CS 271 Module 1 Summary

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What is the largest signed integer that may be stored in 32 bits?

(2^31) -1

What are the minimum numbers of binary bits needed to represent the unsigned decimal integers (a) 33 (b) 309

(a) 33 10 0001 = 6 numbers (b) 309 1 0011 0101 = 9 numbers

Convert the following signed SWORD to a decimal value. 1100 1101 0011 1100

-12,996

What is the range of decimal values for a signed BYTE?

-128 to 127

Convert the following signed SWORD to a decimal value. 1111 0101 0001 0100

-2796

Convert the following signed SWORD to a decimal value. 1110 0001 0010 1000

-7,896 (with margin: 0)

What is the range of decimal values for an unsigned DWORD?

0 to 4,294,967,295

Complete the following unsigned Binary Subtraction: 01110000 - 01101110 ----------

00000010

Complete the following unsigned Binary Subtraction: 11101001 - 11010111 ----------

00010010

Complete the following unsigned Binary Subtraction: 11101001 - 11010111 ---------- NOTE: Represent answer as an 8-bit value, with no spaces or characters other than 0s and 1s.

00010010

Which of the following binary values is equivalent to hexadecimal 7CBE?

0111 1100 1011 1110

A [ Select ] ["CISC", "RISC"] Architecture's instructions are decoded to micro-programs which are executed by the CPU, whereas a [ Select ] ["RISC", "CISC"] Architecture's instructions are directlyexecuted by the CPU.

1. CISC 2. RISC

Place the following steps of the instruction execution cycle into the proper order Decode the instruction in the Instruction Register. If the instruction requires memory access, determine the memory address, and fetch the operand from memory into a CPU register, or send the operand from a CPU register to memory. Increment the Instruction Pointer to point to next instruction's address. Store resultant operands. Execute the instruction. Fetch the instruction at the address in the Instruction Pointer into the Instruction Register.

1. Fetch the instruction at the address in the Instruction Pointer into the Instruction Register. 2. Increment the Instruction Pointer to point to next instruction's address. 3. Decode the instruction in the Instruction Register. 4. If the instruction requires memory access, determine the memory address, and fetch the operand from memory into a CPU register, or send the operand from a CPU register to memory. 5. Execute the instruction. 6. Store resultant operands.

Please place the following steps of the instruction execution cycle in their proper order.

1. Fetch the instruction at the instruction pointer, into the instruction register 2. Increment the instruction pointer to the next register 3. Decode the instruction in the instruction register. 4. If the instruction requires memory access, determine the memory address, and fetch the operand from memory into a CPU, or send the operand from CPU register to memory 5. Execute the instruction 6. If the output is in memory, the control unit uses a write operation to store the data.

Convert the following value from signed decimal to 8-bit binary: -33 NOTE: Canvas may add a decimal point and thousands place commas, for example 11001100 may appear as 11,001,100.0 ... Please ignore these.

1101 1111

Complete the following Unsigned Binary Addition (answers should also be in Binary): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 11001100 may appear as 11,001,100) ... Please ignore these. 10110010 + 00100001 ----------

11010011

Complete the following Unsigned Binary Addition (answers should also be in Binary): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 11001100 may appear as 11,001,100) ... Please ignore these. 10111010 + 00110001 ----------

11101011

How many bits long is a WORD on x86 systems?

16

What is the largest unsigned integer that may be stored in 24 bits?

16,777,215

Which list contains the correct hexadecimal translation (in order) of the following unsigned decimal integers? 33, 95, 257

21 5F 101

How many bits are there in 35 MB (note: bytes, so binary prefixes apply)

293,601,280 bits 35 * 2^(20) Bytes * 8 bits/Byte = 36,700,160‬ Bytes * 8 bits / Byte = 293,601,280 bits

How many bits long is a DWORD (doubleword) on x86 systems?

32 bits

What is the size of the general-purpose registers?

32 bits

What is the width of the address and data buses?

32 bits

Complete the following unsigned Hexadecimal Subtraction: 5568 - 1ADC ------

3A8C

Complete the following unsigned Hexadecimal Subtraction: 83AA - 47AB ------ NOTE: Represent answer as a 16-bit hex (four character) value, with no spaces or characters other than 0-9, A-F.

3BFF

Convert the following string into its ASCII hex representation: Cache Don't use 0x or h to represent the hex values. For example, the ASCII hex representation for "1+z" is 31 2B 7A Cache

43 61 63 68 65

Which of the following binary values is equivalent to hexadecimal 4A2B?

4: 0100 A: 1010 2: 0010 B: 1011

Complete the following unsigned Hexadecimal Subtraction: 6A6F - 1F89 ------

4AE6

Convert the following ASCII hex representation to a character string: 4D 61 67 69 63 61 6C Do not add any spaces. For example, the hex 31 2B 7A represents the string: 1+z

4D 61 67 69 63 61 6C Magical

Convert the following string into its ASCII hex representation: Optical Don't use 0x or h to represent the hex values. For example, the ASCII hex representation for "1+z" is 31 2B 7A

4F 70 74 69 63 61 6C

Convert the following unsigned WORD to a decimal value. 1100 1000 0100 0001

51,265

Convert the following string into its ASCII hex representation: Turing Don't use 0x or h to represent the hex values. For example, the ASCII hex representation for "1+z" is 31 2B 7A

54 75 72 69 6E 67

Convert the following unsigned WORD to a decimal value. 1101 0111 0011 0010

55,090

There are (blank) segment registers

6

How many bytes long is a QUADWORD on x86 systems?

8

Complete the following Unsigned Hexadecimal Addition (answers should also be in Hexadecimal): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 9C4B may appear as 9,C4B) ... Please ignore these. 2C16 + 573B ------

8351

Complete the following Unsigned Hexadecimal Addition (answers should also be in Hexadecimal): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 9C4B may appear as 9,C4B) ... Please ignore these. 2C27 + 573B ------

8362

Complete the following Unsigned Binary Addition (answers should also be in Binary): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 11001100 may appear as 11,001,100) ... Please ignore these. 10110010 +10100001

= 101010011

Complete the following unsigned Hexadecimal Subtraction: 83AA - 47AB ————— NOTE: Represent answer as a 16-bit hex (four character) value, with no spaces or characters other than 0-9, A-F.

= 3BFF

Complete the following Unsigned Hexadecimal Addition (answers should also be in Hexadecimal): NOTE: Canvas may add thousands place commas (for example 9C4B may appear as 9,C4B) ... Please ignore these. 2C17 + 572B

= 8342

Which of the following are valid 8-bit register references? If so, describe what they reference? If not, why? AL DH SH EL

AL: Yes, refers to bits 0-7 of EAX DH: Yes, refers to bits 8-15 of EDX SH: No, this would be ambiguous, because we have ESP, ESI, and SS registers EL: No, ES register can't be byte-referenced.

When transferring instructions and data between the Main Memory Unit and the CPU, the memory location where the data is stored must be placed on the [ Select ] Bus.

Address Bus

What is an instruction?

An instruction is a control phrase for the computer which will be translated (with its operands) into a op code (Machine Language)

What mechanism is used to turn Assembly Language code to Machine Code?

Assembler

Which utility program reads an assembly language source file and produces an object file?

Assembler

Convert the following ASCII hex representation to a character string: 41 73 73 65 6D 62 6C 79 Do not add any spaces. For example, the hex 31 2B 7A represents the string: 1+z

Assembly

Match the datatype to its use/description. 8-bit unsigned 16-bit unsigned 16-bit signed integer 32-bit unsigned integer 32-bit signed integer 32-bit (4-byte) IEEE short real 64-bit (8-byte) IEEE long real

BYTE: 8-bit unsigned WORD: 16-bit unsigned SWORD: 16-bit signed integer DWORD: 32-bit unsigned integer SDWORD: 32-bit signed integer REAL4:32-bit (4-byte) IEEE short real REAL8: 64-bit (8-byte) IEEE long real

Which segment register points to the beginning of the code segment?

CS

In the IA-32 architecture, which of the following are valid 16-bit register references?

CX, SP, SS

High-speed memory that reduces the frequency of access by the CPU to conventional memory is called

Cache memory

Which flag is set when the result of an unsigned arithmetic operation is too large to fit into the destination?

Carry

Which flag is set when the result of an unsigned arithmetic operation is too large to fit into the destination?

Carry Flag

Name at least four CPU status flags.

Carry, Overflow, Parity, Auxiliary Carry, Sign, Direction, Zero

Language Hierarchy: The purpose of a Compiler is to...

Convert High/Low level Program Code to Assembly/Machine Code

What type of tool can convert ARM Assembly to x86 Assembly?

Cross Assembler

What is the name of the lowest 8 bits of the EDX register?

DL

The three types of buses connected to the CPU are:

Data, address, control

Which register is known as a loop counter?

ECX

Why does protected mode prevent programs from changing the EIP register directly?

EIP contains the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. Since the programmer ordinarily will not know the absolute address where any of the instructions are stored, protected mode restricts access to EIP, and allows it to be changed only by the operating system.

The CPU clock cycle length is the only contributing factor to the speed of operations on a computer.

False

True/False) Assembly Languages are portable.

False

If an integer's sign bit is 1, the integer is positive.

False 1 is negative 0 is positive

(True/False) A single computer architecture may have programs written for it using more than one Assembly Language (x86, RISC-V, ...).

False An Assembly Language is defined by an ISA (Instruction Set architecture), and is the only Assembly Language defined for that computer architecture.

(True/False) Assembly Language programs are 'higher level' than C programs.

False Assembly Language programs are lower level than C program. A C program will compile into assembly on its way to Machine Code.

(True/False) Assembly Language programs are portable to a variety of computer architectures.

False Assembly Languages are architecture-specific.

During which phase of the instruction execution cycle is the instruction pointer incremented?

Fetch

How many bytes does it take to represent the following set of characters in ASCII: HELLO

Five. One byte per ASCII character, five ASCII characters.

Convert the hex value 0A1D2F638h to binary.

HEX A1D2F638 BINARY 1010 0001 1101 0010 1111 0110 0011 1000

Compared to higher-level languages, which of the following are benefits of Assembly Language programming?

Hands-on Code Optimization Direct Manipulation of Memory

Which of the following are components of the Control Unit? (Check all that apply)

Instruction register Instruction pointer Status register

What component is responsible for communication among the various internal CPU components?

Internal bus

Language Hierarchy: Rank the following languages from low level (1) to high level (4). Level 4 (Highest Level): [ Select ] ["ARM Assembly", "Python", "English", "Machine Code"] Level 3: [ Select ] ["ARM Assembly", "Python", "English", "Machine Code"] Level 2: [ Select ] ["Machine Code", "ARM Assembly", "Python", "English"] Level 1 (Lowest level): [ Select ] ["Machine Code", "ARM Assembly", "Python", "English"]

Level 4: English Level 3: Python Level 2: ARM Assembly Level 1: Machine Code

A program that combines object files into an executable program is called a

Linker

Which flag is set when the result of a signed arithmetic operation is either too large or too small to fit into the destination?

Overflow Flag

What would you call an ordered list of organized instructions existing somewhere in memory, and associated with a data structure for storage of data?

Program

Which flag is set when an arithmetic or logical operation generates a negative result?

Sign Flag

What are the smallest and largest values which can be represented with an signed SDWORD

Smallest: -2^(31) = -2,147,483,648 Largest: 2^(31)-1 = 2,147,483,647

What are the smallest and largest values which can be represented with an unsigned DWORD

Smallest: 0 Largest: 2^(32)-1 = 4,294,967,295

Place the steps for a memory read in the correct order. Assert a Read Wait until operation in complete Specify the memory address on the Address Bus via MAR Move data to its destination

Specify the memory address on the Address Bus via MAR Assert a Read Wait until operation in complete Move data to its destination

In 32-bit mode, aside from the stack pointer (ESP), what other register points to stack addresses?

Stack Segment (SS), possibly EBP depending on usage

Match the Instruction Execution steps to the correct order and description. The ALU executes the instruction using the named registers and internal registers as operands. If the output operand is in memory, the control unit uses a write operation to store the data. The control unit increments the instruction pointer (IP, also known as instruction counter). The control unit fetches the next instruction from the instruction queue. The control unit decodes the instruction's function to determine what the instruction will do.If the instruction uses an input operand located in memory, the control unit uses a read operation to retrieve the operand and copy it into internal registers.

Step 1 The control unit fetches the next instruction from the instruction queue. Step 2 The control unit increments the instruction pointer (IP, also known as instruction counter). Step 3 The control unit decodes the instruction's function to determine what the instruction will do. Step 4 If the instruction uses an input operand located in memory, the control unit uses a read operation to retrieve the operand and copy it into internal registers. Step 5 The ALU executes the instruction using the named registers and internal registers as operands. Step 6 If the output operand is in memory, the control unit uses a write operation to store the data

A primary limitation on the speed of internal communication on a machine is the width of the internal bus.

True

Adding 5 to 0FBh in an 8-bit register sets the Zero flag.

True

Adding 7Fh and 05h in an 8-bit register sets the Overflow flag

True

Higher level languages are more likely to be portable than lower level languages.

True

In a Von Neumann architecture, each instruction in a program may be individually addressed and accessed.

True

(True/False) A single computer architecture may have programs written for it using more than one assembler (MASM, NASM, FASM, ...)

True Different assemblers give software developers different capabilities in the way their assembly language programs are written, assembled, and debugged. MASM and NASM can both be used to author x86 Assembly for IA32 processors, for example. Assemblers have a many-to-one correspondence to assembly languages; that is, even though there is only one assembly language for a particular ISA, there may be several assemblers available to choose from.

(True/False) High-level language (HLL) programs are portable to a variety of computer architectures.

True HLL programs require compilers to create architecture-specific code.

(True/False) Assembly Language instructions have a nearly 1:1 correspondence with Machine Code.

True Some Assembly Languages and architectures have a 1:1 correspondence from Assembly to Machine.

If the AH register is modified by the software engineer, is there any change in the EAX register? Why or why not?

Yes, the AH register is part of the EAX register. Specifically, the bits 0-7 of the AH are exactly bits 8-15 of EAX.

A program is considered portable if it . . .

can be executed on multiple platforms.

The two's complement of an binary value is formed by which process?

reversing (inverting) the bits and adding 1


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