EVR1001 Chapter 4

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 90-100

5-10 -Approximately 5-10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

Russia's vast boreal forests, the taiga, are the "lungs of Europe." What is the human population density across the taiga? < 6 people per km2 6 to 25 people per km2 26 to 100 people per km2 101 to 250 people per km2 251 to 500 people per km2

< 6 people per km2

You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent. Australia North America Asia Europe South America

Australia

_____ are secondary consumers. Producers Herbivores Plants Cows Carnivores

Carnivores -Secondary consumers are animals that eat other animals; thus, they are carnivores.

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. Bison Snakes Wolves Shelf fungi Deer

Deer

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do? -Decrease your use of microbes and increase your use of chemicals. -Decrease your use of microbes and chemicals. -Increase your use of microbes and chemicals. -Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Which continent contains the most contiguous tropical rain forest? Asia Brazil Australia South America Europe

South America

Use the figure above to answer the following question. If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________. -have no effect on the biome -rapidly be replaced by temperate deciduous forest -begin to support more invasive exotic species -begin to support more desert species -gradually be replaced by savanna

begin to support more desert species

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude. carbon dioxide levels oxygen levels human population density levels of industrial air pollutants biomes

biomes

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest? -desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest -desert, grassland, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest -grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest -tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest -Deserts have the lowest rainfall, then grasslands, then temperate forests, with tropical rainforests having the highest.

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. primary consumer producer tertiary consumer secondary consumer detritivore

detritivore -The earthworm is feeding on the remains of dead organisms.

Based on the climate information you see on the map, East Asia would be best described as __________. mostly cold mostly wet highly variable and complex mostly dry mostly windy

highly variable and complex

At coordinates 43°N and 79°E, the Charyn Canyon, with its bizarre rock monuments, stretches across the Charyn River gorge in northern __________. The canyon's remoteness protected a rare ash tree through the Ice Age that survives to this day. Himalayas Caucasus Mountains Tien Shan Kunlun Shan Altai Mountains

Tien Shan

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes? -Separating agriculture and ecology. -Making no change to modern agriculture. -Uniting agriculture and ecology. -Viewing agriculture as separate from the natural world.

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

To the east of these mountains is the West Siberian Plain. It is the world's largest unbroken lowland. Marshlands and spring flooding make the area mostly unsuitable for agriculture. Himalayan Mountains Carpathian Mountains Ural Mountains Zagros Mountains Northeast Highlands

Ural Mountains

Most of Kyzyl Kum is covered with sand dunes, among which lives a five foot lizard, the Desert Monitor. The desert is shared by Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and _____. Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Afghanistan Azerbaijan Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit? the annual levels of light and length of day the annual soil nutrient levels and relative humidity its annual rainfall and temperature the annual daytime high and nighttime low temperatures

its annual rainfall and temperature -Combining temperature and rainfall allows us to accurately predict which biome we would find in an area.

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change? lichens grasses aspen trees hardwood trees shrubs

lichens

The area of radioactive contamination around the Chernobyl nuclear accident site in Ukraine is extensive. What is the habitat around Chernobyl? mixed forest taiga desert tundra steppe

mixed forest

Use the figure above to answer the following question.Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________. -hot temperatures and dry conditions (low precipitation) -hot temperatures and wet conditions (high precipitation) -cold temperatures and wet condition (high precipitation) -cold temperatures and low amounts of precipitation -moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Compared to the western parts of this region, the eastern parts receive __________ rainfall. (East asia) almost no less more the same None of the listed responses are correct.

more

Ecological restoration tries to __________. -rebuild natural communities to look like what they were in the year 1900 -return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them -preserve pristine environments by keeping humans out -redesign natural areas to have the showiest plants in places that are the easiest to see so more visitors will come

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them -The goal is to restore the community to the state that existed before human impact. Finding this state and getting the community there take research and expertise from a range of scientists.

Use the figure above to answer the following question.Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________. tundra tropical dry forest savanna boreal forest temperate rainforest

savanna

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. tertiary consumer producer detritivore primary consumer secondary consumer

secondary consumer -By feeding on a primary consumer, the human is acting as a secondary consumer.

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________. secondary consumers herbivores primary consumers detritivores producers

secondary consumers

Climate and geography dictated the history of Central Asia. These grasslands, for example, were occupied by nomadic tribes that were experts with horses. Out of this culture came Genghis Khan. tundra montane desert steppes chaparral

steppes

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____. tertiary consumer primary consumer secondary consumer producer detritivore

tertiary consumer -The shark that ate the seal that ate the clam that ate the algae is the tertiary consumer.

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer detritivore

primary consumer -By feeding on a producer, the cow is acting as a primary consumer.

Grazing animals such as deer are ________. decomposers producers secondary consumers detritivores primary consumers

primary consumers

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. tertiary consumers secondary consumers producers primary consumers detritivores

producers -Autotrophs, such as phytoplankton, are producers.

Which climate is LEAST prevalent in this region? (east asia) humid continental (dry winters, cool summers) humid subtropical (with dry season, hot summers) tropical monsoon humid continental (warm summer) tropical savanna

tropical monsoon

In South America, the density of trees should be comparatively lower in this habitat. boreal forest tropical savanna coniferous forest broadleaf forest tropical forest

tropical savanna

Compared to the southern portions of this region, the climate of the northern portions is __________. about the same cooler and wetter more highly variable warmer and dryer none of the above

warmer and dryer

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. 1,000 100 10 1 0

10 -This is the number of kcal of tertiary consumer that could be supported.

Part A - Experimental design: Testing a prediction It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from urban areas in the north and south of the United States. -Measure the heat tolerance of 5 ants from an urban area and 5 ants from a rural area. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. -Measure the feeding activity of many ants of the same species from rural and urban areas in the same region. -Measure the heat tolerance of one species of ant from an urban area and the heat tolerance of a different species of ant from a rural area. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.

-Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Submit In the two best experimental designs, as many variables as possible are controlled so that you can draw a conclusion about how your independent variable (urban vs. rural environment) correlates with your dependent variable (heat tolerance). Some of the variables that are important to control are the species of ant (you want to test only one species) and the climate (you want all your ants to be from the same climate). Poorly designed experiments might include ants of multiple species, too-small sample sizes, too many uncontrolled variables, or indirect measurements of heat tolerance.

Do you think a city can change the traits of the organisms that live there? Could there be differences between urban organisms and their rural counterparts of the same species? It has been established that cities have higher temperatures than nearby rural regions. As you move away from the city center, the temperature drops. And the larger the city, the higher the temperature. This phenomenon is known as the urban heat island effect, and it is due to features in the urban environment that affect the absorption of solar energy, the rate of heat loss, and patterns of air movement. -One group of researchers wondered if the urban heat island effect in São Paulo, Brazil, could be affecting leaf-cutter ants (Atta sexdens) in that city. Mike Angilletta and his colleagues set out to determine if urban ants were more heat tolerant than their rural neighbors, and if so, how did that happen?

...

What biome is depicted in this climate graph? tropical rainforest savanna temperate grassland boreal forest temperate rainforest

.... not temperate (not rainforest)

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers? savanna chaparral boreal forest temperate rainforest grassland

...not grassland

The Kola Peninsula is mainly tundra and taiga and has suffered great ecological damage, with a major culprit being military nuclear waste. What is the elevation of the Peninsula? 0 to 199 m 200 to 499 m 500 to 1999 m 2000 to 3999 m over 4000 m

0 to 199 m

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession? -After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state. -Primary succession starts after a forest fire. -Shrubs will replace pines during succession. -Planting pines in an abandoned farm field mimics the natural progression of species during succession.

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state. -Succession is the somewhat predictable replacement of one group of species by another over time after a disturbance. Eventually, a climax community forms that replaces itself, and change stops until the next disturbance.

Which of the following countries does NOT contain mountains? Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan All of the listed choices contain mountain regions.

All of the listed choices contain mountain regions.

Which of the following best explains why mountain climates are considered "complex?" Mountains contain many different types of climate. Elevation is a major contributing factor. Precipitation is very different between the top and bottom of mountains. Temperature is very different between the top and bottom of mountains. All of the listed responses are reasons why mountains are "complex."

All of the listed responses are reasons why mountains are "complex."

Central Asia is not extensively forested, but much of northern _____ is covered in coniferous forests. Uzbekistan Mongolia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan

Mongolia

How does predation differ from parasitism? -Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. -Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level. -Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. -Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. Submit -Parasites often feed off one host for a prolonged period of time, so killing the host would not serve the parasite's interests.

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community. extirpation secondary succession climax primary succession coevolution

coevolution

The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome in the world. It is characterized by this plant community. desert shrubs coniferous forest tropical forest tropical savanna deciduous forest

coniferous forest

This plant community grows on stable terrain, the soil of which tends to be young, acidic, and poor in nutrients. coniferous forest tropical forest tropical savanna deciduous forest desert shrubs

coniferous forest

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________. it suffers a natural fire or flood pollutants cause a rapid rise in mutations all invasive species are removed it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change it has too many symbiotic relationships among species

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

Secondary succession ________. is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community occurs after a fire or flood typically begins with lichen colonizing rock occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape requires primary succession to precede it

occurs after a fire or flood

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________. -the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun -decreased damage from crop pests and diseases -the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions -less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area -a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions