Environmental Issues

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fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, & policies

Environmental justice

how do you measure the amount of e in ecosystems?

GPP or NPP

first head of US forest service

Gifford Pinchot

GNP-income from abroad (taking out resources coming from abroad)

Gross domestic product

how do you get Net Primary Productivity

Gross primary productivity-cellular respiration

the environmental effects of the technologies used to obtain and consume resources in the IPAT model

T

what kind of guy was john muir

biocentric

move five key types of materials for life through ecosystems

biogeochemical cycles

process by which matter cycles from the living world to the nonliving physical environment and back again

biogeochemical cycles

patterns in terrestrial ecosystems

biogeography

all populations that live and interact in same area at same time, vary greatly in size and composition, and lack precise boundaries

biological community

show total biomass at each level

biomass pyramid

large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with similar climate, soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world

biome

sphere that is earth's communities, ecosystems, and landscapes

biosphere

living parts of the environment

biotic

potential for an organism to reproduce

biotic potential

this biome has acidic soil, severe winters, little precipitation, and isn't well suited to agriculture

boreal forest

which biome has a short growing season

boreal forest

biome region of coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere, south of tundra.

boreal forests

what are the 9 major biomes

boreal forests, tropical rain forests, temperate rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, chaparral, desert, savanna, tundra

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 g or mL of water by 1 degree Celsius

calories

materials available for the production of goods and services

capital

what 5 cycles are there

carbon, hydrological, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

first, secondary, and tertiary consumers are all what?

carnivores

how are environmental inequities produced

casual factors, mechanisms

what is today's environmentalism tend to be fueled by?

catastrophes/media

what would happen if a keystone species was removed from a community

catastrophic impacts

changes in amount of sunlight received occur with what two things

changes in latitude, temperatures change seasonally

biome with mild, moist winters and hot dry summers. vegetation is typically small leafed evergreen shrubs and small trees

chaparral

nonfertile soil in this biome

chaparral

this biome has frequent fires

chaparral

this biome is hilly and in mediterranean climates

chaparral

which biome isn't known for wood and lumber production

chaparral

biomes that have commonly fire adapted species are

chaparral, temperate grassland, savanna

energy stored in bonds of molecules, when bonds are broken or formed

chemical energy

used by environments without sunlight to react inorganic chemicals to provide e

chemosynthesis

what created jobs for people

civilian conservation corps

what did FDR start?

civilian conservation corps

average weather conditions in place over period of years

climate

patter of temperature and precipitation, determined by atmospheric gases, solar variability, and earth's orbit around the sun

climate

pattern of temperature and precipitation determined by atmospheric gases, solar variability, and earth's orbit around the sun

climate

typical patterns of weather that occur in a place over a period of years

climate

what is causing more fires

climate change

system does not exchange energy with surroundings

closed

system that doesn't exchange energy with its surroundings

closed system

human changes of sulfur cycle

coal and oil have it so when burned, sulfur dioxide is release

why does the large scale warming of the el nino hurt fish

cold water has more nutrients

what type of water is dense and sinks

cold, salty

what type of water sinks more

cold, salty

gov limits emissions or pollutants and instates penalties, discourages development of low cost alternatives

command and control solution

what are the two main forms of pollution control policies?

command and control solutions, incentive based regulations

those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility (atmosphere, water, forests, etc)

common pool resources

what populations are organized into; natural association that consists of all populations of different species that live and interact at same time in same area

community

occurs when 2+ species try to use the same resources in an ecosystem

competition

what is a type of density dependent factor

competition for resources

when a species outcompetes another, excluding it from all or just from part of its potential niche

competitive exclusion

decide what they need or want (demand)

consumers

organisms that use the bodies of other organisms as energy and matter sources

consumers

warm surface near equator heats air causing it to expand and rise, as it rises it cools and sinks again

convection

tall grass prairie is currently the rarest biome in North america due to

conversion to agriculture

human impact of savanna

converted to rangeland, cropland, desertification

increases in temperature lead to coral bleaching because

coral polyps lose zooxanthellae, unable to get enough food

influence of earth's rotation, which tends to turn fluids (air and water) toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Doesn't influence air moving eastward or westward at equator

coriolis effect

what is the unfavorable ration of monetary cost of regulation to monetary benefits because it isn't cost effective so it ends up being abandoned or revised?

costs>benefits

who study why organisms are distributed the way they are, why some species are more abundant, ecological roles of different organisms, interactions between organisms and environment

ecologists

study of interactions among organisms adn between organisms and their physical development

ecology

why was the bakun dam built?

economic growth, running low on conventional energy,

study of how people use their limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants

economics

system of production, distribution, and consumption for goods and services

economy

interacting system that encompasses a community and its nonliving physical environment

ecosystem

systems made up of living and nonliving components that interact to move energy and matter between organisms and the environment

ecosystem

benefits provided to humans by ecosystems and their processes

ecosystem benefits

conservation approach that emphasizes restoring and maintaing the quality of an entire ecosystem rather than the conservation of an individual species

ecosystem management

amount of energy in ecosystems

ecosystem productivity

periodic, large scale warming of surface waters of the tropical eastern pacific ocean that affects ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns

el nino southern oscillation

energy that flows as charged particles

electrical energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to another

first law of thermodynamics

energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another

first law of thermodynamics, law of conservation of energy

what are the levels of energy flow using trophic level labels

first trophic level, second trophic level, third trophic level, fourth trophic level, decomposers

rivers and streams are flowing/standing water ecosystems

flowing

energy from food passes from one organism to the next

food chain

depict e movement from one organism to another

food chains

areas that lack access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lowfat milk, and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet

food deserts

depict more complex interactions, network of interlocking food chains that connect many or all organisms in an ecosystem

food web

what are the 3 categories of organisms in aquatic ecosystems

free floating plankton, strong swimming nekton, bottom dwelling benthos

what is the most fundamental division in aquatic ecosystems

fresh vs salty water

assist in recycling precipitation that flows as surface runoff to the ocean

freshwater ecosystems

natural environment seen as limitless and meant to be exploited by humans, limited concern about environment/resources

frontier ethic

The full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy and use, especially when limiting factors are absent in its habitat.

fundamental niche

measures whether growth improved welfare

genuine progress indicator

which two taxonomy hierarchies are used to identify an organism

genus, species

what are human induced changes of the nitrogen cycle

gets into groundwater, creates oxygen depleted dead zones, decrease of water pH

how was alpine tundra formed

glaciers retreated after ice age

is the global south or global north being exploited for mining, timber, oil, and transnational pollution

global south

biome with hot summers, cold winters, less rainfall than the temperate deciduous forest

grassland

more than 90% of this biome has been plowed

grassland

this is the rarest biome

grassland

total of all goods/services produced by country per time period

gross national product

rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis

gross primary productivity

total amount of e that plants capture and assimilate in a given period of time

gross primary productivity

circular ocean currents generated by prevailing winds

gyres

what types of trees aren't fire adapted

hardwood trees

primary consumers are carnivores/herbivores?

herbivores

another name for consumer

heterotroph

species produce more offspring than will survive

high reproductive capacity

deserts have high/low minerals in their soil, and high/low organic material

high, low

winds blow from ares of high/low pressure to areas of high/low pressure

high, low

the suns range is more spread out at what latitudes, so energy is spread over larger surface area and isn't as concentrated

higher latitudes

industrialized societies with high income levels that use the most resources

highly developed countries

sphere that is earth's supply of water

hydrosphere

what type of survivor is usually a k selected species

i

what types of survivors are there

i, ii, iii

what type of survivor is in the middle between r and k selected species

ii

what type of survivor tends to die young and are usually r. reproduce quickly because they're going to die young

iii

what is the IPAT model equation

impact=people x affluence x technology environmental effects

what type of pollution control policy is environmental taxing

incentive based regulation

what type of pollution control policy is tradable permits

incentive based regulation

what 3 things does GPI do/consider?

income inequality, includes non-market benefits, identifies "bads"

is entropy decreasing/increasing

increasing

each individual in a pop has a unique combo of traits and some improve chances of survival, some traits dont

inheritable variation

human, social, and knowledge resources capital

intangible

organisms of different species competing

interspecific competition

organisms of the same species competing

intraspecific competition

what are the types of competition

intraspecific, interspecific

environmental impact statements include what three things

justification for proposed action, short/long term effects on the environment, ways to reduce these affects

what type of species are more likely to live old

k selected species

species that exerts great influence on a community, more than would be expected based on abundance

keystone species

energy of motion

kinetic

what is the taxonomic hierarchy

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

occurs when surface water temps in pacific become cool and westbound trade winds become strong. affects are hard to predict

la nina

region that includes several interacting ecosystems

landscape

studies ecological processes that operate over large areas

landscape ecology

when did the conservationist movement begin?

late 1800s

earth's rotation turns surface winds right/left in southern hemisphere

left

the higher the level, the more/less amount of organisms, more/less amount of energy, and the more/less amount of biomass

less

there is more/less concentration of sunlight at the poles

less

developing countries with little industrialization and low income levels

less developed countries

aquatic systems have characteristic communities that vary with.. (four things)

light, frequency/duration of inundation (flood), salinity, temp

high and low ends of a species' range of tolerance; unable to survive or reproduce beyond them

limits of tolerance

phytoplankton and zooplankton are representative of what zone in lakes/ponds

limnetic

composed of seven large plates and a few small ones, outermost rigid rock layer

lithosphere

sphere that is soil and rock of earth's crust

lithosphere

the layers of earth are...

lithosphere, asthenosphere

shallow water area along the shore of a lake/pond is called the ___ zone

littoral

what are the three zones of a large lake

littoral, limnetic, profundal

population growth with limits, and what shape curve

logistic growth, s

what step monitors the results to make sure the policy is effective and continues to be effective?

long term evaluation

low/high levels of nutrient minerals limit number of organisms in aquatic ecosystems

low

why does tundra have low species richness

low sun, low moisture, less resources

convection currents formed by rising warm air and sinking cool air near the equator

main driver

In the field of economics, the additional cost associated with one more unit of something is called

marginal cost

cost of reducing small amount of pollution, goes down as we increase amount of pollution

marginal cost of abatement

cost of small additional amount of pollution, as we add more pollution it gets more and more costly

marginal cost of pollution

what doe the dust bowl cause

massive migration

energy in teh movement of matter

mechanical energy

temperatures drop in this atmospheric layer

mesosphere

local set of climate conditions

microclimate

when the environment changes, organisms who leave for other areas if able

migration

tropical rain forests have what kind of soil

mineral poor

developing countries with moderate industrialization and lower income levels

moderately developed countries

what time period was a great increase in environmental sentiment and caused changed US gov policies

modern environmental movement

what is the good thing about having more redundancy?

more likely to recover from change, can fill niches of lost species

how is the ocean conveyor belt created

moves water from deep sea to higher and lower latitudes

what is population growth rate based on

natality, immigration, mortality, emigration

US federal law that requires that the federal gov consider the environmental impact of any construction project that it funds

national environmental policy act

the policy that was the foundation for US environmental law in 1970, requires environmental impact statements for any proposed federal action

national environmental policy act

environmental goods and services capital

natural

time period controlling how resources are used so they'll be around for a long time

natural resource management

: The process in which better-adapted individuals—those with a combination of genetic traits better suited to environmental conditions—are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing their proportion in the population.

natural selection

a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition

negative feedback

change in part of a system that triggers response that counteracts changed condition to keep system in equilibrium

negative feedback

who is in control in the predator prey relationship

neither

energy in plant tissues after cellular respiration occurs

net primary productivity

plant growth per unit area per tie, represents the rate at which organic material is actually incorporated into plant tissue

net primary productivity

what is the only primary productivity that is able to be passed on

net primary productivity

soil bacteria perform a two step process by converting ammonia to nitrite, then oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which gives the bacteria energy

nitrification

when gaseous nitrogen is converted to ammonia

nitrogen fixation

what are the five steps of the nitrogen cycle

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification

copper, tin, and fossil fuels are examples of what type of resource

nonrenewable

natural resources present in limited supplies and depleted by use

nonrenewable resources

resources not replenished in human time scale, depleted by use

nonrenewable resources

moves cold, salty deep water from higher to lower altitudes and affects regional and global climate

ocean conveyor belt

what isn't found at the boundary between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

oceanic province

what are the human impacts of tundra

oil/natural gas exploitation

what type of forests have less than 10% remaining, haven't been logged, and provide habitats for endangered species

old growth coniferous forests

eat a variety of organisms

omnivores

system that exchange energy with surroundings

open

ideal conditions, species healthy and reproducing with maximum success

optimum range

what factors affect number of organisms in aquatic ecosystems (4 things)

pH, temp, nutrients, currents

how does e move through ecosystems

passes from producers to consumers

what cycle usually doesnt enter atmosphere

phosphorous

biological process by which radiant from sun is transformed into sugars (chemical e)

photosynthesis

free floating aquatic organisms are known as

plankton

prevailing winds that blow from northeast near the NP or from southeast near the SP

polar easterlies

what are the three types of prevailing winds

polar easterlies, westerlies, trade winds

what types of prevailing winds are there

polar easterlies/westerlies, trade winds

what step selects and implements a course of action based on scientific assessment and risk analysis, and opinions through political processes

political action

what two sets of environmental issues does the environmental public policy cover

pollution prevention, natural resource use

group of individuals of same species living in same geographic area at same time

population

group of organisms of the same species that live in same area at same time

population

number of individuals in a population per unit area or volume at given time

population density

who quantify many aspects of populations

population ecologists

what are the human impacts on tropical rain forests

population growth and industrial expansion cause species extinction

what gives us a measure of how those populations are changing. can be positive, negative, or stable

population growth rate (r)

number of individuals in given population at given time

population size (N)

what does the amount of e in an ecosystem depend on

position on earth

change in part of a system that triggers response that intensifies change (increased CO2-->climate warming-->melting ice caps

positive feedback

energy that is stored

potential

stored energy

potential energy

what type of systems rely on disturbance

prairies/grasslands

what are the major determinants fo plant and animal inhabitants in biomes

precipitation, temperature

when one organism feeds on another

predation

ecological management tool in which the organic litter is deliberately burned under controlled conditions before accumulating to dangerous levels

prescribed burning

major surface winds that blow basically continuously

prevailing winds

which type of winds produce ocean currents

prevailing winds

why do some systems rely on disturbance

prevents trees from growing and lets grass grow

rate at which energy is accumulated

primary productivity

what type of terrestrial succession is...pioneer stages-->intermediate stages-->climax community

primary succession

what type of terrestrial succession takes thousands of years

primary succession

what are the two types of terrestrial succession

primary, secondary

what were two potential outcomes of tragedy of the commons

private ownership, government ownership

human made items capital

produced

what are the three components of capital

produced, natural, intangible

decide what to produce and how (supply)

producers

organisms that make energy molecules from substances in their environment

producers

organism that manufactures complex organic molecules from simple inorganic substances

producers (autotroph)

what are the levels of energy flow using names

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers

deepest zone in a large lake is the ...

profundal zone

which kingdom has protists, single celled organisms

protista

what step informs the public about the problem and motivates them to help solve it?

public education and involvement

shows total biomass of each successive trophic level

pyramid of biomass

show number of organisms at each trophic level

pyramid of numbers

shows number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem

pyramid of numbers

what type of species are more likely to die young

r selected species

what is the equation for population growth rate (r)

r=(b+i)-(d+e)

brought light to impacts of pesticides like DDT and talked about birds and the impacts on them

rachel carson

energy that is in teh form of radio waves, visible light, xrays, transmitted as electromagnetic waves

radiant energy

dry land on the side of the mountains away from prevailing winds

rain shadow

conditions under which organisms can survive/reproduce

range of tolerance

the assumption that all indviduals spend their resources in a fashion that maximizes their individual utilities

rational actor model

niche species actually occupies

realized niche

period where we started caring less about our environment because of WWII and the soldiers wanting to come back and live a good life

reduced environmental sentiment

species that perform similar functions

redundance

when ecosystems have more species, they have more what?

redundance

human impact of chaparral

removal of vegetation causes mudslides, prevention of fires causes more severe fires

resources replaced fairly rapidly by natural processes, not depleted if the usage rate<replenishment rate

renewable resources

ability to recover after a disturbance

resilience

ability to resist change when disturbed by natural or human events

resistance

if two species of birds exist on different portions of trees so they arent competing for resources, this is an example of what

resource partitioning

reduces or eliminates competition

resource partitioning

air swerves to the right/left of the direction in which it is traveling in the northern hemisphere

right

earth's rotation turns surface winds right/left in northern hemisphere

right

what step uses scientific knowledge to analyze impacts of various courses of action

risk analysis

concept of a river system as a single ecosystem with a gradient in physical features

river continuum concept

the most fundamental division in aquatic ecology is ...

salinity

what two things influence currents

salinity, positon of landmasses

this biome has little rainfall, little temp variation and leached soil

savanna

tropical grassland biome with widely scattered trees or clumps of trees

savanna

what step gathers info and experiments to define the problem and causes

scientific assessment

what are the five steps to addressing environmental problems?

scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education and involvement, political action, longterm evaluation

what are the five stages in addressing environmental problems

scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education, political action, long term evaluation

some energy is lost in all energy conversions

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it is degraded into heat, a less usable form that disperses

second law of thermodynamics

which law causes an increase in entropy

second law of thermodynamics

what type of terrestrial succession is...pioneer species-->intermediate species-->climax community

secondary succession

what type of terrestrial succession takes about 150 years

secondary succession

energy released from rocks as stretch and push

seismic waves

this atmospheric layer is very hot, because gases absorb xray and ultraviolet radiation which drives molecules to great speeds

thermosphere

prevailing winds that blow in the midlatitudes from southwest in teh Norther H or from the northwest in the Souther H

westerlies

what is the ideal level of pollution?

when marginal cost of pollution and cost of abatement cross

why does secondary succession occur

when system is disturbed (fire)

help maintain grasses as the dominant vegetation in grasslands by removing fire sensitive trees

wildfires

human impacts on temperate rain forests

wood producer, overharvesting old growth forest

what are the human impacts of boreal forest (5 things)

world's primary source of industrial wood, extensive logging, mining, drilling, farming

conditions and resource levels are between optimum and limits of tolerance; less healthy with lower reproductive success

zone of stress

how much energy is actually passed on in transfer

10%

when did darwin come up with natural selection

1859

measure of percentage of sunlight energy reflected

albedo

what occurs when a change in a system component causes a change in another?

feedback

what was the environmental protection agency created

1970

proportional reflectance of solar energy from earth's surface commonly expressed as a percentage

albedo

how much oxygen and nitrogen are in the atmosphere

21% o, 78% n

how many layers of vegetation does tropical rainforests have

3

humans represent .5% of land based biomass, but we use ___% of land based NPP

32

carbon used to be .029% of the atmosphere, what is it now

.038

earth can provide how many hectares per person on earth?

1.8

about how much solar radiation is absorbed by earth's surface

1/2

what identifies the main facts that influence the environmental impact of humans/human societies

IPAT model

what type of shaped curve is exponential growth

J

human changes of hydrologic cycle

aerosols get into atmosphere and enhance absorption of sunlight that causes clouds to form, clouds less likely to release their rain

nonliving or physical parts of the environment

abiotic

solar radiation is either ___ or____

absorbed/reflected

what are human induced changes in the phosphorous cycle

accelerates phosphorous loss from land, phosphate gets into water so it's out of cycle for a long time, acts as fertilizer

evolutionary modification of an individual that improves that individual's chances of survival and reproductive success in its environment

adaptation

measure of the consumption or amount of resources used per person

affluence

similar ecosystem to tundra located in higher elevations.

alpine tundra

conversion of biological nitrogen compounds into ammonia and ammonium.

ammonification

what animals aren't a major component of desert animal life

amphibians

what are the 6 kingdoms

animalia, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, plantae, protista

which kingdom is old bacteria

archaebacteria

plants absorb nitrate, ammonia, ammonium and use nitrogen into proteins and nucleic acids, animals consume the plants and take the plant nitrogen compounds and convert them to animal compounds (proteins)

assimilation

what do freshwater ecosystems do

assist with runoff recycling, moderates temps on land, provides habitat

region of mantle where rocks become hot and soft

asthenosphere

blanket of gases that surround earth

atmosphere

sphere that is gaseous envelope surrounding earth

atmosphere

what are the four spheres of earth

atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

what are the greatest impact humans have had on the environment

atmospheric gases

another name for producer

autotroph

what is important in the nitrogen cycle

bacteria

who drive sulfur cycle

bacteria

what displaced 9000 indigenous people and submerged 43 species' forests

bakun dam

had an international treaty where you can't trade waste between the countries who have signed the treaty

basel convention

why do small islands have low species richness

because they have few resources and are longer distances from the source populations

what compares monetary costs of regulation to monetary benefits?

benefit cost analysis

what helps decide if environmental regulation is too costly?

benefit cost analysis

what is the favorable ratio of monetary cost of regulation to monetary benefits because it is cost effective?

benefits>costs

the bathyal zone, intertidal zone, deep ocean trenches, abyssal zone, and the hadal zone all make up what

benthic environment

the ocean floor, which extends fromm the intertidal zone to the deep-ocean trenches

benthic environment

what are the human impacts on freshwater ecosystems

dams cause floods, pollution

what type of forests have trees that shed their leaves seasonally

deciduous forests

heterotrophs that break down dead organic material

decomposers

saprotrophs are also called...

decomposers

reduction of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen. bacteria reverse action of nitrogen fixing by returning nitrogen to atmosphere

denitrification

limiting factor that matters how many there are, impact varies with pop density. impact on pop growth increases as pop density increases

density dependent limiting factor

limiting factor whose impact does not vary with population density, dramatic short terms like crisis

density independent limiting factors

what two types of limiting factors are there

density independent, density dependent

a biome in which teh lack of precipitation limits plant growth, deserts are found in both temperate and subtropical regions

desert

severe overgrazing/harvesting has converted savanna to desert

desertification

consume organic matter like carcasses or feces

detritivores

individuals with favorable characteristics are more likely to survive

differential reproductive success

natural and man made events cause this

disturbance

human impacts of desert

driving off road causes erosion, less vegetation, increased groundwater consumption

what overused soil resources, then had a drought and caused the soil to blow away

dust bowl

changing balance

dynamic equilibrium

rate of change in one direction is same as rate of change in opposite direction

dynamic equilibrium

what do systems help us examine?

earth's components and processes, how they interact, how interactions impact other systems and overall earth system

climate, atmosphere, land, coastal zones, ocean

earth's systems

amount of land and ocean needed to supply an individual with food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal

ecological footprint

measure amount of land, water, and ocean needed to provide resources to support one person's lifestyle

ecological footprint

what are used to quantify environmental impact

ecological footprints

role of an organism within its community based on its adaptations, use of resources, and lifestyle

ecological niche

overuse of resources available from nature

ecological overshoot

represent energy and matter lost with successive transfers among trophic levels

ecological pyramid

ability to move matter "to do work"

energy

show e content at each trophic level

energy pyramid

degree of disorder in a system

entropy

measure of the disorder of a system

entropy

what do both GNP and GDP not include in their measurements

environment, human well being

what help federal officials make informed decisions, include nature of proposal/why it is needed, and alternatives to lessen the adverse effects

environmental impact statements

assesses countries' commitment to environmental/resource management

environmental performance index

laws and gov enforced regulations that regulate a society's interactions with teh environment, meant to promote the common or public good by preventing environmental change

environmental public policy

The interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment

environmental science

interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment

environmental science

tries to correct for the difference in teh private cost vs. societal cost by putting tax in place

environmental taxes

what 3 consequences does living sustainably require us to consider?

environmental, economic, social

what are the three spheres of sustainability

environmental, social, economic

colonial period to late 1800s

environmentalism

what three decisions are needed to be made for sustainable development

environmentally sound decisions, economically successful decisions, socially equitable decisions

who developed the concept of ecology

ernst haeckel

complex systems under the influence of tides, gradually change from fresh to salty water

estuaries

coastal body of water partly surrounded by land with input from the sea and freshwater is called...

estuary

which kingdom is true bacteria

eubacteria

cumulative genetic changes that occur over time in a pop of organisms

evolution

what type of population would have adequate resources and few limits on growth. the offspring mature and reproduce, pop grows faster and faster

exponential growth

population doubling time is constant

exponential growth of a population

occurs when species lacks genetic variation to survive change

extinction

when the environment changes, what are the three possibilities for species

extinction, migration, survival and adaptation

humid tropical rain forests have extraordinary biological diversity due to local factors such as

soil fertility, topography

radiant energy from teh sun like ultraviolet, visible light, or infrared radiation

solar energy

what drives many processes that move materials through ecosystems

solar radiation

the production of new species

speciation

group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another

species

number of species present in a system

species richness

what influences an ecosystems ability to provide services by influencing its stability, resistance, and its resilience

species richness

ability to stay in the same state

stability

species richness influences an ecosystems ability to provide services by influencing its... (3 things)

stability, resistance, resilience

atmospheric layer with no turbulence, steady wind, contains the ozone

stratosphere

where do volcanoes occur

subduction zones, above hotspots

large winds due in part to pressures caused by global circulation of air.

surface winds

some have traits that allow them to survive environmental change, which get passed on so those traits become more common

survival and adaptation

ability to meet current human economic and social needs without compromising the ability of the environment to support future generations

sustainability

the ability to meet current human need for natural resources without compromising needs of future generations

sustainability

a set of components that interact and function as a whole

system

biome forest that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation

temperate deciduous forest

this biome has hot summers, cold winters

temperate deciduous forest

this biome has rich organic topsoil

temperate deciduous forest

this biome was the first to be converted to agricultural use

temperate deciduous forest

the biome most suitable for the development of farmland is

temperate grassland

what type of biome are we located in

temperate grassland

high precipitation in this biome

temperate rain forest

which biome has the most species richness

temperate rain forest

coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog, high precipitation on the northwest coast

temperate rain forests

measures amount of motion in a substance

temperature

what are biomes sensitive to

temperature changes, fires, floods, droughts, wind

explains environmental problems as issues related to common pool or open access resources

the tragedy of the commons

who was a utilitarian who wanted nature to be there so he could use it for hunting/fishing?

theodore roosevelt

integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by lots of observations and experiments

theory

energy that is heat flowing from an object with higher temps to an object with lower temps

thermal energy

study of energy and its transformations

thermodynamics

what allows a permitted amount of pollutant and they can sell them to other companies

tradable permits

tropical winds that blow northeast in the northern hemisphere or from teh southeast in teh souther h

trade winds

global north exports our wastes to less developed nations

transnational pollution

where does most of the water in teh tropical rain forest come from

transpiration

position an organism occupies in this energy passage system

trophic level

lush, species rich forest biome that occurs where the climate is warm and moist throughout the year

tropical rain forest

what biome has mineral poor soil because teh minerals are in vegetation

tropical rain forest

what ecosystem has the most amount of energy

tropical rain forest

what location has high species richness

tropical rain forest

closest atmospheric layer to earth's surface, temperatures decrease with increasing altitude

troposphere

what is the order of atmospheric layers

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

the treeless biome in teh far north that consists of boggy plains covered by lichens and small plants such as mosses; has harsh, very cold winters and extremely short summers

tundra

this biome occurs in extreme northern latitudes where snow melts seasonally

tundra

what biome has low species richness and low primary productivity

tundra

in temperate lakes, falling temperatures in autumn may cause a mixing of the water layers called...

turnover

where is most of the sulfur cycle located

underground/sedimentary rocks

occurs when level of demand on its resource base damages the environment or depletes resources to such an extent that future generations will have lower qualities of life

unsustainable consumption

why aren't we operating sustainably? (3 things)

using nonrenewable resources, using renewable resources too fast, putting toxins into environment

what view wants to be able to use the resources in the future, so we should protect them. protection of land as reserves that allow for resource use

utilitarian conservation

what type of water is less dense and rises

warm, lower salinity

what determines the daily extremes of hot/cold changes in temps in teh desert

water vapor content

conditions in atmosphere at given place and time

weather

vary with season and position on earth

weather


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