Chapter 8: System Initialization, X Windows, & Localization

daemon

A Linux system process that provides a system service.

service unit

A Systemd term that is used to describe a daemon.

target unit

A Systemd term that is used to describe the number and type of daemons running on a Linux system. It is functionally equivalent to the UNIX SysV term runlevel.

init command

A UNIX SysV command used to change the operating system from one runlevel to another.

telinit command

A UNIX SysV command used to change the operating system from one runlevel to another.

runlevel

A UNIX SysV term that defines a certain type and number of daemons on a Linux system.

UNIX SysV

A UNIX standard that is used to provide the structure of the system initialization process on Linux systems.

GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)

A boot loader used to boot a variety of different operating systems (including Linux) on a variety of different hardware platforms.

ELILO

A boot loader used with computers that support Intel Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) technology.

update-rc.d command

A command that can be used to configure UNIX SysV daemon startup by runlevel on Ubuntu Linux systems.

chkconfig command

A command that can be used to configure UNIX SysV daemon startup by runlevel.

grubby command

A command that can be used to configure the LILO, GRUB and GRUB2 boot loaders.

restart command

A command that can be used to manually restart an upstart daemon.

start command

A command that can be used to manually start an upstart daemon. stop command A command that can be used to manually stop an upstart daemon.

systemctl command

A command that can be used to manually start, stop and restart Systemd daemons, as well as configure Systemd daemon startup during the system initialization process.

service command

A command that can be used to manually start, stop, and restart UNIX SysV daemons.

system-config-keyboard command

A command used on Fedora Linux systems to configure a keyboard for use by X Windows.

Linux Loader (LILO)

A common boot loader used on legacy Linux systems.

X.org

A common implementation of X Windows used in Linux distributions.

XFree86

A common implementation of X Windows used in Linux distributions.

multi boot

A configuration in which two or more operating systems exist on the hard disk of a computer; the boot loader allows the user to choose which operating system to load at boot time.

K Desktop Environment (KDE)

A desktop environment created by Matthias Ettrich in 1996.

GTK+ toolkit

A development toolkit for C programming; it is used in the GNOME desktop and the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP).

KDE Display Manager (kdm)

A graphical login screen for users that resembles the KDE desktop.

X Display Manager (xdm)

A graphical login screen.

GNOME Display Manager (gdm)

A program that provides a graphical login screen.

xvidtune

A program used to fine-tune the vsync and hsync video card settings for use in X Windows.

boot loader

A program used to load an operating system.

upstart

A recent version of the UNIX SysV system initialization process used on modern Linux distributions.

Systemd

A relatively new software framework used on Linux systems that provides a system initialization process and system management functions.

Compiz Fusion

A window manager that is often used alongside the KDE and GNOME desktops to provide advanced graphical effects.

GRand Unified Bootloader version 2 (GRUB2)

An enhanced version of the GRUB boot loader. It is the most common boot loader used on modern Linux systems.

Power On Self Test (POST)

An initial series of tests run when a computer is powered on to ensure that hardware components are functional.

b.~/.xsession-errors

If incompatible X Windows settings are configured, where will the errors that are generated be written to? a.~/.xerror b.~/.xsession-errors c./var/log/xwindows.error d.~/.xwin-error

a. /boot

In what directory is Stage2 of the GRUB2 boot loader stored? a. /boot b. /root c. /bin d. /

runtime configuration (rc) scripts

Scripts that are used during the system initialization process to start daemons and provide system functionality.

initstate

See runlevel.

target

See target unit.

window manager

The GUI component that is responsible for determining the appearance of the windows drawn on the screen by X Windows.

grub2-mkconfig command

The command used to build the GRUB2 configuration file from entries within the /etc/default/grub file and /etc/grub.d directory.

runlevel command

The command used to display the current and most recent (previous) runlevel.

grub-install command

The command used to install the GRUB boot loader.

grub2-install command

The command used to install the GRUB2 boot loader.

lilo command

The command used to reinstall the LILO boot loader based on the configuration information in /etc/lilo.conf.

X server

The component of X Windows that draws graphics to windows on the terminal screen.

X client

The component of X Windows that requests graphics to be drawn from the X server and displays them on the terminal screen.

X Windows

The component of the Linux GUI that displays graphics to windows on the terminal screen.

GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME)

The default desktop environment in Fedora Linux; it was created in 1997.

mutter window manager

The default window manager for the GNOME Desktop Environment in Fedora 13.

c. init

The first daemon loaded on a Linux system is? a. initstate b. inittab c. init d. linux

initialize (init) daemon

The first process started by the Linux kernel; it is responsible for starting and stopping other daemons.

GRUB root partition

The partition containing the second stage of the GRUB boot loader and the GRUB configuration file.

active partition

The partition searched for an operating system after the MBR/GPT.

system initialization process

The process that executes the daemons that provide for system services during boot time and bring the system to a usable state.

desktop environment

The software that works with a window manager to provide a standard GUI environment that uses standard programs and development tools.

Qt toolkit

The software toolkit used with the K Desktop Environment.

K Window Manager (kwin)

The window manager that works under the KDE Desktop Environment.

b. graphical.target

What Systemd target corresponds to runlevel 5? a. multi-user.target b. graphical.target c. system.target d. runlevel5.target

c. localect1

What command can be used to modify the default locale on the system? a. tzselect b. cmdline c. localect1 d. export LANG=C

c. /etc/inti.d

What directory stores most UNIX SysV rc scripts? a. /etc/rc5.d b. /etc/rc.d c. /etc/inti.d d. /usr/local/systemd

c. single

What kernel option can be specified within a boot loader to force the system to boot to Single User Mode? a. init b. rescuse c. single d. telinit

a. High Contrast

Which assistive technology will make a desktop environment more accessible to a person with low vision? a. High Contrast b. Visual Alerts c. Repeat Keys d. Click Assist

c. startx

Which command can be used to start X Windows, the window manager, and the default desktop environment? a. startgui b. startgdm c. startx d. gstart

b. init 1

Which command causes the system to enter Single User Mode? a. init 0 b. init 1 c. init 6 d. initstate 5

d. /etc/inittab

Which file does the UNIX SysV init daemon reference on startup to determine the default runlevel? a. /etc/initstate b. /inittab c. /etc/init d. /etc/inittab

b. systemctl stop lala.service

Which of the following Systemd commands can be used to stop a daemon called lala? a. service stop lala b. systemctl stop lala.service c. chkconfig stop lala d. stop lala

a. iconv

Which of the following commands can be used to convert files between different character encodings? a. iconv b. transform c. convert d. conv

a. chkconfig --level 123 lala on

Which of the following commands can be used to start a UNIX SysV daemon called lala in runlevels 1, 2 and 3? a. chkconfig --level 123 lala on b. update-rc.d lala defaults c. systemctl enable lala 123 d. service enable lala 123

a. hd2,msdos2

Which of the following indicates the second MBR (1) partition on the third hard disk drive (2) to GRUB2? a. hd2,msdos2 b. hd4,mbr3 c. hd3,mbr2 d. hd2,msdos1

c. GRUB2 can only be loaded from a UEFI System Partition. (wrong)

Which of the following statements is true? a. GRUB Legacy can be loaded from a MBR or GPT. b. After modifying /etc/default/grub, you must run the grub2-mkconfig command before the changes are made to GRUB2. c. GRUB2 can only be loaded from a UEFI System Partition. d. GRUB needs to be reinstalled after it has been modified.

c. UTF-8 is commonly used to provide Unicode character set support.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Unicode provides the least localization support for different languages. b. ASCII is the most common character set used today. c. UTF-8 is commonly used to provide Unicode character set support. d. ASCII is an extension of the ISO-8859 standard.

c. 0

Which runlevel halts the system? a. 1 b. 6 c. 0 d. 5

a. X.org d. Wayland

Which two implementations of X Windows are commonly used in Linux? (Choose two answers.) a. X.org b. XFCE c. winX d. Wayland

a. timedatectl --update

You have recently modified the system time using the date command. What command can you run to ensure that the same time is updated within the system BIOS? a. timedatectl --update b. tzselect c. hwclock -w d. date --set

c. Modify the daemon configuration file within the /etc/init directory

You want to configure the runlevels that a particular upstart daemon is started in. What should you do? a. Run the appropriate update-rc.d command b. Modify the contents of the /etc/rc[runlevel].d directories c. Modify the daemon configuration file within the /etc/init directory d. Run the appropriate systemctl command