise details of the information; whereas ______ refers to the central ideas of the information.
verbatim memory trace, gist
In which two areas of attention do older adults have more difficulty in comparison to younger adults?
vigilance and selective attention
When are older adults more likely to remember the source of information?
when it is important to them
The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.
working
Which of the following aspects of executive function are most important for young children's cognitive development and school success? (Choose every correct answer.)
working memory, flexibility, and self-control