Cognitive PSYC 345 Final

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Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...

A photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A pig is an animal.

Permission schema

A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfied condition A, then they get to carry out action B. The permission schema has been used to explain the results of the Wason four-card problem.

Mental set

A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem, which is determined by a person's; experience or what has worked in the past.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a _____ process in STM.

Control

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...

Creates more connections

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as...

Cryptomnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

Cultural expectations

12. A phoneme refers to A. the property of combining words into unique sentences. B. the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year. C. a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition." D. the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Lexical priming

Priming that involves the meaning of words. Typically occurs when a word is followed by another word with a similar meaning--for example, when presenting the word ant before the word bug causes a person to respond faster to the word bug than if ant had not preceded it.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...

Source misattribution

The repeated production technique used in memory studies involves

The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer interval after learning the information

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on...

The self-reference effect

Phoneme

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or a grammatical function. For example, truck consists of a number of phonemes but only one morpheme, because none of the components that create the word truck means anything.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the fruit group because...

The stimulus category remained the same

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

According to unconscious inference, people perceive whatever is most likely to have produced the sensory experience. (t/f)

True

Action potentials for vision begin in the retina and progress to the optic nerve (t/f)

True

All memories are physiologically represented in the brain.

True

An "artifact" is a non-living thing.

True

An audio coding example would be calling to mind the voice of a parent saying "no"

True

Autobiographical memories are memories that have both semantic and episodic components (t/f)

True

Autobiographical memory is memory for specific experiences from our life

True

Categories are groups of things that are, in someway, similar. (T/F)

True

Classical conditioning is a type of learning T/F

True

Cognitive neuroscientists focus their research on the brain.

True

Conceptual knowledge refers to the memories that help us recognize objects in the world around us. (T/F)

True

Encephalitis is a form of inflammation in the brain

True

Encoding specificity states that we include the environmental context as well as the information learned in that context, when installing a memory.

True

Even the perception of pain has been shown to be influenced by top-down processing (t/f)

True

Explicit memories refer to memories we are consciously aware of

True

For the "embodied approach to semantic organization," we recognize a hammer when the sensory and motor areas of our brains are reactivated for a hammer.

True

In particular, when viewing our "own" photos, the frontal lobes, associated with processing info about the self, are more active

True

Long term memory and short term memory work together (t/f)

True

Long term memory can last a lifetime (t/f)

True

Memory for a picture of a book not as good as memory for a picture of a spider.

True

Memory recall performance is better if the type of processing used to install the memory is the same as the type of processing used to recall the memory.

True

Our memories are "recalled" by a process of "reconstruction" t/f

True

Pain perception is influence by top-down and bottom-up processes. (t/f)

True

Perception begins when one of the senses is stimulated (t/f)

True

Performance on a sentence verification task is faster for high typicality members of a category.

True

Selective attention is when we focus on one thing and ignore others. (t/f)

True

Signals from nociceptors are perceived as unpleasant (t/f)

True

Some neurons respond best to horizontal and vertical edges of the things in the environment around us. (t/f)

True

State dependent learning is the idea that our mood (our internal state) also becomes part of the memory being installed.

True

System consolidation refers to changes in neural pathways or "circuits" in the brain.

True

The "cultural life script" hypothesis states that some events are memorable because they fit the typical life events of

True

The "reminiscence bump" is an increase in memory performance for things that happened between the ages of 10 and 30.

True

The "semantic category through neural circuits approach" proposes that there are specialized neural pathways or "circuits" involved in responding to specific types of stimuli, such as faces.

True

The definitional method of assigning a new thing to a category, relies on the definition used to specify membership

True

The primacy effect is better recall for words at the beginning of a list (t/f)

True

The term "coding" refers to the form in which a stimulus is represented in memory (T/F)

True

Top-down processing is useful for recognizing things in our environment (t/f)

True

Viewing our "own" pictures activate more brain parts than viewing similar pictures taken by someone else

True

We "see" things because they reflect light (t/f)

True

We are more likely to forget episodic components of long term memories rather than semantic components

True

When asked to list members of a category, people tend to start with "high typicality" examples.

True

When moving from a basic level to a lower, more specific level, not much information is added to what you already know.

True

in an object discrimination task, the key to success is not having a damaged brain. (t/f)

True, i guess

How many card draws were required for the subjects to be able to decide which decks were good and bad in Antoine Bechara's experiment?

Twenty-five

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

Constructive nature of memory

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of...

Elaborative rehearsal

Expected emotion

Emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision.

Immediate emotion

Emotion that is experienced at the tie a decision is being made.

Grades amnesia occurs because...

Emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...

Encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

Encoding

Attentional capture occurs when we use our attention to overpower wild animals.

False....

Gestalt psychologists originated in France. (t/f)

False; germany

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Familiarization/novelty preference procedure

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

HM had both corpus callosi removed to end his seizures.

Fasle; Hippocampi

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

First five and the last five words

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory..

Involves making inferences

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that...

It involves mental time travel

Experts

Person who, by devoting a large amount of time to learning about a field and participating and applying that learning, has become acknowledged as being extremely skilled or knowledgeable in that field.

In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of...

Photographic memory

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the...

Physiological approach to coding

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some or-anges" in your mind AND...

Pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun

Which of the following is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

If a person has a digit span of 2, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

Poor STM

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...

Prefrontal cortex

Design fixation

Presenting a sample design influences the creation of new designs.

The late selection model of attention

detector step comes first, instead of filter... even the unattended information was being evaluated late in the process, to the level of "meaning" before being filtered

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

Declarative; Nondeclarative

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _______.

Declarative; Nondeclarative

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they're still categorized as fish. This poses a problem or the _____ approach to categorization.

Defintional

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...

Delay

Patients with Dissociation's in Neuropsychology

Demonstrate that there are different mechanisms in long and short term memory that can act independently of one another

Sachs (1967)

Determined the importance of meaning in LTM. In this study participants listened to a tape recorded passage then measured their recognition memory (rather than recall) to determine wether they remembered exact wording or general meaning.

According to the ___________ model of pain, pain occurs when nociceptors are stimulated and send their signals in a _________ pathway to the brain

Direct pathway model of pain; direct

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...

Echoic memory

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Recognition and perception are the same things (t/f)

False

Release from PI occurs when the police take the cuffs off.

False

The "basic level" of a hierarchy is the bottom level of that network.

False

The exemplar method of categorization involves the use of multiple prototypes.

False

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

"Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp. chair pants"

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)...

"smashed"

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Perception, then, results from...

1) the information taken from the environment through bottom-up processing, which is then 2) combined through top-down processing with the 3) knowledge, expectations, and beliefs of the perceiver.

Bayesian inference provides an algorithm for describing _____________ process of combining ____________ and __________.

1. "unconscious inference", 2. bottom-up processing, 3. top-down processing

The filter model is an example of a late selection model of attention.

False

Four theories to describe how bottom up-information is combined with top-down information to produce a perception are:

1. unconscious inference, 2. Gestalt principles of organization, 3. Learning about regularities in the environment, 4. Bayesian inference

Three of the four theories put forth to describe how bottom up information is combined with top down information posit that top-down processing plays an important role in object perception. these are:

1. unconscious inference, 2. learning about regularities in the environment, 3. bayesian inference

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw_____ of the 12 letters in the display

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

The effective duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is...

15-20 seconds

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

3-4 months

38. One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40%

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

***To demonstrate the complexity of human perception, a challenge took place in California where entrants had to design a motorized vehicle that could drive through a 55-mile course without human assistance. The winning vehicle was only able to stay on the course and avoid various obstacles while traveling at a rate of ____ miles per hour.

The "magic number" according to Miller, is...

7 plus or minus 2

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task?

80% 40% 30%

1. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as A. hierarchical structure. B. relational organization. C. parallel organization. D. propositional representation.

1. Mental imagery involves A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. C. sensory representations of a stimulus. D. all of these

11. Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's A. lexicon. B. parser. C. syntactical capacity. D. mental set.

12. Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? A. 30 degrees B. 60 degrees C. 90 degrees D. 180 degrees

15. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include A. an extraneous cough. B. two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). C. a categorical perception task. D. a garden-path sentence.

The placebo effect does not occur with the experience of pain (t/f)

False

16. Mental-scanning experiments found A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. B. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. C. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. D. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

17. Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

19. Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. A. mental scanning B. categorization C. priming D. mental walk

20. The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more A. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. B. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. C. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. D. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

21. Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) A. epiphenomenon. B. inner scribe. C. convergent behavior. D. propositional behavior.

25. Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to A. the meaning of a conversation. B. the rules for combining spoken words into sentences. C. the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience. D. the mental process of grouping words together that occurs as a person creates speech appropriate for the conversation.

30. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. Word frequency effect B. Word superiority effect C. Phonemic restoration effect D. The lexical decision task

31. Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology? A. Lexical priming B. Word superiority C. Syntactic priming D. Brain imaging

32. Syntax is A. the rules for combining words into sentences. B. the meanings of words. C. the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. D. the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

33. Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." B. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. C. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. D. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

37. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to A. temporarily disrupt the functioning of a brain area. B. permanently remove (or lesion) a part of the brain. C. permanently disrupt the function of a part of the brain but leave it intact. D. temporarily awaken areas of the brain that are non-responsive to other input.

37. Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? A. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. B. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. C. The cats won't bake. D. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

39. Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the A. size of the field of view. B. recognition of objects in the left side of space. C. ability to visually recognize objects. D. ability to draw objects from memory.

45. Most of the coherence in text is created by A. inference. B. syntax. C. parsing. D. phoneme restoration.

47. The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their A. order. B. importance. C. concreteness. D. bizarreness.

49. Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. A. causal B. coherent C. anaphoric D. instrument

5. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that A. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. B. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. C. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. D. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

50. The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations. A. spatial B. propositional C. symbolic D. verbal

52. The given-new contract is a method for creating A. coherence in people's conversations. B. children's mastery of syntax. C. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. D. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

55. A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results A. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. B. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. C. support the word frequency effect. D. contradict the word frequency effect.

7. Noam Chomsky proposed that A. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. B. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. D. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

8. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children A. produce sentences they have never heard. B. show similar language development across cultures. C. are rewarded for using correct language. D. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A build-up and release of proactive interference

Wason four-card problem

A conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves four cards. Various versions of this problem have been used to study the mechanisms that determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks.

Denying the antecedent

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q.

Denying the consequent

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; not q; therefore, not p. The consequent, q, is denied in the second premise. This is a valid from of conditional syllogism.

Affirming the antecedent

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; p; therefore, q. The antecedent, p, is affirmed in the second premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism.

Affirming the consequent

A conditional syllogism of the following form: If p, then q; q; therefore, p. This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism.

Illusory correlation

A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be.

Risk aversion strategy

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains.

Risk-taking strategy

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses.

You've now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?

A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall

The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of..

A disadvantage of memory's constructive nature

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...

A failure of memory consolidation

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

Ultimatum game

A game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must choose to accept the offer or reject it. This game has been used to study people's decision-making strategies.

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember..

A list of long words than a list of short words

Situation model

A mental representation of what a text is about.

Reverse acrobat problem

A modification of the acrobat problem that is used to show how the way a problem is stated can influence its difficulty.

Lexicon

A person's knowledge of what words mean, how they sound, and how they are used in relation to other words.

Water-jug problem

A problem first described by Luchins, that illustrates how mental set can influence the strategies that people use to solve a problem.

Two-string problem

A problem first described by Maier in which a person is given the task of attaching two strings together that are too far apart to be reached at the same time. This task was devised to illustrate the operation of functional fixedness.

Ill-defined problem

A problem in which it is difficult to specify a clear goal state or specific operators. Many real-life problems are ill-defined problems.

Acrobat problem

A problem involving acrobats that is similar to the Tower of Hanoi problem. Used to illustrate how the way a problem is stated can influence its difficulty.

Tower of Hanoi problem

A problem involving moving discs from one set of pegs to another. It has been used to illustrate the process involved in means-end analysis.

Source problem(or story)

A problem or story that is analogous to the target problem and which therefore provides information that can lead to a solution to the target problem.

Radiation problem

A problem posed by Duncker that involves finding a way to destroy a tumor by radiation without damaging other organs int he body. This problem has been widely used to study the role of analogy in problem solving.

Well-defined problem

A problem that has a correct answer. There are usually procedures that, when applied correctly, will lead to a solution.

Mutilated checkerboard problem

A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person'a ability to reach a solution.

Target problem

A problem to be solved. In analogical problem solving, solution of this problem can become easier when the problem-solver is exposed to an analogous source problem or story.

Candle problem

A problem, first described by Duncker, in which a person is given a number of objects and is given the task of mounting a candle on a wall so it can burn without dripping wax on the floor. This problem was used to study functional fixedness.

Means-end analysis

A problem-solving strategy that seeks to reduce the difference between the initial and goal states. This is achieved by creating subgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal.

Lexical decision task

A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible whether a particular stimulus is a word or a nonword.

Think-aloud protocol

A procedure in which participants are asked to say out loud what they are thinking while doing a problem. This procedure is used to help determine people's thought processes as they are solving a problem.

______ is an average representation of a category.

A prototype

Garden path sentence

A sentencer in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

A sequence of events

Which of the following is true of police lineups?

A sequential lineup increases the chances that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event

Syllogism

A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic.

Temporary ambiguity

A situation in which the meaning of a sentence, based on its initial words, is ambiguous because a number of meanings are possible, depending on how the sentence unfolds. "Cast iron quickly rust" is an example of a sentence that creates temporary ambiguity.

Problem

A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle.

Compared to the whole report-technique, the partial-report procedure involves...

A smaller response set

Categorical syllogism

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that being with all, no, or some.

Language

A system of communication through which we code and expres our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.

Creative cognition

A technique developed by Finke to train people to think creatively.

Analogical encoding

A technique in which people compare two problems that illustrate a principle. This technique is designed to help people discover similar structural features of cases or problems.

Serial Position Curve

A u-shape pattern of percentage recal for word memory and sequence demonstated in an experiment by B. Murdoch indicating the tendency to recall more items from the beginning and end of a list than from the middle

Pragmatic reasoning schema

A way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life.

A. 40%

40. Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? A. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. B. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. C. Lydia is a U.S. Senator. D. Lydia is a U.S. Senator and active in the feminist movement.

A. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

4. Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q This syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism. A. abstract conditional B. concrete conditional C. abstract categorical D. concrete categorical

A. abstract conditional

33. Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) A. availability heuristic. B. confirmation bias. C. conjunction rule. D. permission schema.

A. availability heuristic.

3. An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. A. deductive B. intuitive C. falsification D. inductive

A. deductive

12. If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella. This syllogism is an example of A. denying the antecedent. B. denying the consequent. C. affirming the antecedent. D. affirming the consequent.

A. denying the antecedent.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Plasticity

the brain changes and adapts to recognize things in the environment

39. Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The ahi swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that ahi are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains A. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. B. a belief bias. C. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases. D. a focusing illusion.

A. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information.

51. Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an A. expected emotion. B. immediate emotion. C. integral immediate emotion. D. incidental immediate emotion.

A. expected emotion.

27. Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. A. familiarity B. a premise C. validity D. using a heuristic

A. familiarity

19. One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they A. ignore the falsification principle. B. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. C. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. D. incorrectly apply the permission schema.

A. ignore the falsification principle.

16. Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is A. invalid. B. valid.

A. invalid.

55. By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. A. opt-out procedure B. opt-in procedure C. pragmatic reasoning schema D. permission schema

A. opt-out procedure

50. Utility refers to A. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. B. how useful a reasoning process is. C. the validity of a syllogism. D. degree of risk aversion one has.

A. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

21. When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), A. performance is better for the concrete task. B. performance is better for the abstract task. C. performance is the same for both tasks. D. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

A. performance is better for the concrete task.

22. The permission schema is an example of a(n) A. pragmatic reasoning schema. B. subjective utility. C. opt-in procedure. D. illusory correlation.

A. pragmatic reasoning schema.

17. Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should A. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not. B. search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first. C. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first. D. wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets hers back first.

A. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

9. A syllogism is valid if A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. B. the two premises and the conclusion are true. C. there is evidence to support the two premises. D. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

37. Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using A. the representative heuristic. B. the availability heuristic. C. framing. D. the law of small numbers.

A. the representative heuristic.

6. Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is A. valid. B. invalid. C. true. D. both valid and true.

A. valid.

63. Let's say you are testing a patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex. You present the patient with relationships such as the following: Relationship #1: Alia is taller than Ian, who is taller than Mandy. Relationship #2: Margy is taller than Michelle. Lisa is taller than Margy. The patient's task is to arrange the names in order of the people's heights. The patient will perform A. well with Relationship #1 only. B. well with Relationship #2 only. C. well with both relationships. D. poorly with both relationships.

A. well with Relationship #1 only.

54. People tend to overestimate A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. B. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. C. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. D. subjective utility values following a decision.

A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...

Adolescence and early adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

After the event

Your text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...

All of these (how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories, that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories, the specific situation under which a person recalls the past.)

The misinformation effect can be explained by...

All of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring.)

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate in picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...

Amygdala

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her...

Amygdala

Neuroeconomics

An approach to studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics.

Functional fixedness

An effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object's function inhibit the person's ability to use the object for a different function. See also Fixation (in problem solving).

Social exchange theory

An important aspect of human behavior is the ability for two people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary perspective on cognition, application of this theory can lead to the conclusion that detecting cheating is an important part of the brain's cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to explain the results of the Wason four-card problem.

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

An inability to form new LTM -He still has an intact STM

Instrument inference

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech.

Anaphoric inference

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence.

Causal inference

An inference that results in the conclusion that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a pervious clause or sentence.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

An organizational complex during learning

Stereotype

An oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics.

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...

Anterograde amnesia

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

Are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably...

Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...

Articulatory suppression

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...

Attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when

Attention is focused on the number of vowels in a word

Development of Treisman's ______________________ was stimulated by research findings showing that auditory information not being attended to could still be transferred to conscious awareness (STM)

Attenuation model of attention

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.

Auditorially, Auditorially

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...

Auditory code in LTM

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of...

Auditory coding the LTM

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was...

Auditory from a female speaker

10. Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying A. language comprehension. B. language acquisition. C. speech production. D. speech parsing.

11. Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using A. image scanning. B. mental chronometry. C. epiphenomena. D. propositional representations.

14. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five

14. Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved A. image synthesis. B. mental scanning. C. method of loci. D. propositional representations.

15. The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves A. visual icons. B. mental images. C. perceptual images. D. none of these

17. You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? A. The group with one year of English instruction B. The group with 10 years of English instruction C. The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects D. Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

19. Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify A. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. B. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. C. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. D. none of the words spoken by others.

2. Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Hierarchical structure B. Communication C. Governed by rules D. all of these make human language unique

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

23. A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect. A. trial 2; word frequency B. trial 1; word frequency C. trial 2; word superiority D. trial 1; word superiority

26. Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed A. only the "insect" meaning of the word. B. both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. C. only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. D. neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

27. Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access A. only the meaning of an ambiguous word that is consistent with the context. B. multiple meanings of an ambiguous word. C. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on syntax. D. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on the principle of late closure.

28. Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment. A. image scanning B. mental walk C. mental synthesis D. mental set

30. Perky's imagery study from the early 1900s had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that A. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. B. people were unconsciously influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images. C. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. D. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

31. Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that A. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. B. imagery and perception can interact with one another. C. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. D. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

33. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms. A. the same B. different

36. Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. A. creating images; activated B. creating images; deactivated C. perceiving stimuli; activated D. perceiving stimuli; deactivated

36. Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? A. "Because he always jogs" B. "Because he always jogs a mile" C. "he always jogs" D. "a mile seems"

39. The interactionist approach to parsing states that A. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. B. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. C. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. D. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

4. Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills. A. True B. False

4. Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and A. dual coding. B. dreams. C. inner audition. D. the visual buffer.

41. A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

42. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support A. the syntax-first approach to parsing. B. the interactionist approach to parsing. C. the garden-path model to parsing. D. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.

44. In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that A. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. B. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. C. imagery is more stable than perception. D. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

46. The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as A. the pegword technique. B. method of loci. C. paired-associate learning. D. a propositional representation.

48. As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT A. associations. B. propositions. C. rhymes. D. visualizations.

50. According to the situation model of text processing, A. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. B. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. C. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. D. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

51. According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. A. global connections B. situation models C. causal inference D. speech continuity

52. The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations. A. spatial B. propositional C. tacit D. neuron

54. The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. A. interactionist approach B. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis C. given-new contract D. cooperative principle

7. Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? A. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. C. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. D. Imagery is closely related to language.

9. Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with A. b___ - h___. B. car. C. house. D. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

47. Donovan volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at Goodman headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman-Hernandez debate on TV. Donovan was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Donovan's first response to the debate will most likely be A. "I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." B. "Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?" C. "I wonder why Goodman was so vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that." D. "Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race."

B. "Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"

8. Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? A. Both premises are valid B. The conclusion is valid C. The conclusion is not valid D. The conclusion is true

B. The conclusion is valid

32. Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) A. atmosphere effect. B. availability heuristic. C. focusing illusion. D. permission schema.

B. availability heuristic.

34. The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the A. representativeness heuristic. B. availability heuristic. C. falsification principle. D. belief bias.

B. availability heuristic.

46. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the A. permission schema. B. confirmation bias. C. falsification principle. D. typicality principle.

B. confirmation bias.

1. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. A. inductive B. deductive C. conjunctive D. descriptive

B. deductive

14. Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is an example of A. affirming the consequent. B. denying the antecedent. C. affirming the consequent. D. denying the antecedent.

B. denying the antecedent. D. denying the antecedent.

43. There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, A. he should use his coin in the large machine. B. he should use his coin in the small machine. C. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses. D. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get.

B. he should use his coin in the small machine.

31. Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using A. an omission bias. B. inductive reasoning. C. the conjunction rule. D. the similarity-coverage model.

B. inductive reasoning.

15. Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is A. valid. B. invalid.

B. invalid.

64. Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____. A. irrational; accepting any offer B. irrational; accepting only high offers C. rational; accepting any offer D. rational; accepting only high offers

B. irrational; accepting only high offers

24. The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. A. conjunction rule B. permission schema C. atmosphere effect D. availability heuristic

B. permission schema

41. The conjunction rule states that A. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. C. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. D. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.

B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Availability heuristic

Basing judgments of the frequency of events on what events come to mind.

___________ refers to a mathematical technique for estimating the probability of an outcome

Bayesian inference

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. Results of these experiments show that participants...

Both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...

Both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Mantyla's banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...

By the person whose memory memory will be tested

10. The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? A. True lies B. Amazing grace C. Valley girl D. Mission impossible

13. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

2. One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question. A. visual search B. her visual icon C. visual imagery D. mental chronometry

20. Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations. A. epiphenomenal B. propositional C. spatial D. unilateral

21. Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? A. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" B. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" C. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" D. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

22. OVER (MOON, MIAMI) is a _____ representation. A. depictive B. spatial C. propositional D. descriptive

23. The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT A. nodes. B. language. C. spatial layouts. D. symbols.

24. In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____. A. eye movement; pretty B. eye movement; demure C. fixation; pretty D. fixation; demure

25. Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? A. The results of scanning experiments B. Depictive representations C. The tacit-knowledge explanation D. none of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial)

28. In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus A. ANT. B. SPY. C. SKY. D. All of these would have similar response times.

29. Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing A. right at the front door. B. two feet from the front door. C. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. D. one mile away from the house.

29. Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context A. immediately affects the activation of word meanings so that only the meaning fitting the sentence is ever activated. B. causes the meaning fitting the sentence to be activated first, followed by later activation of the other meaning. C. exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed. D. has no effect on the activation of the word meanings.

32. Imagery neurons respond to A. all visual images. B. only visual images in a specific category. C. visual images as well as objects in a specific category. D. all objects.

34. Suppose you were conducting a brain imaging experiment to investigate the overlap between brain areas activated by perceiving an object and those activated by imagining it. Which of the following best describes your investigation's baseline condition? A. A baseline condition is only needed to determine which areas were activated by imagery. B. A baseline condition is only needed to determine which areas were activated by perception. C. The baseline condition is needed for determining imagery activation and for determining perception activation. D. Since you are comparing perception activation to imagery activation, no baseline condition is needed.

34. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of A. parsing. B. temporary ambiguity. C. speech segmentation. D. lexical priming.

35. The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. A. semantic B. temporary ambiguity C. syntax-first D. interactionist

38. The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _____ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence. A. analogy B. algorithm C. heuristic D. insight

40. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. A. whether semantics B. whether syntax C. when semantics D. when syntax

41. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. A. the cooperative principle B. local connections C. environmental context D. instrumental inferences

43. In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. A. bottom-up; bottom-up B. top-down; top-down C. bottom-up; top-down D. top-down; bottom-up

48. Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) A. garden path model. B. given-new contract. C. instrument inference. D. age-appropriate principle.

5. Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because A. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. B. visual images vary in detail. C. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. D. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

51. The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on A. a rule-based approach. B. mental simulation. C. tacit-knowledge. D. working memory.

6. "Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT A. thought is impossible without an image. B. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness. C. imagery requires a special mechanism. D. imagery is not required for thinking.

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flash briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...

20. The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing A. 8 and M. B. A and M. C. A and 13. D. 8 and 13.

C. A and 13.

11. For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity? A. Denying the antecedent B. Denying the consequent C. Affirming the antecedent D. Affirming the consequent

C. Affirming the antecedent

25. Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? A. Permission schemas B. Falsification principle C. Social-exchange theory D. Availability heuristic

C. Social-exchange theory

67. An omission bias would be most likely to occur when deciding whether to A. include your ethnicity when filling out a job application. B. send a belated happy birthday card to your favorite aunt whose birthday you forgot last month. C. allow your pre-teen nephew to attend an unsupervised pool party. D. tell your boyfriend that there is a football game on TV at the same time he agreed to watch a romantic comedy with you.

C. allow your pre-teen nephew to attend an unsupervised pool party.

35. Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using A. the law of large numbers. B. an atmosphere effect. C. an illusory correlation. D. the falsification principle.

C. an illusory correlation.

61. Physiological research on problem solving has concluded that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes A. difficulty in people developing expertise in a certain area of knowledge. B. people to lose their memory for facts that might aid in finding a solution. C. an increase in perseveration. D. an inability to recognize analogies.

C. an increase in perseveration.

49. Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to A. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. B. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. C. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. D. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course.

C. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

48. The similarity-coverage model demonstrates the influence of _____ on the strength of inductive arguments. A. utility B. self-referencing C. categorization D. none of these

C. categorization

13. Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I didn't study. Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of A. affirming the antecedent. B. denying the consequent. C. denying the antecedent. D. affirming the consequent.

C. denying the antecedent.

62. PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to A. identify events that were described in the story. B. understand individual words. C. follow the order of events in the story. D. all of these

C. follow the order of events in the story.

57. Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by A. the principle of diversity. B. confirmation bias. C. framing. D. the law of large numbers.

C. framing.

2. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. A. deductive B. syllogistic C. inductive D. connective

C. inductive

52. Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. The decision is creating a lot of anxiety in him, which is an example of an A. expected emotion. B. immediate emotion. C. integral immediate emotion. D. incidental immediate emotion.

C. integral immediate emotion.

7. The validity of a syllogism depends on A. the truth of its premises. B. the truth of its conclusion. C. its form. D. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

C. its form.

59. The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making. A. positive vs. negative outcomes B. opt-in vs. opt-out procedures C. justification D. utility

C. justification

42. Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves A. framing. B. the conjunction rule. C. sample size. D. none of these

C. sample size.

60. Perseveration represents difficulty in A. automatic processing. B. performing a task repeatedly. C. shifting to a new behavior. D. organizing perceptual information coherently.

C. shifting to a new behavior.

The second stage of Anne Treisman's attenuation model of attention is the "pictionary unit."

False

30. At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because A. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. B. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. C. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. D. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

C. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

65. In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was A. greatest for accepted offers. B. greatest for rejected offers. C. the same for accepted and rejected offers. D. dependent on how much money the responder was offered.

C. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

Calm

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that...

Chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements

Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that...

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

Cognitive hypothesis

Reasoning

Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and the last letter have been supplied

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is...

Complex

A(n) _____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language

Concept

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates..

Conceptual priming

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1, usually the result of chronic alcoholism, this deficiency leads to the destruction of areas of the frontal and temporal lobes, which causes severe and permanent impaiments of memory.

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

Constructive

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of..

Constructive memory processes

13. Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A. how easy mental rotation is for humans. B. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. C. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. D. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

16. In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT A. the context produced by the sentence. B. the portion of the word that was presented. C. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme. D. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

18. The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A. actually exists. B. can be used to solve spatial problems. C. is similar for all people. D. is based on mechanisms related to language.

18. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal A. has breaks between phonemes. B. has breaks between morphemes. C. has breaks between words. D. is continuous.

22. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to A. separate a sentence into individual words. B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. C. identify words that are contained in sentences. D. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

24. Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using A. tacit knowledge. B. a proposition. C. the method of loci. D. a depictive representation.

26. In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery. A. epiphenomenon B. depictive representation C. spatial representation D. tacit-knowledge

27. Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside A. a coyote. B. another rabbit. C. an elephant. D. a fly.

3. Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. A. mental chronometry B. mental synthesis C. visual imagery D. inner audition

3. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property? A. Lexicon B. Coding C. Discriminability D. Rules

35. Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that A. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. B. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. C. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. D. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

38. Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex A. is an epiphenomenon. B. can be inferred using mental chronometry. C. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. D. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

40. Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows A. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. B. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. C. neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction. D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

42. To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. A. lower; higher B. higher; lower C. both lower and higher; higher D. higher; both lower and higher

43. Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab. Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n) A. word. B. word or non-word letter string. C. ambiguous sentence. D. paragraph of text.

44. Coherence refers to the A. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. B. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. C. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. D. representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)...

Meaningful units

45. Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories. A. mental synthesis B. paired-associate learning C. the pegword technique D. method of loci

46. Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) A. instrument inference. B. garden path sequence. C. global connection. D. anaphoric inference.

47. Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference. A. narrative B. instrument C. analogic D. anaphoric

49. The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because A. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. B. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. C. their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. D. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

53. When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as A. anaphoric inferencing. B. phonemic restoration. C. garden-pathing. D. syntactic priming.

6. B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through A. parsing. B. genetic coding. C. syntactic framing. D. reinforcement.

8. Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? A. Baseball B. America C. Apple pie D. Freedom

9. Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on A. sensation. B. psychoacoustics. C. neuropsychology. D. psycholinguistics.

23. Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? A. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. B. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. C. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

29. Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. A. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. B. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. C. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. D. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

D. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

26. The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's A. innate language abilities. B. ability to work well with a group of others. C. innate reasoning abilities. D. ability to detect cheaters.

D. ability to detect cheaters.

We are conscious of ____ memories.

Declarative

45. Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people A. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. B. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. C. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. D. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

D. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

5. Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism. A. premise; categorical B. conclusion; categorical C. premise; conditional D. conclusion; conditional

D. conclusion; conditional

56. Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. A. losses; risk-taking B. gains; risk-taking C. losses; risk-aversion D. gains; risk-aversion

D. gains; risk-aversion

58. In a study by Tversky and Shafir, college students were asked to read a scenario and make a decision regarding the purchase of a vacation package following a difficult end-of-semester exam. The independent variable was whether or not students were told the results of the exam (some were told "pass," others "fail") or that the final scores were not yet known. This study found that participants were more likely to purchase the vacation package if they were A. told they passed the exam. B. told they failed the exam. C. did not know the results of the exam. D. if they were told the results of the exam, regardless of passing or failing.

D. if they were told the results of the exam, regardless of passing or failing.

53. Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an A. expected emotion. B. immediate emotion. C. integral immediate emotion. D. incidental immediate emotion.

D. incidental immediate emotion.

28. Inductive reasoning involves A. definite conclusions. B. logical certainty. C. factual premises. D. observational premises.

D. observational premises.

66. Omission bias involves A. misjudging a syllogism as valid because the conclusion agrees with our beliefs. B. ignoring the importance of sample size on which an observation is based. C. selectively looking for evidence that conforms to our beliefs while ignoring the rest. D. tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm.

D. tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm.

18. According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is A. a mental model. B. a categorical syllogism. C. the law of large numbers. D. the falsification principle.

D. the falsification principle.

36. Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT A. the availability heuristic. B. illusory correlations. C. selective attention. D. the falsification principle.

D. the falsification principle.

44. Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning A. confirmation bias. B. utility. C. the falsification principle. D. the representativeness heuristic.

D. the representativeness heuristic.

10. Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as A. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. B. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema. C. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent. D. valid because this conclusion is believable.

D. valid because this conclusion is believable.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____, but later research showed it was actually due to _____.

Decay; Interference

Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT...

Deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention

Framing effect

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

Encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as...

Encoding specificity

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

Enhanced firing in the neurons

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.

Episodic

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.

Episodic

Two types of declarative memory are ________ and _______ memory

Episodic and semantic

Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how...

Episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory.

Two types of declarative memory are ____ and _____ memory.

Episodic; Semantic

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI...

Even if they are told to ignore the postevent information

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who...

Exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)

Experiment that measured the serial position curve but then asked participants to count backwards for 30s right after hearing the list. Preventing rehersal and allowing for information to be lost from the STM. Eliminated the recency effect and concluded that the recency effect is due to storage of recently presented items in the STM.

Rundus' Experiment

Experimenter who tested the explanation for the Primacy effect which states that longer rehearsal time availible for words earlier on the list. He asked participants to repeate (unspecified) words out loud during the 5-sec intervals between words

Two main divisions of LTM

Explicit and Implicit memory

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that...

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

"light from above" is a perceptual semantic regularity (t/f)

FALSE

Gestalt psychologists believed perception was based on experience (t/f)

FALSE

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT...

Failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

A prototype is an actual member of a category.

False

A sparrow likely has "low typically" in most people's bird category.

False

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype ap-proach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.

False

Coding is a mental phenomenon, not a physiological phenomenon (T/F)

False

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result.

False

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

False

Damage to the parietal lobe seems to effect long term memory

False

Episodic memories involve interstellar time travel.

False

Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code.

False

Members of a category that are "high" in typicality, will look different.

False

Murdock's "serial position curve" replicated Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve. (T/F)

False

One of three hypotheses about the reminiscence bump, is the "procedural memory hypothesis."

False

Priming is a type of explicit memory

False

Proactive interference occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information (T/F)

False

Recency effect occurs because rehearsal keeps the words in memory (T/F)

False

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in- law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in- law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

Generation effect

______________ argued that their principles of organization were built in to the brain and would actually override any influence of experience/learning

Gestalt psychologists

______________ de-emphasized the role of top-down processing during object perception

Gestalt psychologists

____identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.

Gestalt psychologists

In the late 1800's, a group of German psychologists, known as _______________________, focused specifically on how people perceived things in the environment.

Gestaltist psychologists

produced a set of rules of perceptions that described the way our senses organize characteristics of things in the environment that we encounter

Gestaltists

Extrapolating from the cultural life hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

H.M.

Had an operation to remove his hippocampus (stop seizures). Lost the ability to form new LTM but while still retaining STM.

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

Jimmy G

Has the inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge (anterograde amnesia) as well as some retrograde amnesia from a vitamin Deficiency caused by Korsakoffs syndrom.\ good prefomance on priming word completion task in experiement by peter graf

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.

Syntactic priming

Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction.

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by

Hemholtz

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember that the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of hawaii has many active volcanoes

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory? a. I was talking to that girl just before class. b. I just sat down. c. I was talking to that boy three months ago. d. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.

I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

I was talking to that girl just before class

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a) following a story in a book b) solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out c) recognizing the people he recently met d) identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...

Imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Integral immediate emotion

Immediate emotion that is associated with the act of making a decision.

Incidental immediate emotion

Immediate emotion unrelated to the decision. An example is an emotion associated with a person's general disposition.

procedural memory

Implicit Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. Ex. mirror drawing H.M. skill improved over time even though he had no explicit recolection of practising

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

Implicit and procedural

Priming

Implicit memory activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory causing a change in response to a stimulus, caused by the previous presentation of the same or similar stimulus.

Antecedent

In a conditional syllogism, the term p in the conditional premise "If p, then q."

Consequent

In a conditional syllogism, the term q in the conditional premise "If p, then q."

Given-new contract

In a conversation, a speaker should construct sentences so that they contain both given information (information that the listener already knows) and new information (information that the listener is hearing for the first time).

Late closure

In parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current phrase.

Fixation

In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene.

Operator

In problem solving, permissible moves that can be made toward a problem's solution.

Goal state

In problem solving, the condition that occurs when a problem has been solved.

Initial state

In problem solving, the conditions at the beginning of a problem.

Intermediate states

In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the pathways between the initial and goal states.

Subgoals

In the means-end analysis approach to problem solving, intermediate states that move the process of solution closer to the goal.

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...

Increases the primacy effect

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.

Increasing

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that...

Information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Intact semantic memory but defective semantic memory

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it...

Interferes with semantic coding

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of reactivation

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory.

LTM

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with...

LTM

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a) the hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs b) working memory does not rely on the hippocampus c) LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed d) LTMs are stored in the hippocampus

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.

LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as?

Labeling familiar objects

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.

Less

The ______________, as part of the unconscious inference theory, states that people perceive the thing that most likely caused the pattern of stimulation detected by the senses

Likelihood principle

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in...

Long-term memory acquisition

Reterograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for information or events occurring in the past or before the trauma that caused the amnesia,

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because...

MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Semantic Coding

Main type of long term memory coding. Illustrated by the types of errors that people make in LTM tasks ex. misremembering the word tree instead of the word bush

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

Make more errors in their recollections

Analogy

Making a comparison in order to show a similarity between two different things.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Decisions

Making choices between alternatives.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is...

Manipulated

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they...

May differ from one task to another

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that...

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Implicit Memory

Memory retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory.) ex. priming, procedural memory and classical conditioning. Incomplete picture study on patients with Korsakoffs syndrom by Gollin

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.

Memory-trace replacement

The concept that states that the more often you see something, the more you prefer it is...

Mere exposure effect

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the same information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...

Neurotransmitters

______________ are specialized receptors in the skin that respond to tissue damage.

Nociceptors

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder...

None of the above

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.

In vivo problem-solving research

Observing people to determine how they solve problem sin real-world situations. This technique has been used to study the use of analogy in a number of different settings, including laboratory meetings of a university research group and design brainstorming sessions in an industrial research and development department.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

One is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

The story in the text about balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ____ in memory.

Organization

Utility

Outcomes that achieve a person's goals; in economic terms, the maximum monetary payoff.

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called a. transduction. b. consolidation. c. perception. d. sensation.

PERCEPTION

Modern research has shown that this bottom up process of _______________ is influenced by ___________.

Pain perception; top down processing

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Parallel distributed processing theory

From the occipital lobe, visual information is streamed to both the ___________ and the __________ where it can be used to locate an object and identify the object, respectively.

Parietal lobe (where/how); temporal lobe (what)

Analogical paradox

Participants in psychological experiments tend to focus on surface features in analogy problems. whereas people in the real world frequently use deeper, more structural features.

Patient with normal LTM but impaired STM indicated by her reduced digit span.

The misinformation effect does not occur when...

People are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect false

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying...

Perseveration

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

Persistence of vision

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four- card problem?

Social-exchange theory

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as...

Proactive interference

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to...

Proactive interference

What is the ability to remember motor acts like changing lanes?

Procedural memory

Opt-out procedure

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action--for example, choosing not to be an organ donor.

Opt-in procedure

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to chose a course of action--for example, choosing to be an organ donor.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Validity

Quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises.

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task.

Reading span

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true, rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises.

The primacy effect is attributed to...

Recall of information stored in LTM

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

Recent and remote episodic memories

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

Recognition

This multiple choice question is an example of a ______ test

Recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefited from recent research on...

Reconsolidation

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing...

Release from proactive interference

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...

Remembering where a best friend had moved

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _____ memories.

Remote

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of...

Remote, episodic memories

Your text argues that proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is...

Repeated recall

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

Repeating it over and over

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

Repetition priming

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Coding refers to the way information is..

Represented

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the ____ of the stimulus.

Sound

____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

_____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

_____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

Retrieval cues

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of...

Retroactive interference

___ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

Retroactive interference

Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as...

Retrograde amnesia

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.

Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus:

SKY

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with...

STM

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because...

Saying "the the the" fills up the phonological loop

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND...

Saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen...

Schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

Schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

Script; Sematic

Information remains in sensory memory for how long?

Seconds or a fraction of a second

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...

Semantic

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

The predominant type of coding in LTM is...

Semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

_________ refer to the characteristics and components that make up different "scenes" people come across in the environment

Semantic regularities

What are the three structural components of the modal model of memory?

Sensory, STM, LTM

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if studying sessions are...

Short and across several days

Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...

Short-term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

Simply because we have been exposed to them before

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

Simultaneous

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

Source misattributions

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

Sparrow

Surface features

Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem,needing high intensity to fix something surrounded by material that could be damaged by high intensity.

The primary effect of chunking is to...

Stretch the capacity of STM

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...

Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Dichotic listening task

Subject is presented with two different messages, one in each ear. The subject is then to "attend" or pay attention to the message input to one ear while ignoring the message presented to the other ear. The subject is required to say out loud, the message played to the "attended" ear. This procedure is called "shadowing" and is done to ensure the subject is attending to the correct information.

Insight

Sudden realization of a problem's solution.

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

Eyewitness observations will be inaccurate if a witness does not accurately perceive what actually happened.

TRUE

Source monitoring refers to the identification of the origins of a memory.

TRUE

Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the...

Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Which sport does your author use to further illustrate the point that both the conscious and unconscious mind play a part in attaining a new skill?

Tennis

Which skill is used to illustrate the phenomenon of unconscious learning?

The ability to type on a keyboard

Analogical transfer

The application of problem-solving strategies experienced in solving one problem to the solution of another, similar problem.

Syntax-first approach to parsing

The approach to parsing that emphasizes the role of syntax. See also Interactionist approach to parsing.

Interactionist approach to parsing

The approach to parsing that takes into account all information--both semantic and syntactic--to determine parsing as a person reads a sentence. This approach assigns more weight to semantics than does the syntax-first approach to parsing.

One function of the ______ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.

The central executive

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

The central executive and LTM

Coherence

The representation of a text or story in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the tet or story is related to information in another part.

Syntax

The rules for combining words into sentences. Distinguished from Semantics.

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...

The encoding specificity principle

Psycholinguistics

The field concerned with the psychological study of language.

Premise

The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion.

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction.

The dramatic case of the patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

The hippocampus

Word superiority effect

The idea that letters are easier to identify when they are part of a word than when they are seen in isolation or in a string of letters that do not form a word.

Evolutionary perspective on cognition

The idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to the evolutionary principles of natural selection.

Expected utility theory

The idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all of the relevant information, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The idea that the nature of language in a particular culture can affect the way people in that culture think.

Problem space

The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

Law of large numbers

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?

The law of good-figure aka pragnanz or simplicity

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

The length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

Anterograde Amnesia

The loss of ability to assimilate or retain new knowledge.

Semantics

The meanings of words and sentences. Distinguished from Syntax.

Parsing

The mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. The way a sentence is parsed determines its meaning.

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories...

The more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Word frequency effect

The phenomenon of faster reading time for high-frequency words than for low-frequency words.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying...

The phonological loop

The word-length effect reveals that...

The phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

Stany and Johnson's 'weapons focus' experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Conjunction rule

The probability of the conjunction of two events (such as feminist and bank teller) cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (feminist alone or bank teller alone).

Representativeness heuristic

The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B.

Inference

The process by which readers create information that is not explicitly stated in the text.

Restructuring

The process of changing a problem's representation. According to the Gestalt psychologists, restructuring is the key mechanism of problem solving.

Speech segmentation

The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Falsification principle

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.

Base rate

The relative proportions of different classes in a population. Failure to consider base rates can often lead to errors of reasoning.

Word frequency

The relative usage of words in a particular language. For example, in English, home has higher word frequency than hike.

Long-term memory

The relatively permanent archive of the memory system; stores knowledge, background information, skills, and experiences for long peroids of time; stretching from a few moments ago to as far back as we can remember.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Omission bias

The tendency to do nothing to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm.

Serial Position

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.

Risk aversion

The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to over look information that argues against it.

Recency Effect

The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence. Due to the storage of recently presented items in the short term memory

Primacy Effect

The tendency to show superior memory for information at the beginning of a sequence. A possible explanation is that participants had time to remember the word and transfer it to Long term memory. Because no other words have been presented it recives 100% of the attention. As the number of words increases attention speads out and less rehersal is possible

Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of...

The test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...

The test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

The type of encoding and type of retrieval match

Structural features

The underlying principle of a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, needing high intensity to fix something surrounded by material that could be damaged by high intensity.

Analogical problem solving

The use of analogies as an aid to solving problems. Typically, a solution to one problem, the source problem, is presented that is analogous to the solution to another problem, the target problem.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...

The visuospatial sketch pad

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos...

They took themselves

Divergent thinking

Thinking that is open-ended, involving a large number of potential solutions. Can be contrasted with Convergent thinking.

Convergent thinking

Thinking that works toward finding a solution to a specific problem that usually has a correct answer. Can be contrasted with Divergent thinking.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called...

Transfer-appropriate processing

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

Transition points

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

A "superordinate " category refers to a higher level category.

True

A "transition point" in a person's life is typically a memorable event.

True

A high load task means the response time for the task will probably be high, too.

True

A low threshold item in the dictionary unit would be the person's own name.

True

A non-hierarchical network uses connecting-leg length to specify the strength of association (i.e., connection strength) between concepts.

True

A plant node might be connected to a "rose" node.

True

A prototype is an average representation of the members of a category

True

A semantic memory is a memory about a fact.

True

A source monitoring error occurs when a person incorrectly identifies the source of a memory.

True

What is the key difference between Broadbent and Treisman's models?

Under treisman's attenuation model, not all of the original information is filtered or lost. although weaker, it is still available for evaluation as possibly important information to include in further attentional processing

Signals from nociceptors are perceived as _______________.

Unpleasant sensory events

Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.

Visual

Phonemic restoration effect

WHen a phoneme in a word is heard even though it is obscured by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs when the word is part of a sentence.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...

We are not conscious we are using it

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Lexical ambiguity

When a word can have more than one meaning For example, bug can mean an insect, a listening device, or to annoy.

***Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that...

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong

Connections between Episodic and Semantic Memory

While we are learning facts we are also having an experience. Semanitic memoroy can be enhanced if associated with episodic memory; often semantic memories remain despite the fact they are usually gained through an episodic experiece ie. learning presidents in class, and fogetting the expierce of learning but remember their names in college; semantic memory can also influence our experience by influencing attention (chess players look at groups rather than individual pieces)

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...

Working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

a failure of memory consolidation

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a letter string is a word.

fixation point

a location in the environment where our eyes have come to rest and on which we are focused

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

saccade

a movement of our eyeballs as they shift from one fixation point to another

Semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world, experience of "knowing"

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

The idea that light is typically provided from above refers to

a physical regularity of the environment

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ____ .

belief bias

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems.

a single correct answer.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.

amnesia

amygdala

amygdala.

The filter model - Donald Broadbent

an early process model of attention

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

an illusory correlation.

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

After the dictionary unit...

the dict. unit would then pass on to memory, the attended message plus terms from the "unattended" information deemed important

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving

analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ________ inference.

anaphoric.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which appeared on the list, would most likely be incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? a) REAR b) PAIR c) APPLE d) BEAR

apple

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

auditorially; auditorially

The theoretical model proposes that sound from the environment is initially processed by _________ for a very brief amount of time

auditory sensory memory

availability heuristic

34. The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

availability heuristic.

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n):

availability heuristic.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a catego-ry, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

bird; sparrow

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

brain ablation

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

The typical purpose of subgoals is to:

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

49. Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

calm

calm/relaxed

45. Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people:

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

cognitive hypothesis

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

concept

Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

concepts represented by activity in individual nodes.

classical conditioning

conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex

Ungerleider & Mishkin 1982

conducted brain ablation research which showed that specific areas of the brain are important for particular perceptual capacities (e.g., depth perception, object perception)

confirmation bias.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

connecting the fortress with the tumor

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory

creates more connections.

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix submits a variety of sketches as possible designs. In each design, it describes the concept as well as the floral materials that will be involved. This design process represents

creative cognition

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds...

decreases the recency effect

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies ____ reasoning.

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ________ reasoning.

deductive

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I didn't study. Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of:

denying the antecedent.

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information.

The identified stimulus of interest (the "attended message") then passes to a ____________ component where it is further processed for higher level characteristic such as meaning.

detector

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the ____ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of:

divergent thinking.

The perception of pain can also be decreased if attention is ...

diverted away from the pain

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

elaborative rehearsal

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

enhanced firing in the neurons

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context.

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context:

exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

51. Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

In a dichotic listening task, both ears receive the same information but one ear is ignored. (t/f)

false

In the "Dear Aunt June" experiment, neither ear actually received the term "Aunt." (t/f)

false

Our memory systems work pretty much like a video camera (t/f)

false

The "what" pathway is also called the "what action" pathway. (t/f)

false

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning.

familiarity

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance.

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the

first five words and last five words of a list

Perception begins with the stimulation of one or more of our...

five senses

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking

flexibility; experience

PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to:

follow the order of events in the story.

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the lightbulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ fea-tures in common with the radiation problem

fragile-glass; structural

framing.

gains; risk-aversion

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ________, she will use a ________ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion.

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

has semantic memory but not episodic memory baseball facts but doesnt kow how he got them. opposite to the italian woman who had encephalitis and could remember events of her life

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

have participating count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

he should use his coin in the small machine.

Nociceptors respond to potential damage to the skin caused by...

heat, chemical burn, pressure, and cold.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the mind.

highlighting

Noam Chomsky proposed that:

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

In a landmark discrimination task, the goal is to...

identify which landmark an object is near

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

ignore the falsification principle.

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.

in vivo problem-solving

53. Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an

incidental immediate emotion.

Positive priming

increase in speed or accuracy of to a test stimulus ex. repeition priming (when response is same or resembles priming stimulus) and conceptual priming (based on the meaning of the stimulus ie. furniture-> chair). To aviod explicit memory present information in a task that does not appear to be a memory task, and increased recal speed

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace

increases the primacy effect

2. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

inductive reasoning.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the

initial state

Your text describes an Italian woman who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

52. Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. The decision is creating a lot of anxiety in him, which is an example of an

integral immediate emotion.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.

intermediate

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

64. Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____.

irrational; accepting only high offers

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has expe-rienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans ***NONE OF THE ABOVE

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not im-mune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

Recognition Memory

is the identification for a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Probe words at the beginning of the list acitivated both short and long term memory whereas at the end only activated areas of the brain for STM

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form.

The validity of a syllogism depends on:

its form.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

long term memory aquisitions

In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition.

low-pressure.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Includes Episodic and Semantic memory

Episodic memory

memory of personal experiences. involves mental time travel

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

neuropsychology

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

55. By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

opt-out procedure

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ____ in memory.

organization

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Modern perceptual psychologists have introduced the idea that perception is, however, influenced by...

our knowledge about regularities in how the world around us is put together

a scence schema

our knowledge of what a scene typically contains

50. Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of

paired-associate learning

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe.

parietal

And destroying an area of the ________________ resulted in unsuccessful completion of the landmark discrimination task

parietal lobe

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the back propagated error signal is zero.

The Dear Aunt June experiment; Gray & Wedderburn's

participants were told to shadow (repeat) the message presented to the left ear only. although instructed to shadow only the left ear, subjects reported the meaningful sentence "dear aunt june", a combination of information from both ears.

Propaganda Effect

people are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

perceptual organization.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task.

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

We can distinguish two types of regularities:

physical and semantic

The initial information is then passed to a "filter" where the information of focus in identified by ...

physical characteristics of the stimulus such as a the speaker's tone of voice, pitch, and rate of speaking

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

pragmatic inference

The permission schema is an example of a(n):

pragmatic reasoning schema.

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ______ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ______ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome.

prefrontal cortex; insula

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

recent and remote episodic

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.

recent and remote episodic.

Graded amnesia occurs because

recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation.

Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ____ .

reduced latent inhibition

Processing capacity

refers to the total amount of information a person can handle at one time

release from proactive interference

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

retroactive interference

The misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference

sample size.

schemas

script

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

We use __________ to attend to one thing and ignore others.

selective attention

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading acti-vation.

semantic network

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.

semantic regularities

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

The output of the detector passes the stimulus on to our __________ which holds the stimuli and thoughts we are consciously aware of.

short term memory

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of...

similarity

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.

sleep

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)...

smashed

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____ problem.

source

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _______ bias.

status quo

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

structural features

Gentner and coworkers' studies show that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems

structural, enhance

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results:

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different

surface features

A ____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem.

swinging

___ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

systems

"Flashbulb" memories refer to memory for the "circumstances" surrounding a memorable event.

tRUE

Because memories are reconstructed when recalled, they may include components not part of the original event.

tRUE

Most jurors incorrectly believe that memory is like a camera.

tRUE

Experts_____ than novices

take a more effective approach to a problem

In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem

target; source

Destroying an area of the _______________ of a monkey interfered with accurately identifying an object.

temporal lobe

Jenkins and Russel presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to a.test patients with amnesia. b. utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. c. use backward instead of forward priming. d. employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.

test patients with amnesia

Underleider et al. concluded...

that visual information passes from the eyeballs through the optic nerves and visual pathways to the brain's occipital lobe

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the...

the "what" pathway

Treisman's provided a modified version of Broadbent's filter model called...

the Attenuation Model of Attention - In Treisman's model, the incoming stimuli is not completely filtered, but instead both attended information and unattended information are allowed to pass to a second stage. However, the unattended information is "attenuated", that is, "reduced in strength" before it is passed on to the second stage.

Attention

the ability to focus our sensory receptors on specific stimuli or locations in the environment

The where pathway

the action pathway

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by

the encoding specificity principle

36. Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

the hippocampus

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that _______ is crucial for the formation of LTMs

the hippocampus

Experience-dependent plasticity

the idea that certain neurons respond best to vertical and horizontal edges in the environment might be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to living on the planet

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the...

the inverse projection problem

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the...

the oblique effect

Milner and Goodale suggested

the pathway from the visual cortez to the temporal lobe (which was damaged in DF's brain) be called the "perception pathway" and the pathway from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe (which was not damaged in DF's brain) be called the "action pathway"

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Placebo effect

the perception of pain can be reduce if a person takes a "pill" believed to be a "pain reliever" even though there is nothing in the pill to actually relieve pain

The what pathway

the perception pathway

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles? a. Common Fate b. Figure-Ground c. Simplicity d. Contiguity

the principle of simplicity, also known as the principle of good-figure, or the law of pragnanz

41. The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

the representative heuristic.

44. Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

The dictionary unit

the second stage of Treisman's attenuation model which analyzes both the attended information and the weaker unattended information... contains a database of terms with varied levels of importance to the listener

the self-reference effect

the self-reference effect.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because:

the solution is immediately obvious.

According to Gestalt psychologists, perception is based on....

the stimulus impression on our senses plus a specific set of organizing principles that are "built in" from birth, as part of the brain's perceptual processing system

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

Object discrimination task

the what task - what is this object i'll reach for?

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos...

they took themselves

The word "bad" has ______phoneme(s).

three

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.

Your knowledge of horses and people riding horses provides the info _______________ applies to the perception you need to recognize them.

top down processing

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of...

top-down processing

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

A loaf of bread is a common item found in a kitchen (t/f)

true

A scene schema refers to a person's knowledge about what a particular scene typically contains (t/f)

true

A schema is a person's knowledge about a particular situation in our environment.

true

Evidence from brain scanning has found that some brain cells, neurons, respond best to horizontal and vertical edges of visual stimuli in the environment

true

In a landmark discrimination task, the goal is to identify which landmark an object is near. (t/f)

true

Light sources are typically from above. (t/f)

true

Since memories are "reconstructions," it's possible for false memories to occur.

true

The "misinformation effect" occurs when modifications are made to a memory when misleading information about the original event is provided.

true

The temporal lobe is critical for object identification. (t/f)

true

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

two-string problem

According to _________________, people "perceive" whatever is most likely to have produced the sensory experience.

unconscious inference

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus ac-count for the typicality effect by

using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. we are not conscious we are using it. c. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

we are not conscious we are using it

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that

we are not conscious we are using it

The likelihood principle states that... a. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. b. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object. c. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. d. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances.

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

weights

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

54. People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

People tend to overestimate:

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

Attentional capture

when attention is unexpectedly diverted bc an :overpowering stimulus grabs attention away from it's original focus; sometimes referred to as the "cocktail party effect", a common example of attentional capture occurs if, while conversing at a party, you hear your own name spoken from another part of the room

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

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