Environmental Issues
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, & policies
Environmental justice
how do you measure the amount of e in ecosystems?
GPP or NPP
first head of US forest service
Gifford Pinchot
GNP-income from abroad (taking out resources coming from abroad)
Gross domestic product
how do you get Net Primary Productivity
Gross primary productivity-cellular respiration
the environmental effects of the technologies used to obtain and consume resources in the IPAT model
T
what kind of guy was john muir
biocentric
move five key types of materials for life through ecosystems
biogeochemical cycles
process by which matter cycles from the living world to the nonliving physical environment and back again
biogeochemical cycles
patterns in terrestrial ecosystems
biogeography
all populations that live and interact in same area at same time, vary greatly in size and composition, and lack precise boundaries
biological community
show total biomass at each level
biomass pyramid
large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with similar climate, soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world
biome
sphere that is earth's communities, ecosystems, and landscapes
biosphere
living parts of the environment
biotic
potential for an organism to reproduce
biotic potential
this biome has acidic soil, severe winters, little precipitation, and isn't well suited to agriculture
boreal forest
which biome has a short growing season
boreal forest
biome region of coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere, south of tundra.
boreal forests
what are the 9 major biomes
boreal forests, tropical rain forests, temperate rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, chaparral, desert, savanna, tundra
amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 g or mL of water by 1 degree Celsius
calories
materials available for the production of goods and services
capital
what 5 cycles are there
carbon, hydrological, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
first, secondary, and tertiary consumers are all what?
carnivores
how are environmental inequities produced
casual factors, mechanisms
what is today's environmentalism tend to be fueled by?
catastrophes/media
what would happen if a keystone species was removed from a community
catastrophic impacts
changes in amount of sunlight received occur with what two things
changes in latitude, temperatures change seasonally
biome with mild, moist winters and hot dry summers. vegetation is typically small leafed evergreen shrubs and small trees
chaparral
nonfertile soil in this biome
chaparral
this biome has frequent fires
chaparral
this biome is hilly and in mediterranean climates
chaparral
which biome isn't known for wood and lumber production
chaparral
biomes that have commonly fire adapted species are
chaparral, temperate grassland, savanna
energy stored in bonds of molecules, when bonds are broken or formed
chemical energy
used by environments without sunlight to react inorganic chemicals to provide e
chemosynthesis
what created jobs for people
civilian conservation corps
what did FDR start?
civilian conservation corps
average weather conditions in place over period of years
climate
patter of temperature and precipitation, determined by atmospheric gases, solar variability, and earth's orbit around the sun
climate
pattern of temperature and precipitation determined by atmospheric gases, solar variability, and earth's orbit around the sun
climate
typical patterns of weather that occur in a place over a period of years
climate
what is causing more fires
climate change
system does not exchange energy with surroundings
closed
system that doesn't exchange energy with its surroundings
closed system
human changes of sulfur cycle
coal and oil have it so when burned, sulfur dioxide is release
why does the large scale warming of the el nino hurt fish
cold water has more nutrients
what type of water is dense and sinks
cold, salty
what type of water sinks more
cold, salty
gov limits emissions or pollutants and instates penalties, discourages development of low cost alternatives
command and control solution
what are the two main forms of pollution control policies?
command and control solutions, incentive based regulations
those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility (atmosphere, water, forests, etc)
common pool resources
what populations are organized into; natural association that consists of all populations of different species that live and interact at same time in same area
community
occurs when 2+ species try to use the same resources in an ecosystem
competition
what is a type of density dependent factor
competition for resources
when a species outcompetes another, excluding it from all or just from part of its potential niche
competitive exclusion
decide what they need or want (demand)
consumers
organisms that use the bodies of other organisms as energy and matter sources
consumers
warm surface near equator heats air causing it to expand and rise, as it rises it cools and sinks again
convection
tall grass prairie is currently the rarest biome in North america due to
conversion to agriculture
human impact of savanna
converted to rangeland, cropland, desertification
increases in temperature lead to coral bleaching because
coral polyps lose zooxanthellae, unable to get enough food
influence of earth's rotation, which tends to turn fluids (air and water) toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Doesn't influence air moving eastward or westward at equator
coriolis effect
what is the unfavorable ration of monetary cost of regulation to monetary benefits because it isn't cost effective so it ends up being abandoned or revised?
costs>benefits
who study why organisms are distributed the way they are, why some species are more abundant, ecological roles of different organisms, interactions between organisms and environment
ecologists
study of interactions among organisms adn between organisms and their physical development
ecology
why was the bakun dam built?
economic growth, running low on conventional energy,
study of how people use their limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants
economics
system of production, distribution, and consumption for goods and services
economy
interacting system that encompasses a community and its nonliving physical environment
ecosystem
systems made up of living and nonliving components that interact to move energy and matter between organisms and the environment
ecosystem
benefits provided to humans by ecosystems and their processes
ecosystem benefits
conservation approach that emphasizes restoring and maintaing the quality of an entire ecosystem rather than the conservation of an individual species
ecosystem management
amount of energy in ecosystems
ecosystem productivity
periodic, large scale warming of surface waters of the tropical eastern pacific ocean that affects ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns
el nino southern oscillation
energy that flows as charged particles
electrical energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics, law of conservation of energy
what are the levels of energy flow using trophic level labels
first trophic level, second trophic level, third trophic level, fourth trophic level, decomposers
rivers and streams are flowing/standing water ecosystems
flowing
energy from food passes from one organism to the next
food chain
depict e movement from one organism to another
food chains
areas that lack access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lowfat milk, and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet
food deserts
depict more complex interactions, network of interlocking food chains that connect many or all organisms in an ecosystem
food web
what are the 3 categories of organisms in aquatic ecosystems
free floating plankton, strong swimming nekton, bottom dwelling benthos
what is the most fundamental division in aquatic ecosystems
fresh vs salty water
assist in recycling precipitation that flows as surface runoff to the ocean
freshwater ecosystems
natural environment seen as limitless and meant to be exploited by humans, limited concern about environment/resources
frontier ethic
The full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy and use, especially when limiting factors are absent in its habitat.
fundamental niche
measures whether growth improved welfare
genuine progress indicator
which two taxonomy hierarchies are used to identify an organism
genus, species
what are human induced changes of the nitrogen cycle
gets into groundwater, creates oxygen depleted dead zones, decrease of water pH
how was alpine tundra formed
glaciers retreated after ice age
is the global south or global north being exploited for mining, timber, oil, and transnational pollution
global south
biome with hot summers, cold winters, less rainfall than the temperate deciduous forest
grassland
more than 90% of this biome has been plowed
grassland
this is the rarest biome
grassland
total of all goods/services produced by country per time period
gross national product
rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis
gross primary productivity
total amount of e that plants capture and assimilate in a given period of time
gross primary productivity
circular ocean currents generated by prevailing winds
gyres
what types of trees aren't fire adapted
hardwood trees
primary consumers are carnivores/herbivores?
herbivores
another name for consumer
heterotroph
species produce more offspring than will survive
high reproductive capacity
deserts have high/low minerals in their soil, and high/low organic material
high, low
winds blow from ares of high/low pressure to areas of high/low pressure
high, low
the suns range is more spread out at what latitudes, so energy is spread over larger surface area and isn't as concentrated
higher latitudes
industrialized societies with high income levels that use the most resources
highly developed countries
sphere that is earth's supply of water
hydrosphere
what type of survivor is usually a k selected species
i
what types of survivors are there
i, ii, iii
what type of survivor is in the middle between r and k selected species
ii
what type of survivor tends to die young and are usually r. reproduce quickly because they're going to die young
iii
what is the IPAT model equation
impact=people x affluence x technology environmental effects
what type of pollution control policy is environmental taxing
incentive based regulation
what type of pollution control policy is tradable permits
incentive based regulation
what 3 things does GPI do/consider?
income inequality, includes non-market benefits, identifies "bads"
is entropy decreasing/increasing
increasing
each individual in a pop has a unique combo of traits and some improve chances of survival, some traits dont
inheritable variation
human, social, and knowledge resources capital
intangible
organisms of different species competing
interspecific competition
organisms of the same species competing
intraspecific competition
what are the types of competition
intraspecific, interspecific
environmental impact statements include what three things
justification for proposed action, short/long term effects on the environment, ways to reduce these affects
what type of species are more likely to live old
k selected species
species that exerts great influence on a community, more than would be expected based on abundance
keystone species
energy of motion
kinetic
what is the taxonomic hierarchy
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
occurs when surface water temps in pacific become cool and westbound trade winds become strong. affects are hard to predict
la nina
region that includes several interacting ecosystems
landscape
studies ecological processes that operate over large areas
landscape ecology
when did the conservationist movement begin?
late 1800s
earth's rotation turns surface winds right/left in southern hemisphere
left
the higher the level, the more/less amount of organisms, more/less amount of energy, and the more/less amount of biomass
less
there is more/less concentration of sunlight at the poles
less
developing countries with little industrialization and low income levels
less developed countries
aquatic systems have characteristic communities that vary with.. (four things)
light, frequency/duration of inundation (flood), salinity, temp
high and low ends of a species' range of tolerance; unable to survive or reproduce beyond them
limits of tolerance
phytoplankton and zooplankton are representative of what zone in lakes/ponds
limnetic
composed of seven large plates and a few small ones, outermost rigid rock layer
lithosphere
sphere that is soil and rock of earth's crust
lithosphere
the layers of earth are...
lithosphere, asthenosphere
shallow water area along the shore of a lake/pond is called the ___ zone
littoral
what are the three zones of a large lake
littoral, limnetic, profundal
population growth with limits, and what shape curve
logistic growth, s
what step monitors the results to make sure the policy is effective and continues to be effective?
long term evaluation
low/high levels of nutrient minerals limit number of organisms in aquatic ecosystems
low
why does tundra have low species richness
low sun, low moisture, less resources
convection currents formed by rising warm air and sinking cool air near the equator
main driver
In the field of economics, the additional cost associated with one more unit of something is called
marginal cost
cost of reducing small amount of pollution, goes down as we increase amount of pollution
marginal cost of abatement
cost of small additional amount of pollution, as we add more pollution it gets more and more costly
marginal cost of pollution
what doe the dust bowl cause
massive migration
energy in teh movement of matter
mechanical energy
temperatures drop in this atmospheric layer
mesosphere
local set of climate conditions
microclimate
when the environment changes, organisms who leave for other areas if able
migration
tropical rain forests have what kind of soil
mineral poor
developing countries with moderate industrialization and lower income levels
moderately developed countries
what time period was a great increase in environmental sentiment and caused changed US gov policies
modern environmental movement
what is the good thing about having more redundancy?
more likely to recover from change, can fill niches of lost species
how is the ocean conveyor belt created
moves water from deep sea to higher and lower latitudes
what is population growth rate based on
natality, immigration, mortality, emigration
US federal law that requires that the federal gov consider the environmental impact of any construction project that it funds
national environmental policy act
the policy that was the foundation for US environmental law in 1970, requires environmental impact statements for any proposed federal action
national environmental policy act
environmental goods and services capital
natural
time period controlling how resources are used so they'll be around for a long time
natural resource management
: The process in which better-adapted individuals—those with a combination of genetic traits better suited to environmental conditions—are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing their proportion in the population.
natural selection
a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition
negative feedback
change in part of a system that triggers response that counteracts changed condition to keep system in equilibrium
negative feedback
who is in control in the predator prey relationship
neither
energy in plant tissues after cellular respiration occurs
net primary productivity
plant growth per unit area per tie, represents the rate at which organic material is actually incorporated into plant tissue
net primary productivity
what is the only primary productivity that is able to be passed on
net primary productivity
soil bacteria perform a two step process by converting ammonia to nitrite, then oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which gives the bacteria energy
nitrification
when gaseous nitrogen is converted to ammonia
nitrogen fixation
what are the five steps of the nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification
copper, tin, and fossil fuels are examples of what type of resource
nonrenewable
natural resources present in limited supplies and depleted by use
nonrenewable resources
resources not replenished in human time scale, depleted by use
nonrenewable resources
moves cold, salty deep water from higher to lower altitudes and affects regional and global climate
ocean conveyor belt
what isn't found at the boundary between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
oceanic province
what are the human impacts of tundra
oil/natural gas exploitation
what type of forests have less than 10% remaining, haven't been logged, and provide habitats for endangered species
old growth coniferous forests
eat a variety of organisms
omnivores
system that exchange energy with surroundings
open
ideal conditions, species healthy and reproducing with maximum success
optimum range
what factors affect number of organisms in aquatic ecosystems (4 things)
pH, temp, nutrients, currents
how does e move through ecosystems
passes from producers to consumers
what cycle usually doesnt enter atmosphere
phosphorous
biological process by which radiant from sun is transformed into sugars (chemical e)
photosynthesis
free floating aquatic organisms are known as
plankton
prevailing winds that blow from northeast near the NP or from southeast near the SP
polar easterlies
what are the three types of prevailing winds
polar easterlies, westerlies, trade winds
what types of prevailing winds are there
polar easterlies/westerlies, trade winds
what step selects and implements a course of action based on scientific assessment and risk analysis, and opinions through political processes
political action
what two sets of environmental issues does the environmental public policy cover
pollution prevention, natural resource use
group of individuals of same species living in same geographic area at same time
population
group of organisms of the same species that live in same area at same time
population
number of individuals in a population per unit area or volume at given time
population density
who quantify many aspects of populations
population ecologists
what are the human impacts on tropical rain forests
population growth and industrial expansion cause species extinction
what gives us a measure of how those populations are changing. can be positive, negative, or stable
population growth rate (r)
number of individuals in given population at given time
population size (N)
what does the amount of e in an ecosystem depend on
position on earth
change in part of a system that triggers response that intensifies change (increased CO2-->climate warming-->melting ice caps
positive feedback
energy that is stored
potential
stored energy
potential energy
what type of systems rely on disturbance
prairies/grasslands
what are the major determinants fo plant and animal inhabitants in biomes
precipitation, temperature
when one organism feeds on another
predation
ecological management tool in which the organic litter is deliberately burned under controlled conditions before accumulating to dangerous levels
prescribed burning
major surface winds that blow basically continuously
prevailing winds
which type of winds produce ocean currents
prevailing winds
why do some systems rely on disturbance
prevents trees from growing and lets grass grow
rate at which energy is accumulated
primary productivity
what type of terrestrial succession is...pioneer stages-->intermediate stages-->climax community
primary succession
what type of terrestrial succession takes thousands of years
primary succession
what are the two types of terrestrial succession
primary, secondary
what were two potential outcomes of tragedy of the commons
private ownership, government ownership
human made items capital
produced
what are the three components of capital
produced, natural, intangible
decide what to produce and how (supply)
producers
organisms that make energy molecules from substances in their environment
producers
organism that manufactures complex organic molecules from simple inorganic substances
producers (autotroph)
what are the levels of energy flow using names
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers
deepest zone in a large lake is the ...
profundal zone
which kingdom has protists, single celled organisms
protista
what step informs the public about the problem and motivates them to help solve it?
public education and involvement
shows total biomass of each successive trophic level
pyramid of biomass
show number of organisms at each trophic level
pyramid of numbers
shows number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem
pyramid of numbers
what type of species are more likely to die young
r selected species
what is the equation for population growth rate (r)
r=(b+i)-(d+e)
brought light to impacts of pesticides like DDT and talked about birds and the impacts on them
rachel carson
energy that is in teh form of radio waves, visible light, xrays, transmitted as electromagnetic waves
radiant energy
dry land on the side of the mountains away from prevailing winds
rain shadow
conditions under which organisms can survive/reproduce
range of tolerance
the assumption that all indviduals spend their resources in a fashion that maximizes their individual utilities
rational actor model
niche species actually occupies
realized niche
period where we started caring less about our environment because of WWII and the soldiers wanting to come back and live a good life
reduced environmental sentiment
species that perform similar functions
redundance
when ecosystems have more species, they have more what?
redundance
human impact of chaparral
removal of vegetation causes mudslides, prevention of fires causes more severe fires
resources replaced fairly rapidly by natural processes, not depleted if the usage rate<replenishment rate
renewable resources
ability to recover after a disturbance
resilience
ability to resist change when disturbed by natural or human events
resistance
if two species of birds exist on different portions of trees so they arent competing for resources, this is an example of what
resource partitioning
reduces or eliminates competition
resource partitioning
air swerves to the right/left of the direction in which it is traveling in the northern hemisphere
right
earth's rotation turns surface winds right/left in northern hemisphere
right
what step uses scientific knowledge to analyze impacts of various courses of action
risk analysis
concept of a river system as a single ecosystem with a gradient in physical features
river continuum concept
the most fundamental division in aquatic ecology is ...
salinity
what two things influence currents
salinity, positon of landmasses
this biome has little rainfall, little temp variation and leached soil
savanna
tropical grassland biome with widely scattered trees or clumps of trees
savanna
what step gathers info and experiments to define the problem and causes
scientific assessment
what are the five steps to addressing environmental problems?
scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education and involvement, political action, longterm evaluation
what are the five stages in addressing environmental problems
scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education, political action, long term evaluation
some energy is lost in all energy conversions
second law of thermodynamics
when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it is degraded into heat, a less usable form that disperses
second law of thermodynamics
which law causes an increase in entropy
second law of thermodynamics
what type of terrestrial succession is...pioneer species-->intermediate species-->climax community
secondary succession
what type of terrestrial succession takes about 150 years
secondary succession
energy released from rocks as stretch and push
seismic waves
this atmospheric layer is very hot, because gases absorb xray and ultraviolet radiation which drives molecules to great speeds
thermosphere
prevailing winds that blow in the midlatitudes from southwest in teh Norther H or from the northwest in the Souther H
westerlies
what is the ideal level of pollution?
when marginal cost of pollution and cost of abatement cross
why does secondary succession occur
when system is disturbed (fire)
help maintain grasses as the dominant vegetation in grasslands by removing fire sensitive trees
wildfires
human impacts on temperate rain forests
wood producer, overharvesting old growth forest
what are the human impacts of boreal forest (5 things)
world's primary source of industrial wood, extensive logging, mining, drilling, farming
conditions and resource levels are between optimum and limits of tolerance; less healthy with lower reproductive success
zone of stress
how much energy is actually passed on in transfer
10%
when did darwin come up with natural selection
1859
measure of percentage of sunlight energy reflected
albedo
what occurs when a change in a system component causes a change in another?
feedback
what was the environmental protection agency created
1970
proportional reflectance of solar energy from earth's surface commonly expressed as a percentage
albedo
how much oxygen and nitrogen are in the atmosphere
21% o, 78% n
how many layers of vegetation does tropical rainforests have
3
humans represent .5% of land based biomass, but we use ___% of land based NPP
32
carbon used to be .029% of the atmosphere, what is it now
.038
earth can provide how many hectares per person on earth?
1.8
about how much solar radiation is absorbed by earth's surface
1/2
what identifies the main facts that influence the environmental impact of humans/human societies
IPAT model
what type of shaped curve is exponential growth
J
human changes of hydrologic cycle
aerosols get into atmosphere and enhance absorption of sunlight that causes clouds to form, clouds less likely to release their rain
nonliving or physical parts of the environment
abiotic
solar radiation is either ___ or____
absorbed/reflected
what are human induced changes in the phosphorous cycle
accelerates phosphorous loss from land, phosphate gets into water so it's out of cycle for a long time, acts as fertilizer
evolutionary modification of an individual that improves that individual's chances of survival and reproductive success in its environment
adaptation
measure of the consumption or amount of resources used per person
affluence
similar ecosystem to tundra located in higher elevations.
alpine tundra
conversion of biological nitrogen compounds into ammonia and ammonium.
ammonification
what animals aren't a major component of desert animal life
amphibians
what are the 6 kingdoms
animalia, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, plantae, protista
which kingdom is old bacteria
archaebacteria
plants absorb nitrate, ammonia, ammonium and use nitrogen into proteins and nucleic acids, animals consume the plants and take the plant nitrogen compounds and convert them to animal compounds (proteins)
assimilation
what do freshwater ecosystems do
assist with runoff recycling, moderates temps on land, provides habitat
region of mantle where rocks become hot and soft
asthenosphere
blanket of gases that surround earth
atmosphere
sphere that is gaseous envelope surrounding earth
atmosphere
what are the four spheres of earth
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
what are the greatest impact humans have had on the environment
atmospheric gases
another name for producer
autotroph
what is important in the nitrogen cycle
bacteria
who drive sulfur cycle
bacteria
what displaced 9000 indigenous people and submerged 43 species' forests
bakun dam
had an international treaty where you can't trade waste between the countries who have signed the treaty
basel convention
why do small islands have low species richness
because they have few resources and are longer distances from the source populations
what compares monetary costs of regulation to monetary benefits?
benefit cost analysis
what helps decide if environmental regulation is too costly?
benefit cost analysis
what is the favorable ratio of monetary cost of regulation to monetary benefits because it is cost effective?
benefits>costs
the bathyal zone, intertidal zone, deep ocean trenches, abyssal zone, and the hadal zone all make up what
benthic environment
the ocean floor, which extends fromm the intertidal zone to the deep-ocean trenches
benthic environment
what are the human impacts on freshwater ecosystems
dams cause floods, pollution
what type of forests have trees that shed their leaves seasonally
deciduous forests
heterotrophs that break down dead organic material
decomposers
saprotrophs are also called...
decomposers
reduction of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen. bacteria reverse action of nitrogen fixing by returning nitrogen to atmosphere
denitrification
limiting factor that matters how many there are, impact varies with pop density. impact on pop growth increases as pop density increases
density dependent limiting factor
limiting factor whose impact does not vary with population density, dramatic short terms like crisis
density independent limiting factors
what two types of limiting factors are there
density independent, density dependent
a biome in which teh lack of precipitation limits plant growth, deserts are found in both temperate and subtropical regions
desert
severe overgrazing/harvesting has converted savanna to desert
desertification
consume organic matter like carcasses or feces
detritivores
individuals with favorable characteristics are more likely to survive
differential reproductive success
natural and man made events cause this
disturbance
human impacts of desert
driving off road causes erosion, less vegetation, increased groundwater consumption
what overused soil resources, then had a drought and caused the soil to blow away
dust bowl
changing balance
dynamic equilibrium
rate of change in one direction is same as rate of change in opposite direction
dynamic equilibrium
what do systems help us examine?
earth's components and processes, how they interact, how interactions impact other systems and overall earth system
climate, atmosphere, land, coastal zones, ocean
earth's systems
amount of land and ocean needed to supply an individual with food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal
ecological footprint
measure amount of land, water, and ocean needed to provide resources to support one person's lifestyle
ecological footprint
what are used to quantify environmental impact
ecological footprints
role of an organism within its community based on its adaptations, use of resources, and lifestyle
ecological niche
overuse of resources available from nature
ecological overshoot
represent energy and matter lost with successive transfers among trophic levels
ecological pyramid
ability to move matter "to do work"
energy
show e content at each trophic level
energy pyramid
degree of disorder in a system
entropy
measure of the disorder of a system
entropy
what do both GNP and GDP not include in their measurements
environment, human well being
what help federal officials make informed decisions, include nature of proposal/why it is needed, and alternatives to lessen the adverse effects
environmental impact statements
assesses countries' commitment to environmental/resource management
environmental performance index
laws and gov enforced regulations that regulate a society's interactions with teh environment, meant to promote the common or public good by preventing environmental change
environmental public policy
The interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment
environmental science
interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment
environmental science
tries to correct for the difference in teh private cost vs. societal cost by putting tax in place
environmental taxes
what 3 consequences does living sustainably require us to consider?
environmental, economic, social
what are the three spheres of sustainability
environmental, social, economic
colonial period to late 1800s
environmentalism
what three decisions are needed to be made for sustainable development
environmentally sound decisions, economically successful decisions, socially equitable decisions
who developed the concept of ecology
ernst haeckel
complex systems under the influence of tides, gradually change from fresh to salty water
estuaries
coastal body of water partly surrounded by land with input from the sea and freshwater is called...
estuary
which kingdom is true bacteria
eubacteria
cumulative genetic changes that occur over time in a pop of organisms
evolution
what type of population would have adequate resources and few limits on growth. the offspring mature and reproduce, pop grows faster and faster
exponential growth
population doubling time is constant
exponential growth of a population
occurs when species lacks genetic variation to survive change
extinction
when the environment changes, what are the three possibilities for species
extinction, migration, survival and adaptation
humid tropical rain forests have extraordinary biological diversity due to local factors such as
soil fertility, topography
radiant energy from teh sun like ultraviolet, visible light, or infrared radiation
solar energy
what drives many processes that move materials through ecosystems
solar radiation
the production of new species
speciation
group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another
species
number of species present in a system
species richness
what influences an ecosystems ability to provide services by influencing its stability, resistance, and its resilience
species richness
ability to stay in the same state
stability
species richness influences an ecosystems ability to provide services by influencing its... (3 things)
stability, resistance, resilience
atmospheric layer with no turbulence, steady wind, contains the ozone
stratosphere
where do volcanoes occur
subduction zones, above hotspots
large winds due in part to pressures caused by global circulation of air.
surface winds
some have traits that allow them to survive environmental change, which get passed on so those traits become more common
survival and adaptation
ability to meet current human economic and social needs without compromising the ability of the environment to support future generations
sustainability
the ability to meet current human need for natural resources without compromising needs of future generations
sustainability
a set of components that interact and function as a whole
system
biome forest that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation
temperate deciduous forest
this biome has hot summers, cold winters
temperate deciduous forest
this biome has rich organic topsoil
temperate deciduous forest
this biome was the first to be converted to agricultural use
temperate deciduous forest
the biome most suitable for the development of farmland is
temperate grassland
what type of biome are we located in
temperate grassland
high precipitation in this biome
temperate rain forest
which biome has the most species richness
temperate rain forest
coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog, high precipitation on the northwest coast
temperate rain forests
measures amount of motion in a substance
temperature
what are biomes sensitive to
temperature changes, fires, floods, droughts, wind
explains environmental problems as issues related to common pool or open access resources
the tragedy of the commons
who was a utilitarian who wanted nature to be there so he could use it for hunting/fishing?
theodore roosevelt
integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by lots of observations and experiments
theory
energy that is heat flowing from an object with higher temps to an object with lower temps
thermal energy
study of energy and its transformations
thermodynamics
what allows a permitted amount of pollutant and they can sell them to other companies
tradable permits
tropical winds that blow northeast in the northern hemisphere or from teh southeast in teh souther h
trade winds
global north exports our wastes to less developed nations
transnational pollution
where does most of the water in teh tropical rain forest come from
transpiration
position an organism occupies in this energy passage system
trophic level
lush, species rich forest biome that occurs where the climate is warm and moist throughout the year
tropical rain forest
what biome has mineral poor soil because teh minerals are in vegetation
tropical rain forest
what ecosystem has the most amount of energy
tropical rain forest
what location has high species richness
tropical rain forest
closest atmospheric layer to earth's surface, temperatures decrease with increasing altitude
troposphere
what is the order of atmospheric layers
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
the treeless biome in teh far north that consists of boggy plains covered by lichens and small plants such as mosses; has harsh, very cold winters and extremely short summers
tundra
this biome occurs in extreme northern latitudes where snow melts seasonally
tundra
what biome has low species richness and low primary productivity
tundra
in temperate lakes, falling temperatures in autumn may cause a mixing of the water layers called...
turnover
where is most of the sulfur cycle located
underground/sedimentary rocks
occurs when level of demand on its resource base damages the environment or depletes resources to such an extent that future generations will have lower qualities of life
unsustainable consumption
why aren't we operating sustainably? (3 things)
using nonrenewable resources, using renewable resources too fast, putting toxins into environment
what view wants to be able to use the resources in the future, so we should protect them. protection of land as reserves that allow for resource use
utilitarian conservation
what type of water is less dense and rises
warm, lower salinity
what determines the daily extremes of hot/cold changes in temps in teh desert
water vapor content
conditions in atmosphere at given place and time
weather
vary with season and position on earth
weather
