EDUC 331 Exam 1

Among all students, approximately what percent has some type of learning or behavior problem?

15-25%

Which of the following is NOT a specific process in the information-processing system? - Long-term memory - Reinforcement - Attention - Working memory

Reinforcement

According to Smith and Adams (2006), families report what percentage of children with both attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities?

3.7%

In a school where an RTI is implemented, the decision-making team may regularly include all of the following members EXCEPT: - Attorney - School psychologist - Classroom teacher - Special education teacher

Attorney

Which of the following points is relevant to teaching social-emotional skills? * - Provide opportunities for independent learning - Develop cooperative learning - Focus on weaknesses - Develop an internal focus

Develop cooperative learning

The main purpose of positive behavioral intervention and supports (PBIS) is to:

Develop individualized interventions that stress the prevention of problem behaviors.

Mr. Hanson tells his class that if they continue to work hard during math time and finish all their problems, they will not have math homework for that day. By offering the avoidance of math homework, Mr. Hanson is using:

A negative reinforcement

Ian loves working on the computer and is given extra computer time if he finishes all of his math problems during math class. During his computer time, another child, Kamila, often uses the computer next to him. Ian becomes friends with Kamila and they enjoy working together. For Ian, social time with Kamila becomes:

A secondary reinforcer

Which of the following best describes applied behavior analysis (ABA)?

ABA focuses on identifying observable behaviors and manipulating antecedents and consequences

A social skills program that teaches adolescents the social skills they need to interact successfully with peers and adults is called:

ASSET

Which of the following choices is NOT one of the four skills necessary for the successful resolution of interpersonal problems? - Ability to identify the problem - Ability to think of many possible solutions - Ability to avoid alternative solutions - Ability to decide on a goal

Ability to avoid alternative solutions

All of the following are examples of internalizing behaviors EXCEPT: - Aggression - Obsessive-compulsive behavior - Depression - Shyness

Aggression

In the RTI model, students are first screened:

As early as kindergarten

Students go through the following stages of learning in which order as they acquire proficiency in learning?

Entry, acquisition, proficiency, maintenance, generalization, application

All of the following are directly associated with cognitive strategy instruction EXCEPT: - Strategy steps - Positive reinforcement - Cognitive modeling - Verbalization

Positive reinforcement

Within the RTI model, a student who responds poorly to intervention in Tier 2 may be referred for further evaluation and considered for:

Special education

Based on the teaching implications of CSI, which of the following is most likely to promote students' active engagement in learning?

Teach prerequisite skills

Which of the following is the least restrictive setting for a child with learning difficulties in reading? - The child receives support from a special education teacher outside the classroom. - The child receives supplemental instruction from a reading specialist outside the classroom. - The child receives assignments and homework that are modified by the regular classroom teacher. - The child receives assistance from a teaching assistant in a resource room.

The child receives assignments and homework that are modified by the regular classroom teacher.

How often must an IEP be reviewed by the IEP team?

annually

An IEP is one example of a:

performance record

Each week, Mrs. Komentski reviews Charlie's IEP objectives with him. They use a progress chart to record Charlie's progress with knowledge of math facts. By engaging Charlie in the monitoring of the progress, Mrs. Komentski is hoping to improve Charlie's:

self-determination

Which of the following choices is NOT a defining feature of special education? - specialized - individually planned - self-guided - intensive

self-guided

Which of the following choices is NOT a standard use for a progress graph? - percentage of questions answered correctly for an assignment - silent reading rate - speed in completing math facts - students' grades in core subjects

students' grades in core subjects

According to IDEA, students with disabilities who have significant behavior problems that interfere with their own learning or with the learning of other students must undergo:

A functional behavioral assessment.

As communication partners during learning tasks, students with mild intellectual disabilities generally do all of the following EXCEPT: - Begin classroom arguments - Seldom use justification strategies in a conflict - Take on a respondent role in a conflict - Initiate conflicts less often

Begin classroom arguments

All of the following strategies are ways for dealing with attention problems EXCEPT: - Use clear ways of cueing students to obtain their attention - Ignore distracting behavior and inattention - Cue students when they are doing well - Shorten work periods and assignments

Ignore distracting behavior and inattention

Sheila moved to a new high school in the middle of the school year. Her classmates and teacher have noticed that she does some strange things in the classroom. She often sits alone and pretends to smoke invisible cigarettes. When a student walks by her desk she pretends to extinguish the cigarette and blow away the smoke. She often mutters under her breath or talks to an imaginary person under her desk. From this information, Sheila appears to exhibit:

Internalizing behaviors

Cases of physical bullying at school typically peak in students at what age?

Middle school

Tommy has uncontrollable temper tantrums and angry fits without apparent provocation. Sometimes his anger is directed at his classmates; other times, it appears to be directed at no one in particular and for no apparent reason. What type of aggressive behavior does Tommy exhibit?

Outburst aggression

Luis has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and follows a schedule that lists all tasks he needs to do during class time. If he completes the tasks, he gets five extra minutes on the computer at the end of the day. Using the computer is his favorite activity. Which of the following is used to increase Bobby's on-task behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Teacher- and student-led discussions benefit from all EXCEPT which of the following choices? -Students occupy the "talk-time" for extended periods of time. - Teachers ask authentic questions that are linked to the text. - Teachers promote discussions that highlight a more analytic approach. - Students have no say in the discussion topic

Students have no say in the discussion topic

The Council for Exceptional Children recommends that families be involved and notified at least by the time:

The child is in Tier 2 instruction.

All of the following choices are ways in which teachers can address aggression and bullying in the classroom EXCEPT: - All students must understand what types of behaviors are considered aggressive. - The teacher can establish relationships with students and families that provide support. - The teacher must intervene in all scenarios rather than allowing students to resolve their own conflicts. - Teachers can establish a no-tolerance rule regarding aggressive behavior.

The teacher must intervene in all scenarios rather than allowing students to resolve their own conflicts.

Within the RTI model, how often is learning progress assessed for students who are making adequate progress?

Three times a year

Dereck did not respond to Tier 2 intervention, though his teacher used research-based instruction. The cause may reasonably be attributed to which of the following?

The teaching method may not be effective with Dereck.

What percentage of students identified as emotionally disturbed spend at least 80 % of the day in general education classrooms?

37%

Prior to the RTI model of early screening, the prevailing model for identifying at-risk students was known as which of the following? - "Teachers beware" model - "Wait to fail" model - Universal screening - "Ask the parents" model

"Wait to fail" model

Which of the following choices refers to a previously neutral behavior that is paired with a reinforcer and therefore takes on reinforcing properties of its own? - a positive reinforcer - an antecedent - a secondary reinforcer - a negative reinforcer

a secondary reinforcer

According to the Office of Special Education Programs (2001), the exact prevalence of learning disabilities is unknown. The rate is estimated to be which of the following?

2%-5%

Three schools in the same district have implemented RTI at their schools. Their frameworks for implementing RTI are all different. Which of the following is NOT considered a critical and essential component? - Provision of secondary intervention when students fall behind (Tier 2) - Screening and progress monitoring - A low ratio of students to teachers - Access to increasingly intensive interventions based on students' needs

A low ratio of students to teachers

Mr. Peralta has a student in his class who engages in severe tantrum behavior. He is working with the special education teacher and the behavioral support specialist on some strategies to reduce the severity of the tantrums. Each time a tantrum occurs, he records the length of time that it lasts to determine any change in the behavior. This type of sampling is called:

Duration sampling.

When a student has an IEP, who writes the instructional plan?

General education teacher

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? - Difficulty with impulse control or delay of gratification - Excessive activity and restlessness - Low energy and delayed gratification - Easily distracted with difficulty demonstrating sustained attention to tasks

Low energy and delayed gratification

A teacher scowls at a student until the student works. After the teacher stops scowling, the student continues to work successfully. Within the applied behavioral analysis framework, the removal of the scowl is considered:

Negative reinforcement

In the RTI model, students who make minimal gains even after high-quality, intensive instruction are said to be:

Nonresponders

Students with social-emotional difficulties may be unable to function adequately in the general education classroom for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: - Attention problems and hyperactivity - Pacifism - Communication difficulties - Interruptions

Pacifism

Researchers recently met with a team of special education teachers who have experience with RTI implementation. What did they conclude about the RTI model?

RTI cannot fix learning disabilities

Ms. Hawley wants her students to improve in their cooperative learning skills. Which of the following instructional arrangements is most appropriate?

Small-group instruction

Designing instruction refers to:

Using assessment data to plan for effective instruction

Spencer is in the 8th grade and can read 4th grade texts independently but struggles to understand more advanced level texts. The reading specialist works with Spencer in a small group to read 6th grade level texts. When the teacher guides Spencer and paraphrases after each paragraph, Spencer can successfully answer 6th grade comprehension questions. Based on this information, what is Spencer's zone of proximal development for reading?

approaching 6th grade level

Progress monitoring involves all of the following EXCEPT: - Frequent and ongoing assessment of student knowledge. - Examination of student data to evaluate instruction. - Frequent and ongoing assessment of student skills. - Annual administration of IQ testing

Annual administration of IQ testing

The purpose of social-emotional training includes all of the following techniques EXCEPT: - Avoid communication with others when possible - Adapt to situations that are new or unexpected - Use coping strategies for responding to emotional upsets - Solve problems and make decisions quickly

Avoid communication with others when possible

Which of the following is NOT true about an IEP goal?

An IEP goal may address parent needs.

Which of the following choices is NOT a component of metacognition? - The ability to use self-regulatory strategies to monitor the thinking processes - An awareness of your own behavior and which reinforcers work and do not work - An awareness of what skills, strategies, and resources are needed to perform a cognitive task - The ability to undertake fix-up strategies when processing is not going smoothly

An awareness of your own behavior and which reinforcers work and do not work

The application of applied behavior analysis (ABA) principles to change maladaptive behaviors is referred to as:

Behavioral therapy

Which of the following illustrates the use of instructional and curricular adaptations to help struggling learners succeed? - Working with a variety of professionals; monitoring student progress - Using cooperative learning; establishing goals and objectives for the lesson - Accessing resources; collaborating with other professionals; integrating technology into instruction - Breaking a task or activity into steps; providing content at a lower reading level

Breaking a task or activity into steps; providing content at a lower reading level

Pragmatic communication skills include all of the following EXCEPT: - Turn-taking - Interaction - Competing - Eye contact

Competing

All of the following choices are examples of instructional features that incorporate executive functioning EXCEPT: - Decreasing undesirable behavior through consequences - Relating new learning to existing schemas - Activating prior knowledge - Teaching and monitoring the use of metacognitive strategies

Decreasing undesirable behavior through consequences

What is the first step in conducting an effective functional behavioral assessment (FBA)?

Define the target behavior in behavioral terms.

Mrs. Henderson is a behavior support specialist who observes the disruptive behavior of a child in a class. She observes for one hour and records how many times the student gets out of his or her seat and calls out in class. This type of measurement is called:

Event sampling.

Jose is an expert at exhibiting behaviors that are disturbing and upsetting to other students as well as to teachers. Last year, his classroom behavior frustrated his teacher to the point of tears. Jose displays:

Externalizing behaviors

Amanda frequently laughs out loud at inappropriate times during class discussion. She likes the reaction of other students and her teacher when they look at her and scold her to be quiet. Her teacher ignores these outbursts and also advises the students to ignore those who interrupt discussion. To eliminate Amanda's behavior, her teacher is using:

Extinction

Rolling Hills Elementary does not implement RTI and currently adheres to a traditional method of identifying students with learning disabilities (IQ-achievement discrepancy). Jose is a child who is struggling with reading in the second grade. His teacher refers him for an evaluation and his scores indicate below-average performance on an IQ test as well as on an achievement test. Which of the following choices best describes Jose?

He will receive intensive Tier 2 support.

The Circle of Friends intervention has been evaluated by 6-12-year-old students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following choices is NOT a purpose of Circle of Friends? - Learn to interact with students who have emotional or behavioral problems - Help students develop long-lasting friendships - Learn to support students with emotional or behavioral problems - Establish a supportive meeting each week

Help students develop long-lasting friendships

Which of the following is NOT a decision we as learners control within the learning process? - Which stimuli we choose to attend - How we store info for later retrieval - Whether to rely more on feature analysis or context and prior knowledge - How long information can be stored in our long-term memory

How long information can be stored in our long-term memory

Which of the following is NOT an instructional implication of social learning? - Students' sociocultural backgrounds should have no impact on learning - Instruction is designed to facilitate cooperation and mutual respect among students - Instruction should provide opportunities for mediated learning - Learning and teaching should be embedded in meaningful and socially relevant activities

Instructional should provide opportunities for mediated learning.

In measuring the target behaviors for applied behavior analysis (ABA), which of the following choices explores whether a behavior occurs during a specific period of time?

Interval sampling

Self-concept of students with learning disabilities or behavior problems is an excellent predictor of their achievement. Which of the following choices would be the best way to increase the self-concept of students with disabilities?

Involve them in extracurricular activities such as sports or music

Sofia, a third grade student in Mr. Lowry's class, is learning to speak English. She is not responding well to Tier 2 interventions in reading. What reasoning should educators follow in making decisions about her learning?

Language limitations may cause Sofia's lack of progress.

Ms. Flores is the only teacher in a fourth-grade classroom. She needs to provide one-to-one instruction for a struggling student. Which of the following grouping formats is NOT recommended for the rest of the class? - Independent learning - Cooperative learning - Peer tutoring - Large-group instruction

Large-group instruction

What might be a Tier 1 component of schoolwide behavioral support in a response to intervention (RTI) model?

Screen for behavior problems schoolwide.

The general education teacher is typically responsible for which of the following? - Providing interventions in all tiers - Teaching Tier 1 and providing Tier 2 interventions - Providing interventions for Tier 3 - Teaching the general education curriculum without providing support for any tiers

Teaching Tier 1 and providing Tier 2 interventions

All of the following choices are true about Tier 1 instruction EXCEPT: - Tier 1 provides research-based instruction - General education teachers provide Tier 1 instruction - Tier 1 provides intensive instruction for students who struggle in general education - Tier 1 is for all students

Tier 1 provides intensive instruction for students who struggle in general education

In a schoolwide behavioral support program, students who display similar behavior problems might receive an intervention that provides additional supports, prompts, feedback, and acknowledgment to ensure that behavior changes occur. Which stage of RTI does this describe?

Tier 2

Which of the following choices is NOT true of Tier 3 intervention? - Instruction takes place individually or in small groups of two or three students. - Tier 3 intervention is typically provided for a longer period of time than Tier 2. - Tier 3 is part of the universal screening process in an RTI system. - Tier 3 is for students who continue to experience difficulties during Tier 2.

Tier 3 is part of the universal screening process in an RTI system.

Adolescent suicide attempts are generally made for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: - To hurt or get back at others - To achieve fame and publicity - To escape stress or stressful situations - To demonstrate to others how desperate they are

To achieve fame and publicity

Mr. Goodenough teaches a 6th grade language arts class. He has collaborated with the special education teacher to measure the reading fluency of 4 struggling readers in his class. Each week, they use 100-word passages from the reading curriculum and record fluency rates over time. This type of performance monitoring is called:

Curriculum-based measurement

Which of the following choices identifies a practice that was established after IDEA (2004)? - requires school districts to abandon the IQ-achievement discrepancy criterion - recommends that school districts provide a single-tiered intervention strategy - recommends that students be provided with interventions at the first sign they are struggling - requires segregation of services between general and special education

IDEA (2004) recommends that students be provided with interventions at the first sign they are struggling

All of the following statements about universal screening are true EXCEPT: - It provides information about class performance and where teachers might need further professional development. - It occurs only at the Tier 3 level. - It is an essential component of RTI - It is a quick way to identify general performance levels of students

It occurs only at the Tier 3 level.

Parker is a 1st grader who struggles with math. When he gets frustrated, he provokes other children in class by hitting and biting. Before each in-class math assignment, the teacher calls Parker to her desk and reminds him how well he did on the previous assignment and shows him a graph of his improved grades. She provides him with a modified assignment and then has him sit with a math buddy. Parker's teacher reduces his undesired behavior by:

Manipulating antecedents

What percentage of students with specific learning disabilities spend at least 80% of the day in general education classrooms?

59%

The percentage of learners that should make adequate progress in Tier 1 and meet grade-level expectations is approximately:

80%

Which of the following choices is NOT a key practice for scaffolding instruction? - Avoid using questions to guide instruction and feedback. - Increase transfer of independent learning - Initially provide more teacher support and then fade support as a student's proficiency increases - Use diagnostic strategies to inform instruction

Avoid using questions to guide information and feedback

Some researchers recommend a standard treatment protocol for providing interventions. Others recommend a problem-solving model. All of the following statements are true about the standard treatment protocol EXCEPT: - Different treatments are used for different children with similar problems. - Empirically validated treatments are used for children with similar problems. - Fidelity of implementation is ensured through standardized interventions. - Interventions are provided in a standardized format.

Different treatments are used for different children with similar problems.

Mr. Ketten's class has 10 minutes of silent reading each day. For each minute that the whole class is silent during this reading period, Mr. Ketten adds 1 minute to their recess time. This practice is best described by which of the following choices? - Negative reinforcement - Group contingencies - Secondary reinforcement - Shaping

Group contingencies

Students who have difficulty maintaining appropriate behavior can be helped to increase appropriate behavior most effectively through:

Peer monitoring and support

Which of the following strategies is NOT used as an antecedent to influence the: - Providing negative reinforcement - Establishing classroom rules - Manipulating instructional content - Arranging the room in specific ways

Providing negative reinforcement

Which of the following statements might be an annual goal for a student with a reading disability who reads below grade level? - Read 3 new sight words correctly each week - Read a paragraph with 2 fewer errors - Increase reading speed from 50 to 53 words per minute - Read at grade level by the end of the year

Read at grade level by the end of the year

Which of the following choices is an aversive procedure in which a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed after each occurrence of the target behavior?

Response cost

A setting in which an individual receives little or no instruction with non-disabled peers is considered:

Restrictive

Challenges to implementing an RTI approach include all of the following EXCEPT: - The ability to provide high-quality research-based instruction in writing beyond the 3rd grade. - The extent to which validated instructional practices exist in academic areas other than reading - Questions about who provides more intensive secondary and tertiary interventions. - The extent to which general education teachers will provide professional development for special education teachers.

The extent to which general education teachers will provide professional development for special education teachers.

Which of the following is NOT required as part of an individualized education program? - When services begin and duration of services and modifications - The student's IQ score - Annual goals - The extent to which the student will not participate in general education classes

The student's IQ score

Which of the following is NOT a consideration when determining the severity of a learning or behavior problem? - Speed of progress - Persistence of the problem - The student's grade level - The student's motivation

The student's grade level

Over the past 30 years, the field of learning disabilities has struggled with the following challenges EXCEPT: - They provide interventions of increasing intensity when students continue to struggle. - They make important educational decisions based on data. - They provide universal screening to identify students at risk. - They use only certified special education teachers for interventions in Tiers 1-3.

They use only certified special education teachers for interventions in Tiers 1-3.

After 8 weeks of school, Natalia has not responded well to her 2nd grade classroom instruction in reading. In an RTI system, what is most likely recommended next for Natalia at this point?

Tier 2 intervention

Which of the following choices is NOT true of Tier 2 instruction? - Tier 2 interventions are provided in special education classrooms. - Tier 2 instruction is more intensive than Tier 1 instruction. - Tier 2 interventions are provided in small groups - Tier 2 instruction is for students who are not making adequate progress in Tier 1.

Tier 2 interventions are provided in special education classrooms

According to IDEA, when must parents be informed of their child's progress towards goals?

When report cards are issued for all students

All of the following are concerns about using IQ-achievement discrepancy as a measure of identifying learning disability EXCEPT: - The discrepancy is difficult to determine with young children. - Formal IQ and achievement tests are expensive to administer. - Young children ages 5-7 do not benefit from prevention programs. - IQ tests provide little information to assist teachers in improving or modifying their instruction

Young children ages 5-7 do not benefit from prevention programs.

Interviewing a student about the things he/she likes and that would be reinforcing to them:

helps a teacher decide what reinforcer to use

Mr. Nicoletti has made a written agreement with one student in his class who has difficulty with reading. If the student completes additional reading homework with his parents' supervision 3 days a week, the student can get an extra hour of computer time every Friday. They each agree on the terms of the agreement and sign a written form. This is an example of:

A contigency contract

The latest reauthorization of IDEA (2004) mandates that

All students should be educated in the least restrictive environment possible.

Self-determination refers to:

An individual's ability to make important decisions about life.

Most students with learning and behavior problems receive most of their education in what setting?

General education classroom

When a target behavior transfers across settings, persons, and materials, which stage of learning has been completed?

Generalization

Since the category of "learning disabilities" was established, the number of students identified with this label has:

Increased by more than 200 %.

Mr. Harris explains to the students how they should work in pairs. First, he models what he would like them to do and then explains 4 different activities in a row. Throughout his 30-minute explanation, he provides several examples. He prompts students to listen by saying, "Settle down and pay attention, please. We have a lot to cover today." He becomes frustrated when his students fidget and become distracted. He could improve his instruction by:

Limiting teacher talk and increasing opportunities for student response.

Self-monitoring procedures have been used for students who have learning and behavior problems by providing all EXCEPT which of the following choices? - Prompts to remind the student to self-monitor - Encouragement to self-monitor - Modeling for how to self-monitor - Lower expectations for students who self-monitor

Lower the expectation for students who self-monitor

Which of the following demonstrates the importance of inclusion for students with learning and behavior problems? - Young children with disabilities receive interventions at a later age. - More youth with disabilities graduate from high school. - For children with disabilities, being included in general education does not change their academic performance. - More children with disabilities receive instruction in special education settings.

More youth with disabilities graduate from high school.

The most frequently suggested alternative to traditional IQ-achievement discrepancy approaches for identifying students with learning disabilities is:

RTI

Ms. Fonteneau is using a technique designed to foster comprehension monitoring. With this technique, she and her students take turns leading dialogue that focus on their knowledge of the information they are studying. This technique is called:

Reciprocal teaching

All of the following choices identify benefits of productive teacher and student-led conversations EXCEPT: - Higher-level thinking - Student "talk-time" - Removal of undesirable behaviors - Open-ended questions

Removal of undesirable behaviors

Another concept of social learning refers to the role of the teacher or expert who encourages learners by providing temporary and adjustable support as they develop new skills, strategies, and knowledge. This is referred to as:

Scaffolding instruction

Cedar Hills School District has decided to encourage its schools to implement RTI, but implementation is not mandatory. The teachers at one of the schools, Cedar Grove Elementary, have just attended an RTI conference with the principal. Half of the teachers at Cedar Grove are interested in implementing RTI on a trial basis and the other half want to continue with their traditional instruction and intervention framework. What would be the best option for Cedar Grove Elementary at this moment?

Seek additional information about RTI from schools that are implementing RTI

According to Axelrod (1998), group contingencies include which of the following steps? - Let only one member of the group know they are behaving appropriately - Reinforce and shape all behaviors - Choose a behavior most students cannot perform - Select only one behavior to change

Select only one behavior to change

Which of the following illustrates that Sergio has an IQ-achievement discrepancy that may be used to indicate that he has a learning disabilities? - ...scores on an IQ test are average & he his performing well in class - ...scores on two different IQ tests are significantly different - ...scores on an IQ test are higher than his standard. achievement test. - ...scores on a standard. test are higher than his score on an IQ test

Sergio scores on an IQ test are higher than his scores on a standardized achievement test.

Mr. Sanchez is teaching his 1st graders how to tell better stories. His class creates stories together as the students engage in interactive dialogue. Mr. Sanchez takes into account each student's suggestion and helps the class come to a consensus about the formation of the plot and characters. As they discuss the outline of the story, Mr. Sanchez takes notes on the overhead projector. Which approach to learning and teaching is most reflected in this method of instruction?

Social learning and interactive dialogue

Mrs. Jones is a new teacher who is introducing multiplication to her students for the first time. She begins by asking a couple of students what their favorite numbers are. One student says 2 and another says 12. Mrs. Jones shows them how to multiply numbers by 2 and then shows them how to multiple numbers by 12. Her students are confused because the sequencing of teaching needs to be more:

Systematic

It is advised that parents understand all of the following information about their child's intervention plans EXCEPT: - The length of time that will be allowed for the intervention to have a positive effect. - A description of the specific intervention - The names of other students in their intervention group - The number of minutes per day intervention will be implemented

The names of other students in their intervention group

Which of the following choices most accurately describes the instructional cycle? - The process of teaching a particular concept, and then asking questions to check for understanding. - The process of setting instructional goals, planning and delivery instruction, evaluating and modifying instruction - The receptivity of the learner to listen, engage, complete tasks, and monitor learning in the instructional setting - The beliefs and attitudes of the teacher, which should be considered when planning for instruction

The process of setting instructional goals, planning and delivering instruction, evaluating and modifying instruction.

Universal screening in reading and sometimes math is an essential component of the RTI model at the:

Tier 1 level

Mr. Galuska wants his 1st grade student to add numbers quickly and automatically. However, the student can only add numbers when using fingers or manipulatives. Using concepts of applied behavior analysis, what must Mr. Galuska do?

Use shaping and reinforce responses that more closely approximate the target

Which of the following choices refers to the use of a variety of grouping practices that change depending on the goals and objectives for the lesson?

flexible grouping

Which of the following techniques is most frequently used to differentiate instruction? - heterogeneous grouping - flexible grouping - grade reporting - whole-class lecture

flexible grouping

Which of the following tools is used to measure and report a student's progress across time (for a grading period, a semester, or a year)? - stopwatch - performance record - progress chart - progress graph

performance record

Mia struggles with reading and dislikes language arts. During language arts, she frequently pokes the student in the seat next to her and often wanders around the room. Her teacher puts her in time-out. Mia likes to sit by herself and stare at the pictures on the wall during time-out. For Mia, time-out is not effective because it:

positively reinforces her undesirable behavior

Sophie exhibits social skills difficulties in her 2nd grade classroom. She often displays defiant behavior toward other students and lashes out verbally or physically when she becomes frustrated. Her language skills are delayed for her age. She sees a speech-language therapist twice a week for small group instruction. The type of support she receives by the speech-language therapist is considered:

specialized instruction

How many general education teachers do special education teachers generally work with to coordinate students' services?

5 to 10

If the combination of a schoolwide behavioral support model and group interventions does not result in improved behavior, then more specific and intensive intervention focused at the student level is introduced and monitored in:

A Tier 3 RTI (response to intervention) model

In the RTI model, students who receive interventions and make expected academic gains are described by which of the following terms or labels?

Adequate responders

The intensity of instruction should be increased by all of the following choices EXCEPT: - By ensuring that the instruction is even more carefully tailored to the student's needs - By reducing group size - By increasing the amount of instructional time - By increasing the number of teachers in the classroom

By increasing the number of teachers in the classroom

Self-correcting materials provide students with immediate feedback. Which of the following could most likely be used as a self-correcting material?

Computer program

All of the following choices are true about the strategy of verbalization EXCEPT: - Students can be more active participants in their learning using verbalization - Covert verbalization is used before overt verbalization - Verbalization can be used as a form of self-monitoring - Verbalization is a common feature of cognitive strategy instruction

Covert verbalization is used before overt verbalization

Mr. Corbin is working with a small group of students who need additional instruction in reading. He engages the remainder of the class in independent learning. What is the purpose of using independent learning as a grouping format?

To allow students to practice a skill they have already learned

Ms. Chen provides extra instruction for a small group of students who struggle to understand a new concept. Ms. Chen's approach illustrates which of the following? - Time Management - Quick pacing - Screening - Differentiating

Differentiating

All of the following are general implications for teaching students to use executive functioning EXCEPT: - Provide cues to students so that they can be guided to the relevant tasks or salient features of the task - Discourage the activation of schemas and modification of schemas - Have the students use the context to aid in perception - Have students study the critical feature differences between stimuli when trying to perceive differences

Discourage the activation of schemas and modification of schemas

Before RTI, the typical method for a student to qualify as having a learning disability was to exhibit a discrepancy between:

IQ and achievement

For the teacher, the first stage of cognitive strategy instruction is:

Identification of the steps of a task

Within the RTI model, the purpose of screening measures is:

To help teachers pinpoint where a student is having difficulties.

Cooperative learning involves four basic elements. These elements include all of the following EXCEPT: - Collaborative skills - Interdependence - Individual accountability - Group accountability

Group accountability

Carla has the following goal on her IEP: "Carla will improve her reading by the end of the year." How would you assess this goal?

It is vague.

At Oak Grove School, more than half of the students did not reach benchmarks for reading at midyear. What should be the next step of the school?

To observe the teachers and ensure that the program is well implemented

Mr. Chan teaches the students in his 6th language arts class to edit by demonstrating how he edits a paragraph that he has written. He reads a paragraph out loud and stops after every sentence to ask himself if the sentence makes sense. He tells the students that he is looking for spelling and grammatical errors. Then he explains that he skims the paragraph backwards to make sure there are no mistakes that he missed. Which strategy is Mr. Chan using to teach his students editing?

Modeling

Which of the following characterizes nondisabled students more than their peers with learning disabilities? - At greater risk for social alienation and rejection - Perceived as having lower social status and social skills - More likely to make new friends - Less accepted by peers

More likely to make new friends

Which of the following choices is NOT a typical result of progress monitoring? - Improved accountability - More special education referrals - Increased learning - Better communication with family and other professionals.

More special education referrals

Which of the following statements about positive reinforcement is NOT true? - Elementary students find public recognition more rewarding than older students. - Positive reinforcement is considerably less effective at the secondary level. - Based on observations, teachers provide low levels of positive reinforcement. - Secondary students prefer to receive individual feedback.

Positive reinforcement is considerably less effective at the secondary level.

Traditionally, when students first showed signs of struggling academically or behaviorally, the prevailing approach was to wait and hope that their progress would improve over time. What does IDEA (reauthorized in 2004) recommend as a means of preventing learning and behavior difficulties?

RTI (response to intervention)

Which one of the following statements about social learning and interactive dialogue is NOT true? - Learning is a social event - Teachers and students discuss what they are learning - Teachers and students discuss how they are going about learning - Teachers can perform no form of modeling

Teachers perform no form of modeling

Nicole enjoys math but hates reading. Her teacher tells her that she can do her math problems only after she finishes her reading assignment. This example illustrates the use of:

The Premack Principle

Students in which group may be provided special education services?

Tiers 3 & 4

All of the following are true about time-outs EXCEPT: - Time-out is frequently used inappropriately. - Secluded time-out areas or contingent restraints have legal implications. - Time-out involves leaving an environment that is not reinforcing. - It involves removing a student from the opportunity to receive any reinforcement.

Time-out involves leaving an environment that is not reinforcing.

Students are taught a strategy to try to decipher unfamiliar words that they read. Their teacher gives them a list of questions to help them figure out new words. The questions include: "Does the word have any parts that I recognize?" "Is the word a noun or a verb?" "Are there clues in the sentence to help me understand the word?" Their teacher does all the following EXCEPT: - Use positive reinforcement - Use cognitive strategy instruction - Teacher her students reflective thinking - Teach her students self-regulation

Use positive reinforcement

All of the following choices are ways to increase opportunities for student response in the classroom EXCEPT: - using independent responding - limiting teacher talk - increasing independent seat work - using choral responding

increasing independent seat work

Teaching students to consider problems carefully before responding to them and to consider alternatives and their consequences is the purpose of which of the following programs?

FAST

Sheila was placed in Tier 2 intervention after her reading scores fell below the benchmark in September. She participated in 10 weeks of intervention and Tier 2 was discontinued when she scored above the benchmark. During progress monitoring 10 weeks later, her scores fell below the benchmark. Only 5 percent of students in her class had scores below the benchmark at this time. What is the RTI team likely to recommend as the next step?

Place Sheila back in Tier 2 intervention

Once a month, the RTI team at Live Oak Elementary meets to discuss the progress of struggling students by analyzing progress monitoring data. Students are moved among Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 instruction based on their results of progress monitoring measures. Error analysis of specific measures is performed to determine where students are struggling. Instructional strategies are discussed and suggestions for modifications are presented if certain students are not progressing. This school is most likely using which approach in making instructional decisions?

Problem-solving model

Social skills that students with learning and behavior disorders frequently need to be taught include all of the following EXCEPT: - Body language - Greetings - Giving and receiving feedback - Remaining quiet during conversation

Remaining quiet during conversation

Instructional games help students with learning and behavior problems by providing practice with academic skills. Mrs. Meyer wants to use dominoes and design a game for her students. The first step in designing an instructional game is to determine the purpose of the game, such as providing practice. What is the second step?

To adapt a game that can be used to practice the skill