Drugs and Society Exam 2 Review

The titration hypothesis refers to the way in which __________. A. cigarette brands are marketed from season to season B. the particulate phase is metabolized into the gaseous phase C. cigarettes are smoked so as to maintain a level of nicotine into the body D. nicotine is allowed to be excreted from the body

cigarettes are smoked so as to maintain a level of nicotine into the body

In the U.S during the 1800s, snuffing was replaced with __________. A. chewing B. injecting C. pipe-smoking D. cigarette smoking

chewing

Loose leaf, plug, and twist describes different forms of __________. A. snuff in general B. chewing tobacco C. cigars D. moist snuff

chewing tobacco

A buildup of mucus in air passages leading to inflammation of bronchial tissue is referred to as __________. A. chronic bronchitis B. emphysema C. ciliary escalator deficit D. pulmonary obstruction disease (POD)

chronic bronchitis

COPD refers to __________. A. chronic obstructive peripheral disease B. chronic overt pulmonary disease C. chronic osteo pulmonary disease D. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Each day, _____ people in the United States die as a result of cigarette smoking. A. 500 B. 1,200 C. 2,500 D. 5,000

1,200

From 1997 to 2005, cigarette manufacturers had increased the nicotine concentrations in tobacco by ___ percent. A. 5 B. 11 C. 16 D. 27

11

Tobacco was officially introduced to Europe in __________. A. 1492 B. 1559 C. 1602 D. 1650

1559

The temperature at the tip of a cigarette when the smoker inhales is approximately ___ Fahrenheit. A. 98 degrees B. 450 degrees C. 1250 degrees D. 1700 degrees

1700 degrees

About 80 to 90 percent of all smokers begin to smoke by the age of __________. A. 15 B. 16 C. 17 D. 18

18

The first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health was issued in A. 1958 B. 1964 C. 1976 D. 1993

1964

The first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health was issued in __________. A. 1956 B. 1964 C. 1978 D. 1983

1964

In _____, all television advertising for tobacco was banned. A. 1964 B. 1968 C. 1971 D. 1984

1971

Congressional hearings on the question of whether U.S. tobacco companies had suppressed research data on the dangers of smoking were held in __________. A. 1964 B. 1978 C. 1982 D. 1994

1994

Jeff smokes one pack of cigarettes per day. This means that he ingests ___ mg of nicotine per day. A. 5-1.5 B. 2-8 C. 8.5-10 D. 12-18

2-8

10.66 About ______ of the nicotine in a cigarette is actually inhaled and reaches the bloodstream. A. 1 percent B. 5 percent C. 20 percent D. 70 percent

20 percent

Although only ___ percent of smokers in the United States develop COPD, _____ percent of all COPD cases are the result of smoking. A. 10; 50 to 60 B. 10; 80 to 90 C. 20; 80 to 90 D. 20; 20 to 30

20; 80 to 90

The current percentage of smokers aged 12 years or older in the U.S. is approximately __________. A. 15 percent B. 22 percent C. 46 percent D. 56 percent

22 percent

Male smokers are ____ times more likely to develop lung cancer than lifelong smokers A. 20 B. 23 C. 26 D. 29

23

In the late 1800s, the price of cigarettes was __________. A. ten for a quarter B. 20 for a nickel C. 30 for a dime D. a penny each

20 for a nickel

We now know that smoking is responsible for approximately ____ percent of all coronary heart disease deaths. A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60

30

There remains a ____ greater mortality rate among African American males due to smoking than among white males. A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 35 percent D. 45 percent

35 percent

Approximately ___ percent of countries in the world still allow smoking in hospitals and schools; only ___ percent of the world's population live in a country that imposes a comprehensive national ban on tobacco advertising, and in which full services to treat tobacco dependence are widely available. A. 40; 5 B. 40; 10 C. 20; 5 D. 20; 10

40; 5

According to the 2012 American Cancer Society statistics, about _______ of 226,000 new cases of lung cancer were due to smoking. A. 50 percent B. 65 percent C. 75 percent D. 80 percent

80 percent

Advanced emphysema results in ______ of one's energy being used just to breathe. A. 25 percent B. 42 percent C. 58 percent D. 80 percent

80 percent

The World Health Organization predicts that in the year 2030, ________will die from tobacco-related illnesses, if current trends continue. A. 1 million B. 4.9 million C. 8.5 million D. 810 million

810 million

It is estimated that as many as 42,000 additional lives in the United States would be saved each year if ___ percent of smokers were advised by a health professional to quit and were offered medication or assistance to do so, but presently only ___ percent of smokers receive such services. A. 90; 51 B. 90; 28 C. 75; 51 D. 75; 28

90; 28

All but which of the following countries have at one time punished smoking by whipping, public torture, or death? A. Japan B. Russia C. Turkey D. Canada

Canada

_______ result(s) from platelet adhesiveness in the blood. A. Blood clots B. Headaches C. Arteriosclerosis D. Emphysema

Blood clots

The first European to encounter tobacco plants was __________. A. Sir Walter Raleigh B. Sir Francis Drake C. King Philip II of Spain D. Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus

______ are rolls of shredded tobacco wrapped in paper. A. Snuffs B. Cigars C. Chewing tobaccos D. Cigarettes

Cigarettes

________ are tight rolls of dried tobacco leaves. A. Snuffs B. Cigars C. Chewing tobaccos D. Cigarettes

Cigars

An example of a brand name of moist snuff is __________. A. Red Man B. Chaw C. Beech Nut D. Copenhagen

Copenhagen

A smoker is given a placebo and he or she is told that it is nicotine gum, when it is not. How will this affect his or her cigarette smoking behavior? A. He or she will smoke cigarettes more rapidly. B. He or she will smoke fewer cigarettes per day. C. He or she will abstain from cigarettes. D. He or she will take more puffs per cigarette.

He or she will smoke fewer cigarettes per day.

The first automated cigarette-making machine was invented by __________. A. Rodrigo de Jerez B. James B. Duke C. Thomas Edison D. James Bonsack

James Bonsack

According to the text, from 1985 to 1994, cigarette exports increased dramatically in the following countries: __________. A. Japan and Malaysia B. Australia and New Zealand C. Japan and South Korea D. Canada and Mexico

Japan and South Korea

An early monarch who denounced the practice of tobacco smoking was __________. A. Queen Isabella of Spain B. King Philip II of Spain C. King James I of England D. King Ferdinand of Spain

King James I of England

A prescription nicotine substitute in the form of a nasal spray is called __________. A. Nicorette B. Zyban C. Nicotrol NS D. Wellbutrin

Nicotrol NS

The type of tobacco best suited of cigarettes is grown today primarily in __________. A. Virginia B. Rhode Island C. North Carolina D. Cuba

North Carolina

What is NOT true about smokelesstobacco? A. Smokelesstobacco products since 1986 must contain health warnings. B. Smokelesstobacco-related erythroplakia refers to white spots inside the mouth. C.Nitrosamines are found in all tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco. D. Smokelesstobacco use increases the risk of gum disease.

Smokelesstobacco-related erythroplakia refers to white spots inside the mouth.

Which of the following is a non-nicotine drug to help reduce nicotine craving? A. Redia B. Zyban C. Nicotrol D. Nicotine-inhibiting hormone (NIH)

Zyban

Inhaled nicotine passes through the blood-brain barrier within ____. A. a few seconds B. a few minutes C. a few hours D. a few days

a few seconds

Snuff is __________. A. coarse leaf tobacco stuffed into one's nose B. a fine powder made of ground tobacco C. a very mild form of pipe tobacco D. a key factor in tobacco dependence

a fine powder made of ground tobacco

A low T/N cigarette refers to a cigarette with __________. A. a low ratio of tobacco to nontobacco B. a low amount of tar and nicotine C. a low ratio of toxins to nontoxins D. a large amount of carbon monoxide

a low amount of tar and nicotine

The exportation of U.S. tobacco products to other countries has been __________. A. a major factor in our balance of trade B. a major element in our foreign policy C. a component of U.S. foreign aid to developing nations D. a major source of goodwill

a major factor in our balance of trade

Nicorette is a brand name for __________. A. a type of moist snuff B. an anticraving medication for nicotine and alcohol withdrawal C. a transdermal nicotine patch D. a prescription nicotine chewing gum

a prescription nicotine chewing gum

Prior to 1900, lung cancer was __________. A. at about twice the levels in U.S. society than it is today B. a rare disease C. observed in more women than men, opposite to the prevalence rates today D. more common than heart attacks

a rare disease

One of the strategies in marketing cigarettes to women was the claim that they could be __________. A. an alternative to common housecleaning products B. a weight-control aid C. excellent for household pest control D. useful as a laxative

a weight-control aid

Inhaled nicotine is __________. A. absorbed rapidly and excreted slowly B. absorbed slowly and excreted rapidly C. absorbed and excreted slowly D. absorbed and excreted rapidly

absorbed and excreted rapidly

The route of administration for smokeless tobacco can be best described as __________. A. oral B. absorption through membranes C. inhalation into the lungs D. subcutaneous

absorption through membranes

A component in tobacco smoke that is not classified as part of the particulate phase is __________. A. tar B. acetone C. water droplets D. nicotine

acetone

Environmental tobacco smoke __________. A. affects anyone in an enclosed space B. fails to affect families of smokers C. dissipates in a matter of minutes D. changes its character once it diffuses into the air

affects anyone in an enclosed space

According to the titration hypothesis, an experienced smoker, when presented with a pack of low-nicotine cigarettes, will __________. A. inhale more deeply B. take more puffs per cigarette C. smoke more of them D. all of the above

all of the above

Carbon monoxide is __________. A. tasteless B. odorless C. colorless D. all of the above

all of the above

Children of parents who smoke in the home have an increased risk of __________. A. bronchitis B. middle ear disease C. wheezing D. all of the above

all of the above

T/N cigarettes do not lessen the adverse health consequences of smoking because __________ when smoking T/N cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. A. smokers tend to inhale more deeply B. smokers tend to take more puffs C. smokers tend to smoke more cigarettes D. all of the above

all of the above

Women who smoke during pregnancy have newborns with a higher risk for __________. A. low birth weight B. physical defects C. elevated systolic blood pressure D. all of the above

all of the above

The estimated number of deaths in the United States that are attributed to cigarette smoking each year is __________. A. about 5000 B. about 30,000 C. almost half a million D. about two million

almost half a million

The additive _______ in tobacco speeds the nicotine absorption in smokers. A. tar B. hydrogen cyanide C. acetaldehyde D. ammonia

ammonia

A condition in which the walls of arteries harden and lose elasticity is __________. A. arteriosclerosis B. atherosclerosis C. stroke D. migraine neuralgia

arteriosclerosis

A condition in which fatty deposits accumulate inside arteries and restrict the flow of blood is called __________. A. arteriosclerosis B. atherosclerosis C. stroke D. migraine neuralgia

atherosclerosis

A recent study suggests that when physicians tell smokers their "lung age" as determined by the age of an average healthy nonsmoker with a comparable level of breathing strength, smokers __________. A. are twice as likely to quit B. get the message C. both A and B D. only B

both A and B

The major cause(s) of tobacco-related cardiovascular disease is(are) __________. A. nicotine B. carbon monoxide C. tar D. both A and B

both A and B

Cardiovascular disease in smokers is primarily due to the ______ in cigarette smoke. A. nicotine B. tar C. carbon monoxide D. both B and C

both B and C

The craving for a cigarette by an ex-smoker __________. A. is typically the strongest on the first anniversary of quitting B. can continue for a month or more C. can continue for years D. is typically over by six months

can continue for years

About 60 milligrams of nicotine __________. A. can quickly kill a healthy human adult B. are found in approximately a half-pack of cigarettes C. would be ingested from two or three cigarettes D. is the minimal effective dose for relaxation

can quickly kill a healthy human adult

Carcinomas refer to __________. A. cancerous growths in general B. cancerous growths on the skin C. cancerous growths on the surface of the lungs D. cancerous growths on the kidney and pancreas

cancerous growths in general

Among the gases of tobacco smoke, the most toxic is __________. A. carbon monoxide B. acetone C. ammonia D. carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide

Analogy: Particulate phase is to nicotine as gaseous phase is to __________. A. tar B. carbon monoxide C. small particles suspended in smoke D. water droplets

carbon monoxide

Nitrosamines are __________. A. carcinogens found in tobacco B. breakdown products in nicotine metabolism C. similar to acetic acid in alcohol metabolism D. stimulant drugs for heart patients

carcinogens found in tobacco

Tar allows __________. A. carcinogens to attack the immune system B. carcinogens to stick to pulmonary cells C. carcinogens to multiply in the liver D. carcinogens to multiply in the brain

carcinogens to stick to pulmonary cells

Carbon monoxide is the principal reason for the development of ________ among chronic smokers. A. lung cancer B. cardiovascular disease C. respiratory problems D. all of the above

cardiovascular disease

The advantage of cigarettes over cigars in the late 1800s and early 1900s was that __________. A. cigarettes were less expensive B. cigarettes were viewed as being safer to your health C. cigars were rumored to contain contaminating ingredients D. smoking cigarettes was viewed as being tough and rugged

cigarettes were less expensive

Cigarettes began to be introduced in the United States when which form of tobacco use was at its height? A. cigars B. pipes C. snuff D. cigarillos

cigars

During the 1990s, __________. A. cigars overtook cigarettes in popularity and have remained more popular ever since B. cigars achieved a brief period of celebrity status C. cigars were determined by the Surgeon General to be far safer than cigarettes D. cigars were suddenly extremely unpopular

cigars achieved a brief period of celebrity status

John is a smoker. He just finished his last cigarette about six hours ago. Which of the following symptoms is John most likely to encounter? A. stomach cramps B. increased blood pressure C. decreased heart rate D. increased ability to concentrate

decreased heart rate

As education level _______, the level of smoking _______. A. decreases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; remains the same D. increases; increases

decreases; increases

Zyban was originally used to treat __________. A. depression B. obesity C. cocaine anxiety D. anxiety

depression

Nonsmoking wives of husbands who smoke have an increased chance of ______ compared to wives of husbands who do not smoke. A. becoming a smoker B. developing lung cancer C. becoming an alcoholic D. using smokeless tobacco

developing lung cancer

The practice of _______ helps tobacco products not get stuck in the teeth. A. moist snuffing B. dipping C. loose-leaf chewing D. none of the above

dipping

Nicotine stimulate the release of ________ in the nucleus accumbens. A. GABA B. serotonin C. dopamine D. norepinephrine

dopamine

According to the University of Michigan survey, the peak year when smokers start to smoke is __________. A. during the fourth grade B. during the seventh grade C. during the ninth grade D. during the junior year in high school

during the seventh grade

Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for twenty years reduces one's lifespan by __________. A. two years B. three years C. five years D. eight years

eight years

The national minimum age at which tobacco products can be purchased is __________. A. twenty-one B. twenty-five C. eighteen D. sixteen

eighteen

Abnormal enlargement of air sacs in the lungs can lead to which condition? A. chronic bronchitis B. pneumonia C. pulmonary distress syndrome (PDS) D. emphysema

emphysema

Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT __________. A. cancer B. gum disease C. tooth loss D. emphysema

emphysema

Another name for sidestream smoke is __________. A. sedentary smoke B. ecological smoke C. environmental tobacco smoke D. free-floating tobacco smoke

environmental tobacco smoke

The primary negative factor in early marketing of cigarette smoking was that __________. A. it could be a fire hazard B. it was considered "feminine" to smoke cigarettes C. it was an ordinary thing to do D. it was too expensive to buy cigarettes

it was considered "feminine" to smoke cigarettes

A first-time smoker will frequently __________. A. show few if any physiological reactions B. feel nauseated C. inhibit the vomiting center in the medulla D. experience intense heart palpitations

feel nauseated

Smoking cessation lowers the risk of coronary heart disease to about that of nonsmokers within __________. A. a month of not smoking B. fifteen years of abstinence C. one or two years of abstinence D. four year of abstinence

fifteen years of abstinence

Nicotine reaches the brain in ________. A. one to two seconds B. five to eight seconds C. twenty to twenty-five seconds D. thirty-five to forty seconds

five to eight seconds

Smoking one cigarette shortens one's lifespan by __________. A. twelve seconds B. forty seconds C. four minutes D. fourteen minutes

fourteen minutes

Filtered cigarettes __________. A. were a major step toward improving the health consequences of smoking B. gave the illusion of improving the health consequences of smoking C. were the beginning of an improvement in the health of smokers in the U.S. D. contained a lower-tar blend of tobacco in them

gave the illusion of improving the health consequences of smoking

David has been a smoker for many years. Today he was given nicotine gum. According to titration hypothesis, as David chews the gum, throughout the day ___________. A. he will smoke cigarettes more rapidly B. he will smoke fewer cigarettes C. he will abstain from cigarettes D. he will take more puffs per cigarette

he will smoke fewer cigarettes

When nicotine receptors are activated, __________. A. blood pressure becomes unstable B. activity in the gastrointestinal tract speeds up C. fingers start to tingle D. heart rate increases

heart rate increases

The toxic nature of carbon monoxide is such that it attaches itself easily to __________. A. air sacs in the lungs B. esophageal cells C. hemoglobin D. cardiac muscle

hemoglobin

N-nitrosamine is more concentrated __________. A. in cigarettes than in smokeless tobacco B. in cigars than cigarettes C. in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke D. in the lungs of men than in those of women

in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke

Fifty percent of the total tar in a cigarette is found __________. A. in the first two-thirds of the cigarette B. in the last third of the cigarette C. in the first third of the cigarette D. evenly distributed throughout the cigarette

in the last third of the cigarette

Smokeless tobacco __________. A. is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking B. increases the risk for emphysema C. increases the risk of cancer D. increases the risk for chronic bronchitis

increases the risk of cancer

Mainstream smoke from a filtered cigarette __________. A. is inhaled by the smoker through the filter and cigarette paper B. is more acidic than sidestream smoke C. is inhaled by nonsmokers as well D. consists of a gaseous phase only

is inhaled by the smoker through the filter and cigarette paper

Compared to cigarette smoke, cigar smoke __________. A. is more alkaline B. is a safe alternative C. is more closely associated with lung cancer D. contains fewer carcinogens

is more alkaline

In a study of people who smoked and were also in drug abuse treatment, one in three people indicated that __________. A. it was easier to quit smoking after quitting another drug B. quitting smoking was just as hard as quitting another drug C. it was best to quit smoking at the same time as the other drug D. it was harder to quit smoking as compared to other drugs

it was harder to quit smoking as compared to other drugs

As cited in the text, excise taxes on cigarette sales have drastically increased in recent years, so that __________. A. tobacco companies now have the funds to increase advertising campaigns B. it would be harder for youths to afford cigarettes C. further research can be funded to examine the hazards of cigarette smoking D. the image of cigarettes as a luxurious product can be improved

it would be harder for youths to afford cigarettes

The most popular form of smokeless tobacco is _______, and the most popular brand is ________. A. loose-leaf chewing tobacco; Red Man B. moist snuff; Skoal C. loose-leaf chewing tobacco; Beech Nut D. moist snuff; Copenhagen

moist snuff; Copenhagen

Research has shown that cigarette smoking helps to sustain performance on A. monotonous tasks B. complicated tasks C. long-term memory D. distributed memory

monotonous tasks

A smoker feels more relaxed after a cigarette partly because __________. A. of an intense placebo effect B. blood pressure and heart rate has gone up C. muscle tone has been reduced D. gastrointestinal activity has been inhibited

muscle tone has been reduced

An increase in the body's serum cholesterol level can be due to the effects of __________. A. nicotine B. tar C. carbon monoxide D. carbon dioxide

nicotine

The major dependence-producing drug(s) in tobacco products is(are) __________. A. nicotine B. nicotine and tar C. carbon monoxide D. carbon monoxide and tar

nicotine

Which ingredient found in cigarettes is also used as a pesticide? A. tar B. nicotine C. carbon monoxide D. tobacco

nicotine

Nicotine stimulates _______ receptors in the CNS. A. endorphin-sensitive B. nicotinic C. serotonin-sensitive D. GABA-sensitive

nicotinic

Tobacco chewing was first observed in the United States __________. A. about 1800 B. about 1850 C. about 1910 D. none of the above

none of the above

Analogy: Mainstream smoke is to cigarette smokers as sidestream smoke is to __________. A. nonsmokers B. an increased probability of cancer C. adolescent smokers D. cigar smokers

nonsmokers

The principal reason a lit cigarette gets so hot is because __________. A. of the flammability of the paper wrapping B. of the particular blend of tobacco used C. of the oxygen being drawn through the cigarette D. of the non-tobacco additives in the cigarette

of the oxygen being drawn through the cigarette

Carbon monoxide is typically measured in terms of __________. A. parts per million blood components (p.p.m.) B. milligrams per cigarette (m.p.c.) C. micrograms per inhalation (m.p.i.) D. milligrams per kilogram of body weight (m.p.k.)

parts per million blood components (p.p.m.)

The present-day manner of using snuff is by __________. A. smoking it B. sniffing into the nose C. placing inside the cheek D. chewing it

placing inside the cheek

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are symptoms indicating __________. A. terminal stages of cancer B. early stages of emphysema C. precancerous tissue D. premature eruption of acne

precancerous tissue

Analogy: Leukoplakia is to white spots in the mouth as erythroplakia is to __________. A. white spots in the nasal cavity B. red spots in the mouth C. lumps in the jaw or neck area D. a decline in red blood cells

red spots in the mouth

In the 1998 tobacco settlement, tobacco corporations agreed to __________. A. ban all sales of tobacco products in the United States B. go out of business by 2014 C. pay $15 million to the states D. refrain from marketing tobacco products to those under eighteen

refrain from marketing tobacco products to those under eighteen

One of the effects of the stimulation of receptors in the CNS by nicotine is that they __________. A. release acetaldehyde B. release adrenalin C. release gastric juices D. release cortical inhibition

release adrenalin

Smoking cessation __________. A. results in a further deterioration of one's health status B. results in essentially no change in one's health status C. results in a recovery of several aspects of one's health status D. results in a complete recovery of one's health status within a matter of days

results in a recovery of several aspects of one's health status

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency reported that __________. A. sidestream smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers B. a greater tax was placed on cigarettes to deter minors from purchasing them C. a federal law went into effect banning smoking in restaurants D. ads for cigarettes or other tobacco products must include the Surgeon General's warning

sidestream smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers

The current percentage of smokers aged twelve years or older in the United States is __________. A. significantly less than were levels in the 1940s B. greater than were levels in 1965 C. substantially greater than levels among college students D. none of the above

significantly less than were levels in the 1940s

Compared to white smokers, African-American smokers __________. A. smoke fewer cigarettes, but carry a higher risk of tobacco-related disorders B. smoke fewer cigarettes and carry a lower risk of tobacco-related disorders C. smoke more cigarettes and carry a higher risk of tobacco-related disorders D. smoke more cigarettes, but carry a lower risk of tobacco-related disorders

smoke fewer cigarettes, but carry a higher risk of tobacco-related disorders

In the 1600s, European aristocracy used tobacco primarily through the practice of __________. A. snuffing B. smoking C. snorting D. chewing

smoking

Two primary factors for the emergence of cigarettes as the dominant form of tobacco use were __________. A. smoking among women and World War II B. smoking among women and World War I C. World War I and Prohibition D. Prohibition and the popularity of cigars

smoking among women and World War I

Dipping is an expression for the use of __________. A. snuff B. unfiltered cigarettes C. Copenhagen as opposed to other smokeless tobacco brands D. blending cigarettes with marijuana

snuff

The dominant form of European tobacco use in the late 1700s was __________. A. smoking in a cigarette form B. smoking in a pipe C. snuffing D. chewing

snuffing

Analogy: Tobacco smoking is to fires as tobacco chewing is to __________. A. pipe smoking B. snuffing C. spread of disease through contact with saliva D. cigars

spread of disease through contact with saliva

Pioneers heading west could indulge in foot-long cigars called _____, named after the Conestoga wagons that they rode in during the long and tedious journey. A. seegars B. snuffs C. joints D. stogies

stogies

The evidence indicating that environmental tobacco smoke can be dangerous is __________. A. weakening as more recent studies are conducted B. weak and always has been C. supported, surprisingly, by research financed by the tobacco industry D. substantial

substantial

According to the text, when trying to quit smoking, it is recommended that the smoker __________. A. not tell others about their attempt to quit until he or she is successful B. avoids drinking a lot of water C. takes ten deep breaths during tobacco cravings D. all of the above

takes ten deep breaths during tobacco cravings

By ________, the tobacco industry has been less affected by the loss of profits in the United States. A. taking advantage of global markets B. laying off 15 percent of its domestic workforce C. raising the amounts of tobacco imported in to the United States D. decreasing the amount of money allocated for advertisement globally by 25 percent

taking advantage of global markets

Relative to unfiltered cigarettes, filtered cigarettes have a higher concentration of __________. A. tobacco B. tar C. nicotine D. carbon dioxide

tar

The primary source of carcinogenic compounds in tobacco is the __________. A. gaseous phase B. carbon monoxide C. nicotine D. tar

tar

Tar in cigarettes disrupts a process called __________. A. ciliary cleansing B. ciliary declination C. the ciliary escalator D. the tar-inducement regulator

the ciliary escalator

A cigarette was an unquestioned sign of sophistication in our society until around __________. A. the mid-1960s B. the mid-1970s C. the mid-1980s D. 2001

the mid-1960s

The most popular brand of moist snuff is __________. A. among the weakest in terms of nicotine content B. the most potent in terms of nicotine content C. the most likely to release carbon monoxide D. ironically, the least likely to jeopardize your health

the most potent in terms of nicotine content

Adjusting the style of tobacco smoking to maintain the intake of steady levels of nicotine is referred to as __________. A. the titration hypothesis B. conditioned smoking C. nicotine maintenance D. the secondary smoke effect

the titration hypothesis

Female smokers are at increased risk of developing a brain hemorrhage or heartattack if __________. A. they alsodrink alcohol and are pregnant B. they alsoare using birth control pills C. they arebetween the ages of seventeen and twenty-five D. they areAsians or of Asian descent

they alsoare using birth control pills

A Bonsack machine was used __________. A. to evaluate the toxicity of cigarettes B. to produce a large quantity of cigarettes C. to dry out tobacco leaves quickly D. to shred tobacco in an efficient manner

to produce a large quantity of cigarettes

As a result of the 1998 tobacco settlement, __________. A. tobacco companies agreed to pay $24 million to find ways to reduce teen smoking B. tobacco companies agreed that they are responsible if the number of teen smokers increases C. individuals are prohibited from suing tobacco companies for the adverse effects on teens D. tobacco companies were not liable to compensate states for treating people with smoking-related illnesses

tobacco companies agreed to pay $24 million to find ways to reduce teen smoking

Nicotine is found as a natural component of __________. A. tobacco exclusively B. leafy plants of many types C. marijuana as well as tobacco D. tobacco once it has been shredded and ground up

tobacco exclusively

The first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health asserted that __________. A. tobacco smoking was linked to cancer and other serious diseases B. nicotine was a dependence-producing drug C. cigarettes were less harmful than cigars D. chewing tobacco led to diseases of the mouth

tobacco smoking was linked to cancer and other serious diseases

Tobacco spitting can be a factor in the spread of which of the following diseases? A. tuberculosis B. bronchitis C. hay fever D. pharyngitis

tuberculosis

The chances of a heart attack decrease after ________ of quitting smoking. A. twenty-four hours B. three months C. 9 nine months D. five to ten years

twenty-four hours

The federal government requires that anyone up to the age of ____ must verify his or her age at the time of purchasing tobacco products. A. twenty-seven B. twenty-five C. twenty-one D. eighteen

twenty-seven

In 2011, only ___ states funded programs at the minimum levels recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A. two B. four C. eight D. ten

two

The elimination half-life of nicotine is about __________. A. thirty minutes to one hour B. two to three hours C. four to five hours D. six to ten hours

two to three hours

The ciliary escalator allows unwanted particles to be swept __________. A. downward into the lungs B. into the bloodstream C. away when the smoker exhales D. upward to the throat, where they are usually swallowed

upward to the throat, where they are usually swallowed

Women who smoke are at an even greater risk of stroke if they are also __________. A. using birth control pills B.abstaining from all other forms of drug-taking behavior C. sexually active D. living in urban communities

using birth control pills

Sidestream smoke is most toxic under which of the following circumstances or conditions? A. when experienced smokers are smoking B. with unfiltered cigarettes C. when inexperienced smokers are smoking D. with filtered cigarettes

with filtered cigarettes

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are __________. A. toxic substances in tobacco smoke B. within the category of the particulate phase C. within the category of the gaseous phase D. classified in a third category

within the category of the gaseous phase