elliot study guide

Based on the chart, what order should the balloon go in, oldest (top)to youngest (bottom)? Balloon 1 = 1300cm3, Balloon 2 = 430cm3, Balloon 3 = 1000cm3, and Balloon 4 = 500cm3. Jamal plans to complete the poster by attaching his balloons in the appropriate cells that make up the last column of his table. Species Dates Balloon Model # Australopithecus afarensis 4-3 million years ago ? Australopithecus africanus 2.7-1.9 million years ago ? Homo erectus 1.6 million - 200,000 years ago ? Homo sapiens 200,000 year ago - present ?

2 4 3 1

Which two species are most closely related to a common ancestor?

Closely attached together 5 &6 on quiziz

Speciation is the formation of new species as a result of evolution by natural selection if there are enough differences in the environments. What effect could separation of populations (like biogeography) have on speciation? Which statement below is the BEST answer. A. One half of the species will go extinct if the population separated. B. By separating, the populations will no longer be able to interbreed and both will die off. C. The separated populations will only evolve into at least two different species. D. If the environments differ enough, the separated populations may evolve differently.

D

The illustration shows two populations of cattails on either side of a lake. Wind and animals transport pollen from the cattails in population A to the cattails of population D on the other side of the lake. Some of this pollen fertilizes the cattails in population D and results in fertile offspring being produced. Based on this scenario, which population of cattails has more genetic diversity, A or D ?

D

Using the diagram, species ________ is is more closely related to species E than species F is to species E.

D

Certain conditions must exist within a population in order for natural selection to occur. Indicate which of the following are TRUE and which are FALSE. The population must be small in size. The population must live in an unchanging environment. All members of the population must be identical. There must be genetic variation in the population.

F F F T

A field of wildflowers contains approximately equal numbers of red, yellow, and white flowers. A fire move through the field and kills most of the red and yellow flowers, but leaves a small population of white flowers undisturbed. The following year, most of the flowers that grow in the field are white. Which evolutionary process has occurred?

Founder effect (genetic drift)

Kingdom ______________contains ____________________ organisms that must consume their food (not photosynthetic)and is known for recycling dead organic matter into ______________ that are then used by plants and other organisms.

Fungi, heterotrophs, nutrients

The jaw structure of hominid fossils reveals two trends in hominid evolution. Using question 12, what are these two trends?

Larger brains/ smaller jaw, smaller brow

According to fossil records, the horses that lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker, and slower than modern horses. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses?

Natural selection

Genetic drift changes the allele frequency in a population. Indicate TRUE or FALSE for each below: The smaller the population, the greater the effect of genetic drift. The larger the population, the greater the effect of genetic drift. The lesser the genetic diversity, the greater the effect of genetic drift. The greater the genetic diversity, the greater the effect of genetic drift.

T F T F

Some organisms produce very large numbers of offspring where the environment could not sustain all the offspring to adulthood. Why is OVERPRODUCTION of offspring important for natural selection? ___________

__enough to live to adulthood and reproduce___________

What are Darwin's 5 points of natural selection. (one has been done for you) 1. Populations have variations.

_overproduction of offspring, traits must be inherited

Over time the climate of an island became drier which resulted in changes to the populations of various island finch species. Finch populations with a certain beak shape thrived, while those not having that beak shape decreased. What change in the environment that caused natural selection to occur?

becomes drier

The potato famine in Ireland (1845-1852) occurred when a fungus escaped by chance out of Mexico and ventured into North America and Europe. The fungus, which caused crop destroying potato disease, apparently came from a single genotype. What determines an organism's genetic variation? _______________________ _________________________.

changing environments

Scientists have found that a mutation that disrupts a single protein. Called the Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH), it is responsible for extra digits in organisms. This mutation has been found in Ernest Hemingway's famous six-toed cats, in certain kinds of mice and in humans with extra fingers and toes. This shows that the genetic patterns in humans, cats, and mice are all very similar, showing that they share a __________________ ___________________.

common ancestor

In any population that undergoes no changes for a long period, genetic drift could __________________ genetic diversity.

decrease

List the FIVE evidences of evolution. _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ They all show that organisms evolved from a _________

embryology, fossils, biochemistry, anatomy, vestigral strucutrres common ancestor

Most scientists have adopted the three-domain system for classifying organisms because they have a better understanding of _____________________ relationships due to advances in _________________ research.

evolutionary, genetic

36. What is the movement of alleles from the first population to the second population called ?

gene flow

A forest fire causes a bird to move from its home to a new area. The bird joins a new population, breeds, and produces offspring. In this process, the bird introduces new alleles into its new population. This movement of alleles from the first population to the second population an example of_________________________.

gene flow

Immigration of peoples from one continent to another is an example of which type of force for genetic change?

gene flow

A small portion of a population of a certain fish that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased ________________________________ variation.

genetic

Theodosius Dobzhansky discovered that successful species tend to have a wide variety of genes that do not appear to be useful to the species in its present environment. This discovery helped explain that species with (greater or lesser) genetic diversity adapt (more easily or less easily) to changing environments.

greater, more easily

The diagram is an example that shows evolution does not always result in a species that will _______________ to the present time, (ie. they often become extinct.)

live

Mutations are a (Natural or Unnatural ) process that produce _____________diversity .

natural, genetic

The relatives of the modern horse are shown below. Are species A and B direct ancestors of the modern horse? _____ What ancient species is a direct ancestor of the modern horse? _______________________ One interpretation of this evolutionary tree tells us that the characteristics that allowed species A and B to survive millions of years ago, were INSUFFICIENT for survival to modern times.

no, phillipus

One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, the synthesis of _________ molecules from inorganic molecules needed to happen first before life could evolve on Earth.

organic

Early cells likely formed from a group of organic compounds, including proteins and primitive fatty acids. Most scientists think that the first true cells on Earth were anaerobic because there was no ____________ on early Earth.

oxygen

Does genetic drift REDUCE or INCREASE genetic diversity in a population that is not undergoing any changes?

reduce

Scientists have found evidence that about 2.4 million years ago a gene regulating jaw muscles mutated and may led to a more graceful human jaw we see today. The diagram shows skulls of 3 hominid species. When describing the trend we see, the evolution of hominids have evolved to be _____________ in size and __________ protruding (sticking out) over time.

smaller, less

Endosymbiotic theory is supported by vast amounts of scientific evidence explaining that mitochondria and chloroplasts had their origins as free-living organisms. This theory could change if evidence that does not ___________________ the theory is discovered and this could cause the theory to be ______________________.

support, revised

What is natural selection? _______________________________________________________________

survive and reproduce

The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lightning supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric, inorganic gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. This is significant because, in order for any ___________ to be accepted, it has to be successfully ____________ in the laboratory through experimentation.

theory, tested

What does synthesis mean?

to make or produce

A population of mice features some with dark fur, some with white fur, and some with fur that appears grey. The population lives in an environment divided between patches of dark soil and areas of white rocks. As a result, the mice with dark fur are able to hide from winged predators in the dark soil while the white mice are able to hide among the white rocks. However the grey mice stand out in the environment and are caught by predators in larger numbers than the white or dark ones. This situation is an example of which form of natural selection? ______________________________________

variation of a popualtion

A manufacturer of a cleaning product tests the effectiveness of their product killing a specific type of bacteria commonly found on surfaces. The manufacturer finds that the product is effective at killing 95 percent of the bacteria present on a countertop. Genetic _______ protected some bacteria from the product, allowing them to _______ and __________

variation, survive, reproduce