Egee Lesson 4+5

An old refrigerator consumes 178 W of power. Assuming that the refrigerator operates for 15 hours every day, what is the annual operating cost of the refrigerator, if the cost of electricity is $0.06 per kWh?

$58.47 Annual operating cost = 178/1000 x 15 x 0.06 x 365 = $58.473

Buying an expensive energy efficient water heater will most likely save _____ in the long-term.

Both money and energy Buying an expensive energy efficient water heater will most likely saves both money and energy in the long-term

As an individual, what steps can I take to reduce acid rain?

Buy a total electric vehicle and buy only electricity from renewable sources

Which one of the following chemicals leads to the destruction of ozone?

CFCs CFCs lead to the destruction of ozone

Which pollutant comes primarily from burning gasoline or diesel in internal combustion engines?

CO

Modified Energy Factor is used for

Clothes Washers

Which of the following appliances uses modified energy factor to express energy efficiency?

Clothes washer Clothes washer uses modified energy factor to express energy efficiency

Acid rain causes which of the following effects?

Corrosion of metals and some types of stone

What is the term used to define the energy efficiency of a dishwasher?

EF Energy Factor (EF) is used to define energy efficiency of a dishwasher.

What kind of label do highly energy efficient appliances have?

Energy Star label Highly Energy efficient appliances have an Energy Star label.

Substances commonly used as refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators and freezers cause which of the following effects

Enlarges the 'ozone hole'

The Energy Guide labels must specify the _____ of the particular model.

Estimated annual energy consumption The Energy Guide labels must specify the following information: 1. The capacity of the particular model (for refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, and water heaters); 2. The estimated annual energy consumption of the model (for air conditioners, heat pumps, furnaces, boilers, and pool heaters); 3. The range of estimated annual energy consumption, or energy efficiency ratings, of comparable appliances.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a component of NOx.

FALSE Nitrogen into nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Together they are called NOx.

SO2 is a secondary pollutant.

FALSE The pollutants that are emitted directly from a combustion process are called "primary pollutants."

Carbon dioxide is the only product when burning coal.

FALSE Carbon in the fuel combines with the oxygen in the air used for burning and forms carbon dioxide In case there is not enough oxygen for complete oxidation, carbon monoxide (CO) may form

VOCs (unburnt hydrocarbons) are secondary pollutants.

FALSE The pollutants that are emitted directly from a combustion process are called "primary pollutants"

Since 1980 in the United States, there has been a direct correlation between levels of pollution and economic growth, population growth and energy consumption.

False

There has historically been a 'hole' in the ozone layer over Antarctica and the Arctic

False

Natural gas water heaters are cheaper to install than electric water heaters.

False Natural gas water heaters cost more to install than electric water heater. Electric water heaters are cheaper to install than natural gas water heaters.

NOx are secondary pollutants.

False The pollutants that are emitted directly from a combustion process are called "primary pollutants."

Ground level ozone is produced directly by combustion.

False Ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms from the primary pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight.

The primary source for nitrogen oxide emissions in the US is power plant

False The primary sources of NOx are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels

Which gas in the atmosphere has the biggest greenhouse effect?

H2O

In the last 150 years the amount of methane (a greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere has _____.

Increased In the last 150 years the amount of methane (a greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere has increased

Which one of the following is true about the ozone hole?

It has a variable area throughout the year. Ozone hole has a variable area throughout the year

Compact fluorescent light usually has a _____ compared to an incandescent bulb producing the same number of lumens.

Longer life

The most common measure of light output (or luminous flux) is the _____.

Lumen

Kate is remodeling her kitchen. She goes shopping for a refrigerator. She finds three models that suit her needs. Model A - Price $474, estimated energy cost per yr $43 Model B - Price $413, estimated energy cost per yr $47 Model C - Price $490, estimated energy cost per yr $40 All three models have an estimated lifetime of 10 yrs. She needs help in deciding which one to buy. Which model would you recommend to Kate that makes most economical sense?

Model B Model A: Lifecycle cost = $474 + $43/yr x 10yrs = $904 Model B: Lifecycle cost = $413 + $47/yr x 10yrs = $883 Model C: Lifecycle cost = $490 + $40/yr x 10yrs = $890

Refrigerators are heat _____.

Movers

Refrigerators are heat _________.

Movers Refrigerators are heat movers.

Nitric acid is formed when _____.

NO is oxidized in the atmosphere to form NO2 and then dissolved in clouds Most of the NOx that is emitted is in the form of NO. This NO is oxidized in the atmosphere to NO2. NO2 is soluble in water and forms HNO2 (nitric acid)

Which pollutant comes primarily from burning fuels in internal combustion engines and in power plants?

NOx

What are the main primary pollutants behind urban smog?

NOx from automobile exhausts, VOCs from industry

Which gases contribute to ozone formation at the ground level?

Nitrogen Oxides Ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms from the primary pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight.

Energy Factor for Dish Washers is expressed as

Number of washes per kWh

Sulfur when burned forms _____.

SO2 Sulfur turns into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen into nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Sulfuric acid is formed when _____.

SO2 is oxidized in the atmosphere to form SO3 and then dissolved in clouds SO2 when emitted into the atmosphere slowly oxidizes to SO3. SO3 is readily soluble in water in the clouds and forms H2SO4 (sulfuric acid).

Which pollutant comes primarily from burning coal in power plants?

SOx

Ozone is a _____.

Secondary pollutant

Which gases contribute to the acid rain formation? (select all that apply)

Sulfur dioxide & Nitrogen Oxides

Global climate change critics argue that due to increased concentration of CO2 we are seeing more forestation and that climate change is not a serious problem.

TRUE

Leaking faucets can increase your energy costs.

TRUE

Tungsten-halogen lamps operate at very high temperatures (high enough to literally fry eggs) and should not be used in fixtures that have paper- or cellulose-lined sockets.

TRUE

CFCs are created only by humans.

TRUE CFC is a man-made chemical

Burning of a fossil fuel is a reaction of elements in the fuel with oxygen

TRUE The carbon the fuel combines with the oxygen in the air used for burning and forms carbon dioxide. In case there is not enough oxygen for complete oxidation, carbon monoxide (CO) may form. Hydrogen (H) in the fuel oxidizes by combining with oxygen (O) and forms water.

The primary source for nitrogen oxide emissions in the US is motor vehicles

TRUE The primary sources of NOx are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels

Frost build up reduces the efficiency of freezers.

TRUE Frost build-up in the freezer can reduce their efficiency.

Horizontal axis (front loading) clothes washer are more efficient compared to top loading models.

TRUE Horizontal axis (front loading) clothes washer are more efficient compared to top loading models

The atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration changed prior to the pre-industrial periods.

TRUE The ice core samples indicated that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and temperatures fluctuated in the past significantly.

You can save up to 1/3 of your dishwasher operating costs by allowing the dishes to air dry rather than go through the dry cycle.

TRUE You can save up to 1/3 of your dishwasher operating costs by allowing the dishes to air dry rather than go through the dry cycle.

The largest ozone hole is located over:

The Antarctic circle. Recent studies by NASA and other have indicated that about 40 percent of the ozone in the Antarctica has been destroyed and about 7 percent of ozone is destroyed from the Arctic Circle. The destruction of ozone is also called "Ozone Hole."

Greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation in the atmosphere which is radiated back from the Earth.

True Infrared radiation comes in from the sun and without greenhouse gases, all this radiation would escape into the space.

Stratospheric ozone layer is good for us because it prevents harmful ________ radiation from reaching the earth

UV Stratospheric ozone layer is good for us because it prevents harmful UV radiation from reaching the earth

Which one of the following countries has the highest carbon dioxide emissions?

United States United State has the highest carbon dioxide emissions

Particulate matter (PM) is the general term used to describe _____.

a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air Particulate matter (PM) is the general term used to describe a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air

You are at the most risk of lung damage due to smog if you are _____.

a young child You are at the most risk of lung damage due to smog if you are a young child

Kimonoski takes a 10-minute shower every day. The shower uses about 1.6 gal per minute of water. He also uses 25 gallons of hot water per day for clothes and dish washers. The hot water heats the water from 60 to 110 F. What is the total energy required per week for hot water?

119105 BTUs

John purchased 13473 kWh of electricity and 3930 CCF of natural gas in a year. The cost of electricity is 6.9 cents/kWh and that of natural gas is 1.1 dollars per CCF. Assuming that 1 CCF of natural gas has 100,000 BTUs and 1 kWh has 3412 BTUs, what is the average cost of 1 MMBTUs for John.

12 Dollars

Water heaters are typically set to _____.

120 degrees F

Water heaters are typically set to _____degrees F.

120 degrees F Water heaters are typically set to 120 degrees F.

Calculate the amount of heat energy required to heat 185 lbs of water from 61oF to 134oF.

13505 Btus Amount of heat energy required = 185 * (134 - 61) = 13505 BTUs.

Normally dishwashers require a water temperature of

140 F Normally dishwashers require a water temperature of 140 F

Calculate the amount of heat energy required to heat 234 lbs of water from 59oF to 125oF.

15444 Btus Amount of heat energy required = 234 x (125-59) = 15444 BTUs

126 gal of water is heated in a heater from 57oF to 128oF everyday by a family. What is the annual energy requirement of the water heater?

27101907 Btus 1 gal of water weighs 8.3 lbs Annual Energy requirement = 126 x 8.3 x (128-57) x 365 = 27101907 BTUs

112 gal of water is heated in a heater from 55oF to 136oF everyday by a family. What is the annual energy requirement of the water heater?

27483624 Btus 1 gal of water weighs 8.3 lbs Annual Energy requirement = 112 x 8.3 x (136-55) x 365 = 27483624 BTUs

155 gal of water is heated in a heater from 63oF to 123oF everyday by a family. What is the annual energy requirement of the water heater?

28174350 1 gal of water weighs 8.3 lbs Annual Energy requirement = 155 x 8.3 x (123-63) x 365 = 28174350 BTUs

The kitchen in your house measures 8 ft by 10 ft. You need to have 50 footcandles of illumination in the room. How many 40 watt bulbs will be required if one bulb emits 500 lumens. (1 footcandle = 1 lumen/sq.ft)

8 bulbs Area of the room = 8 x 10 = 80 sq.ft Lumens required = 50 x 80 = 4000 lumens # of bulbs required = 4000/500 = 8 bulbs

The clothes washer in your house consumes 428 kWh of energy per year. Price of the washer is $356 and the lifetime of the washer is 10 yrs. Energy price in your city is 11 cents per kWh. What is the lifecycle cost of the clothes washer? (assumes a maintenance cost of $17 per year)

996.80 $ Lifecycle Cost = $356 + (428 kWh x 10 yrs x 11 cents / 100) + ($17 x 10 yrs) = $996.8

How can you reduce your water heating bill (which accounts for about 14 percent of the average utility bill)?

A ) use less hot water B ) turn down the thermostat on your water heater C ) insulate your water heater D ) buy a new, more efficient water heater E ) *all* Water heating bills can be reduced by turning down the thermostat on your water heater, replacing the old water heater with new more efficient water heater, use less hot water, insulate your water heater.

Normal rain in unpolluted areas is naturally

Acidic

What steps can I take to reduce ground-level ozone and smog?

Anything that reduces the number of miles I drive in my city will reduce smog: consolidate trips, ride with a friend, use public transportation.

In large cities, ozone is at the highest concentration at which time of day?

late afternoon In the presence of sunlight by mid-afternoon NOx react with VOCs to form ozone.

The ozone hole has _____.

lower than 220 Dobson units of ozone concentration

How far back in time do we have to look to see carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere higher than today's?

more than 400,000 years

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the number of lamps required?

number of people in the room

Water heater consumes energy _____.

whether we use hot water or not Water heater consumes energy whether we use hot water or not. This is due to the heat lost to the surroundings.

Fluorescent light is produced by _____.

converting UV to visible light

The clothes washer in your house consumes 123 kWh of energy per year. The price of the washer is $321 and the lifetime of the washer is 10 yrs. The energy price in your city is 12 cents per kWh. What is the lifecycle cost of the clothes washer? (assumes a maintenance cost of $30 per year)

The lifecycle cost is the total cost of owning and operating the appliance over its lifetime. We'll add them all up. Calculate energy cost for life cycle: kWh/year * lifetime * $$/kWh Calculate maintenance cost for life cycle: maintenance / year * lifetime Calculate total cost for life cycle: energy cost + maintenance + purchase price

Results of recent climate models suggest that projected greenhouse gas emission patterns may lead to a global warming of 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius during _____.

The next 100 years

Global warming would occur when _____.

Total energy received by the earth is more than the energy leaving Global warming would occur when total energy received by the earth is more than the energy leaving

Methane and nitrous oxide have what impact on the atmosphere?

Trap heat Methane and nitrous oxide are greenhouse gases

Smog has been a part of urban life since before the Industrial Revolution

True

The world-wide consensus about stratospheric ozone depletion, and the recent global reduction in the use of ozone depleting substances, is an example of the world coming together to fix an environmental problem.

True

Aerosols (formed from sulfate particles) can cause the planet to cool down.

True Human-induced factors such as biomass burning (forest and agricultural fires) and sulfate aerosols from burning coal contribute tiny particles that contribute to cooling.

Smog is a secondary pollutant caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

True Ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms from the primary pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. Smog is caused by reaction of ozone, VOC and Nox in presence of sunlight.

Short-term exposures to low levels of NO2 may lead to changes in airway responsiveness and lung function in individuals with preexisting respiratory illnesses.

True Short-term exposures (e.g., less than 3 hours) to low levels of NO2 may lead to changes in airway responsiveness and lung function in individuals with preexisting respiratory illnesses.

Most of the NOx emissions from combustion devices (approximately 90%) are in the form of NO.

True Approximately 90% NOx of the emissions from combustion devices are in the form of NO.

The US emits the largest amount of CO2 in the world due to the combustion of fossil fuels.

True The United States continues to be the largest single emitter of fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions reaching an all-time high of 5,912 million metric tons of carbon in 2004.

Fossil fuels are ____ comprised of primarily ____ and ____ and some ____, _____, ______, and _____ ______.

True Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons comprised of primarily carbon and hydrogen and some sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and mineral matter.

Bobbie purchased 12345 kWh of electricity and 3456 CCF of natural gas in a year. The cost of electricity is 7.1 cents/kWh and that of natural gas is 1.5 dollars per CCF. Assuming that 1 CCF of natural gas has 100,000 BTUs and 1 kWh has 3412 BTUs, what is the average cost of 1 MMBTUs for Bobbie?

We need to figure out the total number of BTUs and the total number of dollars, then we can find the average cost for both energy sources. Calculate total BTUs from electricity: kWh * 3,412 BTU/kWh Calculate total $$ for electricity: kWh * $.071 Calculate total BTUs from gas: CCF * 100,000 BTU/CCF Calculate total $$ for gas: CCF * $1.50 Calculate total BTUs (in MMBTU): (electricity BTUs + gas BTUs) / 1,000,000 Calculate total $$: electric $$ + gas $$ Calculate average cost for one MMBTU: total $$ / total BTUs (MMBTU)

Bob takes a 8-minute shower every day. The shower uses about 1.7 gal per minute of water. He also uses 20 gallons of hot water per day for clothes and dish washers. The hot water heater heats the water from 60 to 110 F. What is the total energy required per week for hot water?

We need to find out how much hot water Bob uses per week, then apply what we know about heating water to figure out the energy needed. Calculate gallons hot water per day (shower): gal/min * min/day Calculate gallons hot water per day total: shower + washers Calculate gallons per week: per day * 7 Calculate BTUs to heat one gallon: hot temp - cold temp (F) Calculate total BTUs for week: gallons per week * BTU per gallon

What is likely to happen as global temperatures rise?

Weather patterns will change and there is a significant chance that radical, rapid (disruptive) change will occur - we may pass a tipping point.

The most efficient clothes washer is _____.

front loading The most efficient clothes washer is front loading clothes washer

What kind of washer is most efficient?

front loading Front loading clothes washer is the most efficient washer.

Ozone is _____ when breathed by humans.

harmful Ozone can be good or bad, depending on where it is found: It is a bluish gas that is harmful to breathe. Therefore, it is bad at the ground level.

The release of CO2 into the atmosphere by humans is large and growing larger. Almost all of this growth is happening

in developing economies

The Greenhouse Effect occurs because carbon dioxide absorbs _____.

infrared radiation The Greenhouse Effect occurs because carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation

Generally speaking, in North America and Western Europe, acid rain from electric power plants and automobiles:

is a problem but is getting better

Acid rain damages trees in which of the following manners?

removes soil nutrients Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Acid rain damages trees by leaching away nutrients from the soil

What is the impact of methane and nitrous oxide on the atmosphere?

trap heat Methane and nitrous oxide are greeenhouse gases