Cognitive Psychology Exam 1
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
inferred from the participant's behavior
When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
involve different mechanisms
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.
object discrimination or recognition problem
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
picket fence
Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the
principles of componential recovery
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
similarity
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
Temporal
The pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the
"what" pathway (form and identity of visual objects) ("where" pathway is for location & motion)
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
A chemical process takes place at the synapse that has resulted from a chemical-electrical change within the neuron.
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
A cognitive map
Angelina has received six stickers for cleaning her room this week. If she recieves one more, she'll get to have a special dessert of her choosing after supper. Angelina's behavior can be best explained by
A token economy
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
Analytic introspection
The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as
Artificial Intelligence
In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
Autism
All of the following are mental abilities or processes involved in cognition except
Development
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
Broca's area
After seeing several commercials where celebrities are wearing "Boom" shoes, Steve really wants a pair. Steve's desire to have a pair of the shoes could best be explained by
Classical Conditioning
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
Classical Conditioning
The cognitive revolution resulted in dramatic changes in the way psychology was studied and understood. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
Computers
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
Distributed
The result of natural selection over many generations is
Evolution
In Selfrige's Pandamonium Model, features of a stimulus are detected at the level of the
Feature demon
Selfridge's Pandemonium Model describes processing at several levels or demons. The processing of vertical lines, horizontal lines, angles, or curves, for example, would occur at the level of the
Feature demon
Neurons that respond to specific details or parts that make up objects are called
Feature detectors
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
Firing rate of the action potentials
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are first processed
In different primary areas of the cortex
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
Make a decision about the stimulus
The neurons that respond while watching a demonstrator perform a task are called
Mirror neurons
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
Oblique effect
In order to conduct research in psychology, which of the following was considered necessary by the behaviorists?
Observable behaviors
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
Parietal
The landmark or spacial discrimination problems are more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe.
Parietal
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that
People take in very little information about the ignored message
Ebbinghaus "memory" experiments were important because they
Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind
Suyen is arguing that humans have a unique capacity for language because of neurological changes that resulted from evolution. From this, Suyen is arguing for
Preparedness
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
Propopagnosia
One's psychology can be viewed as a continuum from________to________to________.
Reflex, Learning, Cognition
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program
Solved logic problems
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
Specificity coding
Which of the following is not consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Stimuli are processed throughout various primary and associative areas of the brain.
Jane is four, and when playing in the park recently, she saw a dog that she'd never seen before. Even though she had never seen the dog, she was able to label the dog as being a dog. This scenario causes problems for which explanation of perception?
Template Matching Theory
The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as
The Neural Code
All of the following are part of B.F. Skinner's three term contingency except
The perception 1. The Response 2. The Reinforcement 3. The Environment
Hollingsworth's studies of blobs indicate that we perceive information based on
The situation or context
Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
The use of the subtraction technique
Given that populations grow exponentially and there are limited resources, Darwin inferred that
There would be competition for limited resources
All of the following are reasons to use models to understand cognition except
They provide an accurate description of cognition
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
Top-down processing (cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as senses)
One problem with the Template Matching Theory of perception is that
We don't have templates for every possible experience
Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research mind reading that revealed
a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object a participant was viewing.
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
One problem with Selfrige's Pandamonium Model is that it
can't account for how we can process information both globally and locally
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
cognitive neuroscience
Patients with associative visual agnosia might be able to correctly draw or copy an image but not recognize what it is. This is an example of a
disassociation
The occipital lobe is
first place in cerebral cortex where visual information is recieved
The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher cognitive functions such as problem solving, decision making, attention, and information processing.
frontal
A synapse is
the space between neurons
The likelihood principle states that
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received