EPY-341 Ch.10,11,13

From the behaviorist perspective on motivation, external incentives are mentioned in all of the following except which one?

A child is interested in a project and therefore invests extra time to do it well.

In general, socioeconomic status is better than ethnicity at predicting what student outcome?

Academic achievement

Identify a true statement about the transactional strategy instruction approach developed by Michael Pressley and his colleagues.

According to this approach, it is important to teach students metacognitive methods to monitor their reading progress.

Which of the following statements about motivation is not true?

As students move from the early elementary school years to the high school years, their intrinsic motivation increases.

Which of the following is not an effective strategy for incorporating writing into the curriculum?

Avoiding formal writing assignments.

According to recent research (Mayer 2004, 2008), which of the following are the three key cognitive processes a child needs to go through in order to read a printed word?

Awareness of sound units in words, decoding words, and accessing word meaning

Which of the following activities provides the greatest opportunity for children to construct knowledge by social interaction?

Brainstorming ideas for a skit

How can teachers use students' underlying concepts to facilitate science education?

By using the concepts as a scaffold for learning

Martin brings up a valid question in his social studies class. He feels that if contributing to society is such an important goal for each individual, how can one person go about making a difference? Which social science theme does Martin's question best pertain to?

Civic ideals and practices

________ is defined as a technique in which an expert stretches and supports a novice's understanding and use of a culture's skills.

Cognitive apprenticeship

Ridgebrook Elementary school's approach to reading instruction focuses on teaching students reading skills that involve the following: establishing the gist of material before reading, monitoring comprehension, and adjusting the pace of reading to account for the material's difficulty. Which approach to reading does this relate to?

Cognitive approach

Which approach to writing emphasizes planning, problem solving, revising, and metacognitive strategies?

Cognitive approach

Mrs. Schiller teaches science. This year, her students created models of the solar system, wired a dollhouse, and built racing cars. Which of the following terms best describes this teacher's approach to teaching science?

Constructivist instruction

________ refers to the cooperative learning method that emphasizes students working in reciprocal pairs where they take turns summarizing information and orally presenting summaries to each other.

Cooperative scripting

In which of the following scenarios does the extrinsic reward undermine the student's motivation to learn?

Douglass read dozens of books as quickly as he could because he wanted to win a race with classmates to read the most books by the end of the year.

Which of the following statements is true of the phonics approach to teaching children how to read?

Early reading instruction should involve simplified materials.

Which of the following is most likely to be an effective strategy for helping students improve their math skills?

Encouraging students to use metacognitive strategies

Which of the following is an advantage of cooperative learning?

Enhances motivation to learn

According to Maslow, most people stop maturing after they have satisfied which need?

Esteem

Which of the following terms refers to excellent knowledge about the content of a specific discipline?

Expert knowledge

A student is most likely to feel angry when he or she perceives that his or her poor performance was because of which of the following?

External factors that another person controls

At what age can children usually reproduce letters and copy several short words?

Five years

Cooperative learning groups vary in size but typically consist of how many students?

Four

Which of the following scenarios depicts a negative effect of using extrinsic rewards to motivate students?

Fran loved to work on science projects until she entered the science fair and became more concerned about winning than enjoying the challenge.

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive apprenticeship in which parents may involve their preschool children?

Frequent conversation and gesturing-Read picture books-Count puzzle pieces-All of the answers are correct.

Alana Jameson has just engaged her students in a cooperative learning activity. She has put them into groups and asked each group to delegate responsibilities for researching the question of "what causes global warming?" After students complete the work they are responsible for, they must reconvene to present their hypotheses to the class. Which cooperative learning model does this sound like?

Group investigation

Mr. Chandler is in a conundrum. He has gone over his cooperative learning approach meticulously and cannot find the reason behind students' lack of enthusiasm and group engagement. He has tried to incorporate materials that are appropriate as well as infused with content matter of interest to them. He has told each student how important the lesson is for the term paper on Friday. What is Mr. Chandler missing?

Group rewards

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for helping students conquer procrastination?

Helping them learn how to use cognitive strategies

________ is a response to challenges and difficulties in which an individual feels trapped by the difficulty and attributes the difficulty to a lack of ability.

Helpless orientation

Which of the following goals has the greatest potential to help a ninth-grade student improve his or her self-efficacy?

I want to get an A or B in biology this semester.

What is the primary emphasis of strategy training?

Improving students' domain- and task-specific skills

Which of the following is not a characteristic of social constructivist classrooms?

Individualized assignments that cater to each student's background

Identify a true statement about reciprocal teaching.

It involves teachers initially explaining strategies and model how to use them to make sense of a text.

________ refers to the cooperative learning method that emphasizes the following elements: face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, individual accountability, and development of interpersonal group skills.

Learning together

Mrs. Williams reviews a math assignment and asks students to "debug" their wrong answers. She asks them to find the error, figure out why it is an error, and correct it. Mrs. Williams is engaging students in which of the following practices?

Metacognitive strategies

Research shows which of the following factors contributes to the decline in students' intrinsic motivation as they move to higher grades?

More competitive school environments-Lack of person-environment fit-More impersonal and formal school environments-All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following activities reflects situated cognition?

Mr. Thomas wants to help students make the connection between math lessons at school and their real-world applications.

________ is defined as knowledge about how to effectively teach a particular discipline.

Pedagogical content knowledge

On Fridays, sixth-grade students help kindergarteners with reading, math, and other subjects. Some students provide one-on-one tutoring, while others read aloud to small groups and assist with work in small "centers." This is an example of which of the following?

Peer tutoring

Which theme addresses the relationship of people to their environment and helps students in learning about spatial and geographic perspectives on the world?

People, places, and environments

Which of the following factors would most likely lead to an increase in intrinsic motivation among students as they progress through elementary to high school years?

Perception of being challenged at a level consistent with ability

Which of the following shows attributes of Maslow's hierarchy in order from lowest to highest?

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem

Lydia's writing performance has significantly improved since her friend Cecile shared advice on how she approaches writing assignments. When Cecile receives a writing assignment, she first estimates how long it will take to complete the assignment. Then she sketches out a brief outline of the elements she wants to include before beginning the actual writing. Which strategy of the cognitive approach to writing does Cecile suggest?

Planning

The Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for school mathematics emphasizes the importance of all of the following, except which one?

Practicing computations repeatedly

Some students purposely put off making the best possible effort in order to use that as an explanation for poor performance. What is the name of this protective strategy?

Procrastination

Which of the following instructional strategies would Piaget have emphasized?

Provide support for students to explore and develop their understanding

Which of the following is an individual tutoring program that has been developed for students experiencing difficulty in learning to read?

Reading Recovery program

Which of the following is not a type of intrinsic motivation?

Reward system

Mr. Shoemaker introduces background information on the famous leaders of the Civil War to students on Monday and Tuesday. At the end of Tuesday's lesson, he tells the students that for the next two days they will work in groups in reference to this lesson. They will complete worksheets and grade each other's work, and on Friday, they will take a quiz. Which cooperative learning model does this sound like?

STAD

________ is described as the technique of changing the level of support over the course of a teaching session where a more-skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the student's current performance.

Scaffolding

Which of the following is an example of self-handicapping strategies?

Setting unreachable goals-Procrastination-Nonperformance-All of the answers are correct.

The belief that writing is culturally embedded and socially constructed is emphasized in which approach to writing?

Social constructivist approach

Social constructivism emphasizes which of the following?

Social contexts of learning

________ is defined as the field that seeks to promote civic competence with the goal to help students make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.

Social studies

Researchers have found that self-efficacy and achievement are most likely to improve when students set goals that are which of the following?

Specific and challenging

In order for students to learn both inquiry skills and science content, which of the following should occur?

Students should plan and conduct subsequent investigations.-Teachers should carefully structure initial investigations.-Teachers should extensively monitor students' independent investigations.-All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a tutoring program that includes a systematic reading program on phonics, vocabulary development, and storytelling?

Success for All program

Which of the following is a cooperative learning approach in which six-member teams work on material that has been broken down into parts and each team member is responsible for a part?

The jigsaw classroom

The social perspective emphasizes which of the following as a key in determining a student's motivation to learn?

The nature of interactions with other students

The cognitive perspective emphasizes which of the following as a key in determining a student's motivation to learn?

The student's thoughts and perceptions

What have researchers concluded about the skills and work habits that children have when they enter kindergarten?

They are among the best predictors of academic motivation and performance throughout the elementary and secondary school years.

Which of the following is the most likely characteristic of students who are perfectionists?

They are prone to low self-esteem.

In order to provide a supportive context for writing, teachers should provide what type of goals?

They should provide goals of moderate difficulty so that they are challenging yet realistic.

The influence of peer pressure decreases and students become somewhat autonomous when they reach which of the following grades?

Twelfth grade

Reading instruction that emphasizes paralleling children's natural learning of language and the use of meaningful reading material refers to which approach to reading?

Whole-language approach

In the context of optimal experiences and flow, when students face a challenging task that they don't believe they have adequate skills to master, they experience ________.

anxiety

According to reading expert Steve Stahl, the three main goals of reading instruction should be to help children:

automatically recognize words.

In the context of peer tutoring, a student is more likely to feel embarrassed when he or she is tutored by a(n) ________.

classmate

The current controversy in math involves whether math should be taught using a cognitive approach or a computational approach. The cognitive approach emphasizes ________, whereas the computational approach emphasizes ________.

developing concepts; speed and automaticity

According to Jere Brophy, the most difficult motivation problem involves students who are:

uninterested in learning.