CINE ANIMATION Exam 1

Earl Hurd

______ ______ patented the use of clear celluloid, or cels, as the medium on which to draw the pictures but this process did not really take hold until the arrival of sound.

John Bray

________ _______ was a newspaper cartoonist who moved into animation and patented many labor saving devices and techniques that became common in animation production, such as using stationary backgrounds and drawing on translucent sheets instead of on rice paper.

was not the success that Walt, who had wanted to do this as a feature for decades, had envisioned and it failed to impress audiences despite having many impressive and creative animated sequences

"Alice in Wonderland" (1951)

Ub Iwerks. Made his own studio but them MGM did not renew his contract in the late 30's. Iwerks returned to Disney in 1940 and worked on making technical innovations until he retired. Always an inventor, Iwerks devised a prototype multiplane camera years before Disney made one.

"Animation's Forgotten Man"

- the animated feature film returned with "Cinderella" (1950)!!! , a huge box office and critical success that was favorably compared to "Snow White". Its box office returns showed there was still a market for feature length animated films.

"Cinderella" (1950)

-started in 1934 (with Betty Boop in"Poor Cinderella") but this series only used a two color process until 1936 when it could use Technicolor's much superior three color process in "Somewhere in Dreamland". The very successful Popeye "two reelers" (longer cartoons), like "Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves" (1937), were also made in color. These twenty minute cartoons pre-dated "Snow White" and were often treated like a feature film by distributors and they were very popular with audiences. Fleischer, always a technical innovator, developed the Stereoptical Process in 1934. This involved photographing the drawn cells in front of three dimensional model backgrounds to give the illusion of depth and detail. It preceded Disney's multiplane camera.

"Color Classics" Fleischer Studios

-Disney's most daring and most artistic film with abstract sequences and little dialogue, sound, sound effects, or narrative structure. - It is seen today as a landmark of animation because each musical segment has its own mood and individual animated style, related to the music featured in that sequence. - It was VERY VERY COSTLY because many special effects, and more multiplane camera than Snow White and Pinoccio combined. - Disney wanted a special sound system for the theatres that played it. He obsessed over this and other expensive ideas for the film. - Audiences expected something more like his 2 previous films so they were not into it. - It became a HUGE FINANCIAL FAILURE for the studio and put it in a precarious financial position which meant that the bankers had more say over the dealings of the studio.

"Fantasia" (1940)

Fleischer Studios made "Gulliver's Travels" in only eighteen months and for one million dollars (almost half the cost of "Snow White"). - -"Gulliver's Travels" was released in December, 1939 but the war in Europe cut off foreign markets and it did not make a profit. The film suffers from weak characterizations, a very weak script, and poor songs. - The art direction is inconsistent as there is a mixture of realistic, rotoscoped animation (primarily used for Gulliver's character) with cartoon caricatures and the final results do not aesthetically mesh

"Guliver's Travels" 1939

- Disneys first feature film that they had written all by themselves. - It was their first animated feature in the "Cinema-Scope" widescreen format that proved both challenging and liberating to the animators.

"Lady and the Tramp" (1955)

FLeischer studios- was a superior film to guliver's Travels but it was released three days after the Pearl Harbour strike r and suffered at the box office because of America's entry into World War II and very little support from Paramount

"Mr. Bug Goes To Town" (1941)

was long in the production stages and a long time favorite of Disney's but it was only a moderate hit for the studio, despite many intricately animated sequences. The relative failure of both films could be blamed on the story, lack of it, or muddled direction of it.

"Peter Pan" (1953)

- Critical success BUT financial FAILURE. - Because WWII (no foreign market) and also because the budget was one million higher than Snow Whites. - SUPER costly because Disney did not like the original so he made them RE MAKE IT. - It was re-released in 1947 where it was more successful. -"Pinocchio" represents the apex of Disney's animated films. It contains detailed backgrounds, special effects sequences, and multiplane camera work that would never again be achieved at that level of sophistication due to the intensive labor required

"Pinocchio" (1940)

- A series which explored the powerful combination of animation, sound, and music. - We watched the skeleton dance (1929) in class - SIlly symphonies as a conceptual idea, wouldn't workout in Mickey Mouse cartoons, this particular one (music land) is a good example of that. - Super conceptual as they use the instruments to speak in their language sort of thing. You get the point of it even though they don't speak english. Classical vs Jazz, romeo and Juliet kind of thing.

"Silly Symphonies"

- was Disney's costliest and most ambitious animated film. Walt wanted it to be his masterpiece but it failed to win over critics and audiences and was a money losing venture. -Its angular animated look - a complete step away from the round, soft look of Disney's animation in the 1930's and 1940's - was one of the reasons for the tepid audience response. Again, a weakness in the lead characters and in the story was another reason for its lackluster performance.

"Sleeping Beauty" (1959)

- The 1st feature length animated sound film!!!! - Took 3 years and 6x over budget. - Pioneered animation innovations like its use of special effects animation for storms, water, and the cauldron sequence where the Evil Queen turns into the Old Witch. -HUGE financial success for the studio. - International phenomenon, evoked emotion in the audience, sold the sound track separately, sold merchandise to make more money! -The financial success of the film gave Walt Disney the money to build a bigger, more modern studio in Burbank that could hold a lot more employees and make the production of feature length films a lot easier.

"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937)

- A HUGE hit for the studio. - Gave Disney its first hit song (Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?) - Made them lots of $$$ - It represented his continuing search to define individual personalities for cartoons characters through their movement and action. - More anthropomorphism and personification

"Three Little Pigs" (1933)

Raoul Barre

Canadian, _______ _______ invented a peg system to aid in the animation process of overlaying cel drawings. He is also credited as the first to set up a cartoon studio to produce cartoon shorts. Others soon followed in New York and there were at least a dozen studios by 1918.

The role of music was integral toLooney Tunes and a lot of their success was due to Carl Stalling's brilliant work. He had an innate talent for matching the right musical sequence to the right animated sequence (a talent he honed as a musical accompanist for silent movies). He brought classical music to a whole new audience with his often inspired use of it in many of their cartoons such as, "Rabbit of Seville" (1950).

Carl Stalling- Warner Bros.

Warnes Bros. - Pepe Le - Marvin the Martian - Wiley and Road Runner - mid 1940's to the end of the 1950's, Chuck Jones was the primary creative force at Warner Bros. and he directed some of their most famous and critically lauded cartoons - four of the top five cartoons were directed by him, 10 of top 50 were directed by him. -After the studio shut down 1963 Jones went on directing, his most famous post-Warner Bros. work, was "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", in 1966. - Both Jones and Freleng created new Looney Tunes animation in the 1970's and 1980's for a series of Looney Tunes television specials and "movies" that incorporated classic cartoons with new bridging animation. They also worked on some half hour animated Looney Tunes specials for television that featured entirely new animation

Chuck Jones:

Disney was a visionary, a risk taker, never happy with the status quo and always looking for the next big thing but his best talent was a knack for knowing what the public wanted. He is an American icon both adored and sometimes vilified for his role in animation history. - Escapism and happy endings are hallmarks of his work and the roots for these might have come from his tough childhood years. He became a workaholic because of this background.

Describe Walt Disney as a person:

- Between 1940-1946, Disney kept afloat by government sponsored film projects, propaganda, & training films under the direction of the Office of War Information Bureau of Motion Pictures. - Helped to keep them out of the draft. - The War dominated Disney's short subjects. - Donald, not Mickey, rose to the fore and he was seen as a soldier, in "Commando Duck" (1944), as a patriotic citizen/taxpayer in "The New Spirit" (1942), and even as an unfortunate subject living in "Nutziland" in "Der Fuehrer's Face" (1943). -Also produced 3 "psychological" propaganda shorts that were serious in nature. - [Ex.] "Education for Death" (1943) shows how the Nazi state uses propaganda in order to raise its children to become emotionless killing machines. Essentially, this is a propaganda film about the evils of propaganda!

Disney In the War Years:

- Disney land opened in 1955 - Another huge financial gamble from Walt as many people thought it would be a bust. However, it was instantly successful -Big money maker for the studio. - Another way for them to market their established properties through rides and merchandising. - -"Disneyland" was also a key step in the evolution of the studio as it moved beyond producing animation to becoming a multimedia and entertainment corporation.

Disney Land (and when did it open)?

- Television had brought near ruin to the movie industry in the 1950's but it was a medium that Disney had entered and exploited with his weekly hour long "Disneyland" show that debuted in 1954 on the ABC television network. Walt used this program to promote and recycle his older properties and the studio also made new animation for the television show. - "The Mickey Mouse Club" started in 1955 and this daily live action show was a success from the onset and lead to more live action television shows. During the 1950's, Disney started to release live action feature films, documentaries, and educational films that were profitable in their theatrical run and shown many times again on television

Disney and television-

Disney started Laugh-O-Grams (1922) in Kansas City with Ub Iwerks after learning the basics of animation at a film advertising company for which he worked. - This company went bankrupt

Disney started ___________________ (1922) in Kansas City with ______ _________ after learning the basics of animation at a film advertising company for which he worked.

Paramount wanted Fleischer to do a cartoon series based on the popular comic book, "Superman". This costly series captured the realistic look of the comic but proved difficult to animate. These cartoons debuted in 1941 and became a big success. They are noteworthy, and still influential today, because of the many cinematic techniques employed in the animation.

Fleischer Studio's "SuperMan"

Fleischer Studios (later Famous Studios) also joined the war effort and this saw Popeye join the navy and fight the Japanese in "Scrap the Japs" (1942) and Superman battle the Japanese in "The Japoteurs" (1942). They also released many other war themed cartoons.

Fleischer Studios During the War

- New York -the rotoscope -Koko the clown, in "out of the inkwell" - They signed with Paramount

Fleischer Studios: - where was it -what thing did he invent - who was their first star? - What studio did they sign with>?

Betty Boop first appeared in "Dizzy Dishes" (1930) and she soon morphed from a sexy French poodle into a human. She became a huge hit with audiences (and one of the few female cartoon characters) and remained a star for years.

Fleischer studios - Betty Boop:

Freleng left the studio for MGM but soon returned and he became another important contributor to the unique look and feel of the cartoons. Freleng's specialty was the vaudeville (fast paced music and comedy) inspired cartoons and his sense of timing, in shorts such as "High Diving Hare" (1949), was influential to the other animators. -Yosemite Same -Sylvester - Speedy Gonzalez

Friz Freleng:

Maurice Noble and Hawley Pratt were two of the prominent art directors who later served as directors or co-directors for the studio in the 1960's

Maurice Noble and Hawley Pratt: (Warner Bros.)

Ex Looney Tune founders, Hugh Harmin and Rudy Ising, moved from Warner Bros. to r (MGM) in 1934. -MGM was the biggest and richest Hollywood studio and it offered them more money and the chance for them to work in color. -MGM then started its own cartoon studio and hired non animator, Fred Quimby, to run it. The cartoon studio did not have much commercial success so Quimby hired Harmin and Ising back as directors but this did not have much impact on their business. -They did make the classic anti-war cartoon, "Peace on Earth" (1939), which won a well deserved AcademyAward. -William Hanna and Joseph Barbera directed "Puss Gets the Boot" (1940) and from this cartoon, Tom and Jerry emerged and the studio finally had successful characters the public wanted to see in more than one cartoon. This comic duo starred in one hundred and fifty cartoons over the next fifteen years and won seven Academy Awards for MGM -texavery came and did great, made droopy popoular - but he retired in 54 so they brought in Hana and Barbera and then MGM closed in 1957

Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios (MGM)

At MGM, Tex Avery was nominated for an Academy Award for "Blitz Wolf" (1942), which retells the story of The Three Little Pigs but with Hitler as the Big Bad Wolf.

Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios During the War years

- Superstar, international star... BUT... homie was bland as bread. - He lacked a DISTINCT personality - SO they made character foils, aka other characters for him to interact with like Goofy and Donald.

Mickey Mouse personality wise:

- Pail left Van Beuran in 1929, 20th Century Fox movie studios as the distributor. Mighty Mouse -Heckle and Jeckle - continued into the 1950's and started selling cartoons to television stations in 1952. The studio was bought out by CBS television network in 1955 and continued to make theatrical shorts and television cartoons until the network closed down the cartoon studios in the 1960's. CBS kept the characters alive by licensing other cartoon studios to use these characters during the 1970's and 1980's.

Paul Terry and Terrytoons

Fleischer Studios - Already popular in Segar's newspaper comic strips, Popeye debuted onscreen in a Betty Boop cartoon in 1933. - He would become the studio's biggest star for the next couple of decades. - Popeye was a good fit for the studio, and for Fleischer, because his rough and tumble working class persona was similar to that of the New Yorkers who worked on him. - He offered a distinct alternative to the many cute singing, dancing animals who populated other cartoons in the 1930's. - Some animation historians view Popeye as the first cartoon superhero because of his spinach induced feats of super strength.

Pop-Eye

Warner Bros. 1st animated star! A lot of Porky's success was due to Mel Blanc's voice work.

Porky Pig

Ray Harryhausen saw "King Kong" as a teenager and was captivated by the stop motion animation of Willis O'Brien. He started making short films using articulated models that employed a working armature for the skeleton and covered in foam. These had interchangeable heads for different facial expressions. Harryhausen worked with George Pal for two years. He served as lead animator for O'Brien on "Mighty Joe Young" (1949). He went on to become one of Hollywood's top visual effects creators, in films such as "The 7th Voyage of Sinbad" (1958), using his "Dynamation" technique which combined stop motion animation, mattes, and rear projection of live action footage

Ray Harryhausen - Visual Effects (Combining Stop Motion Animation and Live Action)

Originally from Hungary, George Pal started making stop motion animation for advertising in the 1930's. -He used replacement animation more than true stop motion but both involve articulated models ("puppets") and miniature backgrounds and sets. -Brilliant color design and art direction made his short films stand out. He worked for Paramount Studios in the 1940's with his Technicolor "Puppetoons" series and he made many popular shorts, like "Tubby the Tuba". - Jasper was his most popular (and controversial) character. Pal was awarded a special Academy Award in 1943 for his stop motion technique. Pal eventually went on to direct live action science fiction films.

Stop Motion George Pal's Puppetoons

Tex Avery left Warner Bros. to join MGM in 1941. - he brought to them his sense of anarchy, exaggeration, and fast paced lunacy, OVER SEXUALIZATION .-He toyed with the medium of animation in such cartoons as "King-Size Canary" (1947). He added to MGM's growing stable of cartoon characters, Droopy was the most successful. Avery also made many risque adult oriented cartoons that focused on caricatures of sexy females such as the popular short, "Red Hot Riding Hood" (1943). Avery left MGM in 1954

TEX AVERY

Animators at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) made propaganda shorts for the Canadian war effort and had help from Walt Disney Productions on several of them. - ex. " 0 Dollar Dance" - Talks about savings during the war. V for Victory. Warning that the gov was spending all of their money on the war. Introduced wage and price controls so this tried to explain why were doing this. They said don't spend money frivolously spend your money on war bonds and savings.

The National Film Board of Canada (NFB) during the War Years:

The Soviet Union had long used animation in their propaganda films as an enjoyable and entertaining way to educate (and re-educate) their citizens. During World War II, very little animation was produced by the state but a few patriotic anti-Nazi animated shorts were made

The Soviet Union Animation During the War:

- Strike in May 1941. - The strike was bitter and a lot of animators left and the family atmosphere of the studio was DESTROYED. - Disney's Earlier features were only feasible because he paid everyone in Depression Era wages - This and WWII restricted productions - The studio made propaganda films for the wars

The Strike of May ______. - Why is it significant?

- New York Based - co founded by paul terry -poor execution of cartoons - got in trouble for copying Disney - The studio never had a -9- popular character who caught the public's attention and supplemented their income by producing industrial and commercial animation. In 1936, their theatrical distributor, RKO, dumped them in order to release Disney shorts and films. The studio closed down shortly after

Van Beuren Studios

Stop motion pioneer Willis O'Brien, invented, improved, and perfected different techniques that combined stop motion, matte shots, and live action rear projection. These visual effects astonished audiences with their believability in "The Lost World" (1925) and they were the biggest reason for the success of the landmark special effects film, "King Kong" (1933) which was a worldwide phenomena upon its release.

Visual Effects (Combining Stop Motion Animation and Live Action) - Willis O'Brien

-Early animation pioneer, Walter Lantz, took over Universal Studios' Oswald the Lucky Rabbit series in 1929. -The arrival of Tex Avery 1931 - Lantz became the animation studios' owner in the late 1930's. - In 1940's WOODY the WOODPECKER -Lantz Studios also worked on commercials, industrial, and government animation. It was successful in the 1940's and 1950's with creating a host of other cartoon characters, like Chilly Willy. Woody Woodpecker starred in his own television show in the 1950's that recycled Lantz's theatrical shorts. Lantz continued to make cartoons for theaters and television into the 1970's

Walter Lantz/Universal Studios

- Leon Schlesinger set up a cartoon studio with ex-Disney animators Hugh Harmin, Rudy Ising, and Friz Freleng, who took their Bosko character along with them. -A contract was signed with Warner Bros. Studio to distribute the cartoons and Warner wanted the cartoons to promote music from Warner Music Publishing, giving rise to the title, "Looney Tunes" (a riff on Disney's "Silly Symphonies"). - - Bosko appeared in "Sinkin' in the Bathtub" (1930) which became popular with audiences. - Schlesinger wanted a second cartoon series featuring music and "Merrie Melodies" (also a riff on "Silly Symphonies") was born. - Bosko remained popular and took more of a satirical bent but Harmin and Ising left for rival studio MGM to make "Happy Harmonies" cartoons (Seeing a trend here?), taking Bosko with them. Freleng and some other key animators stayed at Warner.

Warner Bros Studios Early Successes: People-

- Tex Avery joined in 35. - Animators Chuck Jones and Bob Clampett joined and this changed content and style towards funnier, more expressive, sharply timed cartoons that used the inherent qualities of animation to their fullest. - 1937, Frank Tashlin, along with and ex-Disney musician, Carl Stalling as music director, cemented the creative core that would serve "Termite Terrace" for years to come. -Clampett and Jones were promoted to directors. Daffy Duck, not surprisingly, was introduced by Avery.

Warner Bros. (Years of Transition) - who join/ed the team

- A group of extremely talented directors, animators, writers, voice actors, and musicians, along with an atmosphere of "creative freedom", resulted in the Warner Bros shorts becoming some of the most popular and critically lauded cartoons from the Golden Age of Animation. - The triumph of Warner Bros. shorts is the triumph of character and character animation. -They had an abundance of well developed, well designed characters who were infused with distinct and dynamic personalities making them appealing to the public. - These characters helped to make the cartoons popular then and cross generational divides to remain popular and well loved today.

Warner Bros. Studios "Looney Tunes" & "Merrie Melodies"

- 1st American studio to stand against Nazi Germany (starting in the 1930's). (US entered war in 1941 after Pearl Harbour attack) - Early wartime shorts showed popular cartoon characters engaging the enemy in films like "Daffy The Commando" (1943) and "Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips" (1944). -satirical cartoons that mocked the enemy and mocked their leaders in shorts like, "The Ducktators" (1942) and "Herr Meets Hare" (1945). -Private Snafu: exclusive use by the military as training films and many were written by Theodore Geisel, aka "Dr. Seuss". - These cartoons were shown to trainee soldiers and they used Private Snafu (an acronym from the military expression: "Situation Normal - All F***ed Up") as an example of what not to do. - These Snafu propaganda shorts were often more risque than other cartoons at the time because they were not produced for, or exhibited to, the general public. They very much promoted that era's popular "pin-up" culture.

Warner Bros. in the War Years:

-No, because when they were played in theatre they would be accompanied by an in house orchestra, organist, or piano player.

Were Silent Era cartoons really silent?

- Disney created "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" (1927) for Universal Studios - Contained better visual innovations and animation by Ub Iwerks and Walt became chief story man. - Producer Charles Mintz double crossed Disney and took "Oswald" and most of Disney's animators away from him in 1928. -This left a bitter legacy with Disney, who became obsessive about copyrights and trademarks after that experience. -The Walt Disney Company re-acquired the rights for Oswald back from NBC/Universal in 2006

What caused Walt Disney to be such a psycho about copy rights and trade marks?

-The expensive and complicated multi-plane camera which gave an almost three dimensional look to the animation and allowed for cinema style perspectives that were almost impossible to draw.

What did Disney debut in "The Old Mill" (1937) ?

-Paramount foreclosed on Fleischer Studios, getting rid of Dave and Max in 1942, but keeping most of the other employees in order to start Paramount's own cartoon studio: Famous Studios. -It continued to make Popeye shorts, in color finally, and the popular Little Lulu (based on a comic strip) cartoons. -Casper the Friendly Ghost debuted in 1945 and became a hit, alongside Little Audrey and Baby Huey, who all made the transition to comic books in the 1950's when the cartoons were sold to Harvey Publishing. Popeye migrated to television in the 1950's.

What did Fleischer Studios Turn Into?

Clampett brought visual innovation and his wild imagination helped push the boundaries of the newfound lunacy unraveling in the shorts. The end result of this integration of new talent, saw Looney Tunes completely revitalized as they took off in a different, bolder direction. --New characters were created and/or redefined. PorkyPig was redesigned and refined by Bob Clampett and he became the first animated star for the studio.

What did they bring to Warner Bros.? - Bob Clampett

-Tashlin experimented with different camera angles, styles of editing, and other cinematic devices unheard of in cartoons. Tashlin left and returned for a third time in the early 1940's and he brought a sense of visual design that was lean and angular with often sparse backgrounds. - He eventually left again and pursued a successful career as a director of many live action films. - Not surprisingly, most of these were comedies that often pushed the boundaries of Hollywood's strict censorship.

What did they bring to Warner Bros.? -Frank Tashlin

Emile Cohl

What illustrator was considered an early pioneer who experimented with animation and developed important concepts about movement and design.

"The Adventures of Prince Achmed" ( 1926) -Lotte Reiniger - based on an Arabian Nights tale. - required three hundred thousand individual shots. - used paper cutouts so some people argued that it wasn't animated because it was not drawn.

What is credited as the first feature length (a film with a running time over sixty minutes) animated film, BUT why is it *controversial* ? - Who created it -*Hint* Created by a woman

J. Stuart Blackton's vaudeville act is filmed and he later experiments by taking drawings and filming them shot by shot in order to animate them. "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces" (1906) is often credited as the first animated cartoon.

What is often credited as the first animated cartoon? - year - who

"Dumbo" (1941) and "Bambi: (1942)

What two Disney films were unaffected by the war and the strike?

Walt and Roy Disney started the Disney Bros. Studio in 1924 which was renamed, Walt Disney Productions in 1926. -Roy was more in charge of the business end of things.

What was Disneys second company called, and who was the other important homie in it?

Mortimer Mouse

What was Mickey Mouses original name?

"Fiddlesticks" (1931), the first color cartoon that used a Technicolor two strip process (red and green). With Flip the Frog.

What was the first color cartoon?

"Steamboat Willie" (1928) - Their studios 1st hit! - Disney's premier of Mickey in "Plane Crazy" did not do well with audiences so he decided they needed something to make the cartoons more interesting so he decided that music would be the "hook" to make his cartoons stand out!

What was the first completely synchronized sound cartoon?

- He left 1930 because Disney was too much of a slave driver wanker to work for

When did Iwerks leave Disney and why?

Winsor McCay

Who created "Little Nemo" (1911), "Gertie the Dinosaur" (1914), and "The Sinking of the Lusitania"(1917)? -*HINT* He was a famous newspaper cartoonist!

Max Fleischer -which allowed for frame by frame tracing of animation from a live action source

Who invented the rotoscope?

- Iwerks did in 1930, but it was two-colour so it kind of sucked. - Disney was the first to use the much superior, and more expensive, Technicolor three-color process in "Flowers and Trees" (1932). Disney signed a three year exclusivity clause so that he was the only cartoon studio who could use this process.

Who released the 1st colour cartoon?

Ben 'Bugs' Hardaway)

Who was Bugs Bunny Supposably named after?

Friz Freleng

Who was Yosemite Sam modelled after?

- Felix the Cat Created by: Otto Messmer and Pat Sullivan -Felix developed a distinct personality, due to his many facial expressions, and used his feline wiles to outsmart the opposition. - -Felix showed that animated characters, when written and drawn right, could come to life for the audience. Many of the cartoon conventions which would become popular in the Golden Age of Animation, started with Felix the Cat.

Who was the biggest animated star of the silent film era during the 1920's? - Who created him (2 people)? - Why was he important?

Michael Maltese, Tedd Pierce, and Warren Foster were the main writers.

Who were the main writers for Warner Bros. ?

- Strike in NY, so moved to Florida because they had weaker labor laws, and also tax incentives if offered the studio to build there.

Why did Fleischer studios move to Florida?

- Partly because the movie companies had low opinions of animation at that time BUT MOSTLY BECAUSE... - The rapid deterioration of the nitrates used to make the film stock. - This often resulted in the spontaneous combustion of the film so many older films were *destroyed* because they posed a *fire* *danger*.

Why is it hard to find animations from the silent era today?

- Voice Work: each character had a very distinct and unusual voice that was a good fit for that character's individual personality - Distinctive character personalities - Looney Tunes characters were among the first to battle the enemy in World War II. -Avery, Clampett, and Jones had different directorial approaches and they often worked exclusively with certain characters but all of them helped to define the zany, formalistic, anarchical style of Looney Tunes based on visual gags, comedy, movement, and timing. --Another appealing characteristic of these cartoons, was their anti-authority nature. Those unfortunate characters in a position of power were often mocked and then knocked from their post by the popular wise guy characters, such as Bugs and Daffy - The role of music was integral to Looney Tunes and a lot of their success was due to Carl Stalling's brilliant work.

Why were Warner Bros. Characters so successful?

- 1939 - 1945 - The US gov and other countries at war used cartoons to make war related propaganda in order to: - dehumanize the enemy - raise moral - entertain -educate and inform soliders and civilians at home

World War II and Animation: