chapter 9 life span

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, the preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.

TRUE

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on__________.

the-consequences-of-behavior

_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.​

Rooting

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?

Accommodation

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television,the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.​

Moro reflex

Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.

role-diffusion

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's__________.

personal-fable

A(n)__________is a fertilized egg cell.

zygote

The umbilical cord is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

FALSE

According to Erik Erikson,__________is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.

ego-identity

The placenta:

exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes, helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using__________to help the child.

scaffolding

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

the ability to hypothesize.

_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.​

​Uninvolved parents

_____ are male sex hormones that further masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage of prenatal development.​

Androgens

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

Identity exploration

_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.​

Imprinting

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

__________is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.

Puberty

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

The age of possibilities

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.​

avoidant attachment

Contrast fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Fluid intelligence is the ability to understand information in a short amount of time whereas crystallized intelligence is the combined knowledge and experience of a person from their lifetime, primarily in their vocabulary and world events.

A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?

The fetal stage

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

They are dependent on their primary caregivers.

A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. The__________of prenatal development is depicted in this scenario.

embryonic-stage

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.

fixation-time

Richard is 67 years old. His family no longer allows him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name and address along with his way home. In addition, Richard is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores like he used to. Which disease does Richard most likely have?

Alzheimer's disease

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.

FALSE

According to Piaget, objective responsibility is the assignment of blame according to the motives of the actor rather than the amount of damage done.

FALSE

Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.

FALSE

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

FALSE

Contrast the effects of hormonal changes in girls and boys during puberty.

For boys during puberty, pituitary hormones activate the males' testes to produce more testosterone. This can cause the penis and body hair to grow. Usually, the boys start getting erections and start ejaculating. Thier voices tend to deepen with puberty also. For girls during puberty, body weight increases the level of estrogen in the female. As a result, the female's butt, hips, and breasts can start to grow. Androgens cause armpit and pubic hair to form. Sex organs develop, and the menarche begins.

Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

The age of instability

It was assumed that women experience a sense of loss when their youngest child goes off to college, gets married, or moves out of the home. However, this was not supported by research. What has been found through research?

Through the research, it has been found that both parents can feel some sense of loss, but once their children become adults, most parents are content to launch their children to live on their own. Many mothers report increased marital satisfaction and personal changes once the children have left home, such as self-confidence and stability.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n)__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

critical-period

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the babyspends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____.​

fixation time

A__________is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

schema

Outline the five features of emerging adulthood as hypothesized by Jeffrey Arnett.

Age of Identity Exploration- This is an experimental stage when a person is debating between love interests and oppertunites in future careers. Age of Instability- This is the second step and the one centered around adjusting to change. In this phase, a person starts to distinguish what they want and who they want in their life. Age of Self-Focus- During this time in one's life, the person may feel able to make choices with little care of what others' think. They tend to think about themselves as they mature and know what they want. Age of Feeling-In-Between- Next, a person goes through the in-between stage of their childhood and adulthood. They handle some responsibilities with ease while struggling with other issues like finance. They are just starting to break away from their dependence on other people and are almost ready to start taking care of themselves. Age of Possibilities- At the final stage, the young adults feel relief and excitement of the oppertunities allowed for them. They think positively and are more ready to let go.

Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Germinal Stage- First, the zygote is formed and starts dividing into more cells as it is on its way to the uterus. Eventually, it implants in the uterine wall. Embryonic Stage- Secondly, the organs start to form, and the heart starts to beat. Also, the nervous system and sex organs start developing. The face and head are distinguishable, and the embryo is able to receive nutrients. Fetal Stage- Finally, the fetal stage allows for the mother to feel her child kicking her. The fetus can sleep and be awake while the organs work at building strength.

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?

The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.

The _________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.​

amygdala

Kyra is a history major and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying__________.

crystallized-intelligence

​Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Theirolder daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.

empty-nest syndrome

The__________is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

formal-operational-stage

The__________is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.

germinal-stage

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the__________.

postconventional-level

The _________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.​

​germinal stage