exam 1
Renunciation of Privilege
"...conflict of values can propel privileged individuals to 'exit' the dominant group and join subordinate ones in the struggle for social justice..." - recognizing one is in a privileged position and acknowledging the struggles of a subordinate group and joining them while actively expressing it
non-credentialed teachers
"In urban areas where most Latino/as reside, 80% of the 54 largest urban districts had non-credentialed teachers on their staff. As Verdugo points out, 'Hispanic students do not, generally get qualified teachers" (pg. 291 Handbook of Latinos and Education)
mall-approach
"Shopping" or in a religious aspect, praying, only as needed (i.e. holidays/big events). This means only praying when one needs something and not as a daily practice.
Aspirational capital
"The ability of a student to maintain hopes and dreams for the future even in the face of real and perceived barriers" (292) A disadvantaged students choice to rise above difficult circumstances that are out of their control and achieve success
Relational Dovetailing
- to " Blank" means "to fit into each other, so as to form a compact and harmonious whole" - how each feminist theoretical advancement fits into our existing knowledge of woman's oppression
Transgressional Mating/Relational Transgression
-: going outside of the realm of culturally or familially acceptable relationships in terms of the race/ethnicity/sexual orientation/etc of the partner. It also applies to the way a relationship is approached such as living together or premarital sex.
Fluidity of Gender
-A work in progress. A dynamic understanding of bodies and genders because they are ever changing. -Transgender is a cross-gender identification or persistent discomfort with biological order. Some believe that gender is a choice, some do not.
Self Reflexive/ Self Reflexivity
-Belonging to different identities but also subjective in the way they act in those different groups -Recognizing that you yourself have your own experiences/biases/opinions when you are looking at someone else, being able to see that other person's experience with an open mind regardless of your own experience
Social Self
-Mixture of everything that makes you who you are. (gender, religion, sexuality) finding intersection of multiple identities. Master statuses which describes the main identity you are perceived as, something that is inherent to your identity and can't change. It Is easily perceived and typically stigmatized. People may have predisposed ideas based on someone's master status.
Social Mobility
"involves cognitive, effective, and behavioral processes that help a member exit, psychologically or physically, from the group"
Social Change
"involves various cognitive and behavioral processes- for example, shifting bases of comparison so that the derograted group becomes superior, altering the meaning of derogated attributes so that pride can be felt denying the legitimacy of the derogation, and acting with others for social change"
class assessment
"these did not depend solely on education or income level. More respondents made relational judgements about their class backgrounds based on what others around them had or did not have" (117) "They also made very nuanced judgements of their class standing in relationship to those around them. When 'these' others changed, as they inevitably did when they moved from their mostly segregated neighborhoods to more affluent communities when they moved away to college, they accordingly reassessed their class standing." (116) Description: this is the rank that a person gives themselves in regard to the economic status of others in their community. For the most part, this ranking remains consistent as long as a person stays within a certain environment. When someone goes from one community to another, a lot of times their blank.
Social Construction of Gender/Sex
-These ideas are constructs of society, they are widespread in some places however lack basis for their construction. -"Doing gender" is more accurate than "having a gender." -A display of both sex and gender that we present to outside viewers or that outsiders viewers impose upon individuals.
Racial Segregation
- In LA, latinos most likely to live in neighborhoods with other people of color, white people lived in the white areas. Latinos were more likely to be harassed by police and have family in jail compared to white people
Premarital cohabition
- a living arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a long term relationship that resembles a marriage. Couples cohabit, rather than marry, for a variety of reasons. They may want to test their compatibility before they commit to a legal union
Positive Ethical Positioning
- a way in which the Latino men in the study define their manhood Quote: "...manhood entails being ethical, standing behind one's word, not cheating or being untruthful, being a good human being, and respecting other."
Proscriptions
- action of forbidding something; banning - because of restrictions forced upon children by their parents, their identity may have been suppressed, resulting in emotional suffering. Suffering can hinder performance in the workplace and in school
Regional Identities
- different terms used to describe Latinos in different areas of the countries
phobia to dating other races
- many parents didn't want their daughters to marry or date anyone else who wasn't Mexican or Latino. Most parents preferred Latino men, or European men to date their daughters however they didn't want their daughters to be with African Americans. Also many Chicanas preferred to date Mexican or Latino men because they didn't want to lose their culture or language by being with someone who didn't speak Spanish or wasn't Latino.
patriarchal privileges
- men and women withhold a different role in marriage. The wife should be submissive and must follow the Virgen de Guadalupe as a model to try womanhood. The husband is seen as the dominant who controls all the efforts of the household - social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. In the domain of the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children
Racialization
- processes of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such
personal identity
- self composed psychological traits (personally unique). concept of personal traits allowing us to become a distinct individual in society - term can be used in our everyday reality by using it to differentiate between others and identifying each person's personality
phallocentric mother
- symbolism of male dominance e.g. character type is introducing in "Becoming Families" where this mother figure has expectations for her daughter and builds a tension between the mother daughter relationship e.g. the mother wants the daughter to take over a family business while the daughter wants to follow her own career path
Quniceañera
- the celebration when one becomes a women on 15th birthday. In VOICING CHICANA FEMINISMS, the book addresses the physical and mental transition of women - coming-of-age ritual; includes a catholic mass - modern times: more of a celebration than a rite of passage
Sitio
-claiming a historical space (spaces) "El Río Bravo was once a life-giving stream that my ancestors crossed to travel north or to journey south. Back and forth, completing cycles. The river was not a boundary. Gringos/as built boundaries, fences, for themselves while they invaded our space, our boundaries. (Voicing Chicana Feminisms, 17)
Privilege
-having more than others, based on their position in society - a right, immunity, or benefit enjoyed based on your master status
patriarchy
-universal concept of masculinity, men are superior to women. It is a social system that exists worldwide -a society in which men have dominancy and control, such as a male-dominated government and household. Men are seen as head of household and have authority over the rest of the family. Within a patriarchal society, women are often excluded from a number of activities due to their gender
Three dimensions of machismo
1. Domination of women 2. Emotional distance 3. Denigration of intellectual activities
Hispanic Mother Daughter Program (HMDP)
10 year commitment of several workshops a year that mothers an daughters attend to learn how to get to college and to be encouraged to go on to college
Structural Positions
A family's social class and education history, and its correlation to their position in society. E.g. : Communities of color are more likely to have more crime because of the low socioeconomic status they tend to have because the parents of children don't have a great educational background. As a result, police patrol over those areas more often and closely than white communities.
mestiza consciousness
A hybrid consciousness where a Chicana individual is categorized as one representation instead of the other. When encountering this internal conflict of self-identity, these individuals are placed on la frontera or a borderland where they are neither one or the other, but an "inbetween-ist" that exists along the continuum of two identities.
hypocrisy
A reoccurring theme in both Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Chicanas Speak Out on Sexuality and Feminism and Beyond Machismo: Intersectional Latino Masculinities. In VCF young women are expected to conform to the traits of a "good girl" by suppressing their nature to explore their sexuality before marriage; while at the same time not showing interest in men labels them as lesbian. In BM Manhood is argued to be also constructed by women while feminism doesn't explicitly seek to be cohesively defined by men.
Sex
A socialized concept that often leads to an assigned gender. This is usually based on what biological genitalia and hormones that a fetus or baby has. Increasing evidence as more and more intersexed individuals come forward indicates that there is a socialized aspect to it. - For example, oftentimes, especially a few years ago, babies are given surgery that is known as "sex reassignment." This reassignment could be either de-sizing a minute penis, enlarging an engorged clitoris, or some other surgery on the infant's genitalia.
Undocumented Immigrant
A term presented in Handbook of Latinos and Education was an undocumented immigrant. An undocumented immigrant is a foreign born person who does not have legal right to remain in the country they are presently residing in. For undocumented immigrants, the education provided to them in the United States came with many hardships. Some students were able to overcome such difficulties, but others were not. The number of high schools undocumented students has slowly increased as stated in the article, "According to a recent report U.S. high school graduate approximately 65,000 undocumented immigrant students every year"(Hurtado, Cervantez, Ecclesto, 2010). In the article, it is mentioned that undocumented immigrants had a much harder time in school. The reason for this is that they arrived from a country who possessed different values, culture, and language. The language barrier seemed to be one of the biggest challenges, but thanks to their parent's constant support they continued their education. Also, thanks to the values their parents inculcated in their household they continued to persevere and rise above any difficult circumstances.
linguistic isolation
According to the US Census Bureau its when the dominant language at home isn't English, and no one in the family speaks English at a fluency level better than "Well." Chicano families speak a different native language to the English used in school curriculum. The language barrier negatively affects' parents' ability to connect with their children's school or help with school work.
Religious
An outlet to create community and connect with Chicana culture, as well as spiritual fulfillment.
Subordination
the action or state of subordinating or of being subordinate, lower in rank or position
controlling Latina Sexuality
C Definition: This refers to the unequal expectations of Latina women that are used to control their sexuality through double standards, racism, and anti Latino perspectives Quotes: "It was not uncommon for the boyfriend's parents to be unconcerned that their sons were living with their girlfriends prior to marriage" (147) "The ones from Mexico are machistas.They cheat on you, they'll beat you. She has an awful image of Mexican men" (145) "If she were to bring home an African American boyfriend, it would rock their world" Elaboration: Throughout this book Hurtado constantly refers to the subordination of women through a Chicana feminist lense and examples of this are through double standards, racism, and anti-Latino perspectives. Parents of women place more barriers on their daughters when it comes to living with boyfriends before marriage while their male counterparts have no barriers to overcome at all. Parents were more accepting of white men due to their historically higher social status but disapproved highly of their daughters dating African Americans due to their stereotypical lower social standing. The anti-Latino perspective that many parents had was due to the stereotypical idea of Latino men being machistas which ties into Beyond Machismo and how they are working to overcome these stereotypes of what these men are like.
Catholicism
Catholicism plays a large role in Latinos homes; however, most women agree that they connect to the religion as a way to connect with their families culturally rather than actually believing in the faith itself. Definition: in the cultural sense, lot more than just a religion to Latino women, present in everyday activities
Un sitio and una langua
Chicana feminist project of claiming a language and a tongue, a discourse. Claiming a historical place, geographical location and a philosophical space. Pg 5
Carceral Consciousness
Criminal justice mindset brought upon by massive increases in the "prison-industrial complex" and the corresponding growth of correctional influence in social and political arenas Drawn increasing numbers of people into vicarious and direct participation in the crime and punishment process Extremely gendered and racialized Many reported having someone in their immediate or extended family who had experienced prison Criminal Justice mindset that changes how prisoners, mostly men, act after being incarcerated(Less affectionate, against the system, aggressive, isolated).
Cultural Adjustments
Cultural adjustment is a process an individual has to go through to be able to work effectively and live comfortably in a place that is new and unfamiliar to them. Living in a new culture requires you to learn a new set of cultural patterns and behaviors.
Community of Color
Define: Close monitored community by police with high police presence. Also, under priviliage and high segregated area.
Familial values
Define: Values in Latino/Hispanic families quote 1: "Many respondents teared up as they recalled the powerful lessons they learned from their parents by direct verbal commands and by example." quote 2: " Parents, especially mothers, constantly told their daughter they could accomplish things in life and they were responsible for their own livelihood."
Exploratory Factor analysis (EFA)
Definition/quote: "A statistical technique used to understand complex data by identifying correlation patterns in respondents' answers to to a set of questions that have the same response categories." (Pg. 128, Beyond Machismo) This important to understand as we analysis the patterns between the Chicano community and white community. Team: Britney
Chicano Generation
Definition: Group of people of Mexican descent that identify themselves with both the US and Mexican culture.
Brown and White Masculinity Study (BWMS)
Definition: A study comparing 150 Latino and 151 White men in similar age and roughly similar levels of education and geographic residence in regards to Social-class identification, Parents' income and education levels, the Racial/ethnic composition of their neighborhoods and high schools, and their opinions towards gender and feminism. Quote: "We this study as the source of data to examine the different views on feminisms of these two groups of men and, given all men's access to patriarchal privilege, the similarities" (Beyond Machismo,
Ethical Positioning
Definition: Expressing admiration for individuals who "did the right thing" even when not obligated to do so. Having a good conscience and doing the right thing Quote: "Respondents admired men who showed conviction and personal strength in overcoming seemingly impossible obstacles." Pg 73 (Beyond Machismo)
Cultural Community Wealth
Definition: How students being a part of a particular group work toward succeeding. There are 6 skills that communities of color use to succeed. Quotes: (Paraphrased) Aspiration capital -the ability of a student to maintain hopes and dreams for the future. Linguistic capital - is a student's intellectual and social skills attained through communication experience in more than one language. Familial capital- the student's cultural knowledge nurtured among familia that carry the sense of community, memory, and cultural intuition. Social capital- the students' knowledge of the social networks of people and the community resources available to them given the embeddedness of their neighborhoods. Navigational capital- the student's ability to maneuver through social institutions. Resistant capital- a student's knowledge and skills fostered through "oppositional behavior that challenge inequality".
Good Mothering
Definition: Rearing children in suitable conditions, such as a comfortable home, and having income to support a family. ). Summary: One can only be described as a good mother if one puts in effort, spends time with their children, provides for their children (whether it be to buy groceries, or to pay for school supplies). When all of these things are absent, one is described as a "bad mother." This is because they did not provide a lot of these things to their children and is assumed that the children are not having a good life. "As a society, we scrutinize the least equipped and least resourced women, holding them to standards of mothering that most of us could not and do not achieve" (Voicing Chicana Feminisms 73), Summary: It is very easy to label different groups of women as "good" or "bad" mothers. A lot of us look down upon on these women, even though most of us ourselves have struggled in the same way: not all of us have the funds or ability to give the best possible future for our kids. We all have our struggles and have to realize that we are all the same, so we should not judge these mothers for the way they are rearing their children.
black
Definition: Refers to skin pigmentation, identity (both cultural and personal), heritage, etc. Quote: "...refers not merely to skin pigmentation but also to a heritage, an experience, a cultural and personal identity, the meaning of which becomes specifically stigmatic and/or glorious and/or ordinary under specific social conditions. It is socially created as, and at least in the American context no less specifically meaningful or definitive than, any linguistic, tribal, or religious ethnicity, all of which are conventionally recognized by capitalization. (MacKinnon 1982, 516)
Feminist Movement
Definition: Social movement for equality across gender. It's harder for women with multiple intersectionalities to reach equality, but this movement emcompasses all of them Quote: "Chicana feminist writers have historically recognized that a true feminist movement must include, men especially men in their communities, for social justice to prevail."(149) "Overall respondents definitions of feminisms were viewed through intersectionality, taking into account race, sexuality, ethnicity, and class and analyzing women's struggles."(151) "The white women experience disadvantages because of their gender (and sometimes class, sexuality, and physical ableness) they inherently benefit from race privilege which may prevent them from constructing feminisms that consider the struggles of people of color in general."(155)
Familia
Definition: Spanish for family, can be extended to mean a close-knit group that's tightly bound together. Quote: "Familial capital refers to the students' cultural knowledge nurtured among familia (kin) that carry a sense of community history, memory and cultural intention" (Hurtado, 2016) Explanation: The most significant predictor of a student's educational success is their family. The parent's educational level and both monetary and emotional contributions are of utmost importance
Cuídate
Definition: Take care of yourself. Maintain the appearance of adhering to the cultural and social norms, don't appear to be violating them. Be careful. Don't get pregnant, and don't lose your virginity.
Culture of Silence
Definition: The almost complete silence in families around the subject of sexuality. Children are inadequately informed on the topic of sex, leading to misconceptions and bad decisions. Quote: Voicing Chicana Feminisms page 56: Silence on sex also led to silence on contraception; implicitly, sexual transgression was equated with pregnancy, or in Nayeli's words," getting pregnant and messing up your life"
Borderlands Theory
Definition: The idea that living close to the border, such as living in South Texas, makes individuals inhabit third space between cultures where social norms and traditions cross one another and make an individual adopt a hybrid culture consisting of the two, in this case American and Mexican culture. Quote - "According to Anzaladua, living in the borderlands creates a third space between cultures and social systems that leads to coherence by embracing ambiguity and holding contradictory perceptions without conflict." Quotes: "...the border between these two countries is a metaphor for all types of crossings - between geopolitical boundaries, sexual transgressions, and social dislocations, and the crossings necessary to exist in multiple linguistic and cultural context." (Beyond Machismo p. 30) Summary of the Quote: The border between the United States and Mexico serves not just as a boundary between countries for Chicano/as but also a boundary between cultures, societies, and traditions. Chicano/as often have to adopt aspects of both American and Mexican cultures that can often lead to a identity crisis where an individual cannot identify as a member of either society.
Entrepreneurial Spirit
Definition: The idea that regardless of your economic situation or social class, make the most of your surrounding resources by striving to make something successful of it rather than doing nothing. Quote: "Aside from working in the factory she'd buy chips and dulces(candies) that and sell them at work. So she had two incomes. She doesn't let anything bring her down..... That was always the message - don't ever just sit, no te quesdes sendtado. Always try to do something, because otherwise your not gonna get anywhere. (Voicing Chicana Feminism pg128)
El Territorio
Definition: a territory Quote: "since there is no recognized nation-state chicano or chicano when we invoke invoke race and and ethnicity, class, and gender in their simultaneity and in their complexity."(167)
Brown Men
Definition: is used to described many different ethnic groups, but in this book, it is used interchangeably to describe Latinos and Chicanos. Quote: "Thus we delineate in this chapter the dimensions Brown men have in common with white men and highlight how Brown men's experience of a "lesser: masculinity affects their views on gender inequality" (Hurtado & Sinna 115)
Good Woman
Definition: the idealistic portrayal of a woman in how she acts, speaks and behaves towards a man Explanation: This is the idea on how a woman should treat a man in a relationship. It includes a woman completely succumbing to the needs and wants of a man and disregarding her own feelings and interests. The "good woman" has to follow a set of values and morals that is put before her. Quote: "To be a "" is to remain a virgin until marriage and to invest devotion, loyalty, and nurturance in the family, specifically Chicanos' definition of family . . ." (Voicing Chicana Feminisms, pg. 15). "To sexually prefer women is viewed as the ultimate rejection of patriarchy" (Voicing Chicana Feminisms, pg. 16). Examples: A woman is supposed to accept the man's alternate affairs with women A woman is considered tarnished if she has sexual relations with a man before
Educational Pipeline
Definition: the struggles people of color face that limit the level of achievement they may reach in their education Q Definition: An educational pathway from kindergarten to 12th grade going towards higher education. Educational Pipeline The Educational Pipeline address the controversy of language, culture, and identity by stating that if a state adopts an effective educational policy, this will increase the success rates of students "there is a serious gap between the home language and the language spoken in schools that permeates the entire context of schooling " (Garcia 1994,2001). "understanding Latino and latina academic achievement requires an analysis [of culture , language and so much more ] to [get an overall sense of how] latino students succeed when all odds are against them"- Machismo 111
Economic Adjustment
E Definition: Having to adjust from their culture, due to various problems within the family, putting the mother in charge of money giving them power. A process in which one is forced to migrate from their cultural lifestyle to an almost forced livelihood in which they must restrict their spending to a point where they no longer fit into the social "norm" for their specific culture. Usually affects families of lower income who feel pressured to conform to their social mold. This is different from assimilation in that the process of transferring groups is sudden and forced.
Ethnocentrism
Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. pg 154 Q: "Like most of my respondents, Rita stated that it was important to her parents that she marry a Latino, although they would be OK if I married a white man."
Family Capital
Everything your family taught you and all the opportunities you had because of who your parents are constitute the "human capital" that you use to form your identity. "[the students'] cultural knowledges nurtured among familia / family that carry a sense of community history, memory, and cultural intuition" (Handbook of Latinos and Education Theory, Research, and Practice, pg 292)
Eurocentrism
Focusing on European culture or history to the exclusion of a wider view of the world; praising European culture, looks, and customs
Gender Privilege
Gender Privilege "Gender-based discrimination focuses on the disadvantages suffered by women in absolute terms; that is, individuals can endorse the notion that women suffer gender discrimination, but they can simultaneously believe that is has very little to nothing to do with men's behaviors and gender privileges." (Beyond Machismo, 134) The idea that men have different privileges and receive different benefits than women because of their gender Examples: the differences in pay between men and women; sometimes brothers didn't have to do chores or follow the same rules as their sisters; boys could live with their girlfriends without it being a problem but girls could not live with their boyfriends Abby Hensler, Meghan Leon, Cristal Lopez, Itzel Gutierrez Salazar, F 12:00-12:50 CommentsComments (0) Definition: When one gender is given a superior status over another Quote: "Most Latina respondents recognized that their brothers had both privileges and vulnerabilities" (Hurtado, 2016) Explanation: In Latino culture, males tend to have more freedom than girls in their sexuality, and less housework duty than females. This results in females being more disciplined than males, and achieving a higher education thus.
Gender Socialization
Gender Socialization Definition: the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's gender. Quote: "Young women are restricted both socially and sexually, whereas men are allowed considerable freedom and male privilege" (Hurtado & Sinha, 2016, p. 80). Section: Gomez Ocamp Wednesday 8:00 am Group: The Cool Kids Club CommentsComments (0) Similarities and differences related to gender, diversity in performing latino culture, and structural factors such as poverty that may have influenced the educational outcome of poor latino/a students. Studies show that though the majority of latino parents were unable to provide instrumental knowledge, they provided support in the form of money, affirmation, babysitting, moral support, and sometimes private school educations. Examples: Girls: virginity until marriage, try not to get pregnant, given specific household chores that started with age appropriate tasks when they were relatively young; brothers exempt from household chores and from curfews, male privilege remained unchallenged Boys: no curfew, can have sex but with protection, few household chores etc.
manhood
Generally, is a social construction of characteristics that a (Latino/Chicano) man should attain. Stereotypically, Latino/Chicano manhood includes strong masculinity and male dominance. He is expected to take on the "macho" characteristics.
cisgender
In which the person's gender identity corresponds to the socialized sex assigned at birth. For example, a person with the biological components for a "female" identifying themselves as female, or a girl, or a woman.
Respeto (respect)
In Chapter 3 of "Voicing Chicana Feminisms," respect holds a special meaning. In most of the respondent's interviews they expressed respect toward their fathers despite their fathers not being emotionally present. They respect the mothers whether or not their mothers are their role models. Whether or not someone deserves a person's respect is not as important as respecting family.
Gender Equity
In regards to education, it is believed both genders should be given the same opportunities so that both genders can succeed at the same rate. Definition: What is often thought as women having disadvantages when it comes to education but recent studies show that boys not girls are at a disadvantage when it comes to education.
Socialization
In social identity theory, it's almost automatically used to navigate the social world. Used in conjunction with categorization.
ambitious
In terms of reading, it was believed that to be this meant for a women to have a sole focus on her life and make it her priority to reach that goal. Ideas women could be this would be a career, a family or education
Socially Constructed Class
In the Chicana study, "many of my respondents did not perceive themselves as hampered by their economic background. On the contrary, they were much preferred the communities and values they grew up with" (123). These people believed that they were economically stable because their familial life has consistently provided food and shelter. It is until they went on to higher education that they realized their white peers had significantly higher incomes. This led the Chicana respondents to reevaluate their status from middle class to low-income class.
Sexual Orientation
In this community being gay, or anything other than straight, was seen as a sin as it was going against the teachings of the bible. Nobody was every really accepted for being gay and if there were it was a very rare occurrence. The community has a socially constructed way of thinking about sexuality and view it as a simple black and white dichotomy. If one does not fit into this dichotomy, one is not a natural person. "Frida'd girlfriend, who was Chicano, had come out to her mother as a lesbian when she was fourteen. Her mother refused to believe it and told her, "No, it cant be. You'll change. And I'll pray for you."." p. 65
malinchista
Label given primarily to Chicanas who advocated against marianismo, or the idea of machismo, as anti-Chicano, anti-Chicano movement, and called lesbian
Latina Discipline
Latina girls and young women are often more successful in school than their Latino male counterparts because of the discipline they exercise at home, as they are expected to complete many more chores than male family members. They also have responsibilities surrounding educational success and more rules about curfews and dating. This discipline, originally learned in the home, often translates over to school settings. Despite the gender disparity between Latinas and Latinos, Latinas consistently advocate for the success of their male friends and partners in school settings.
Religion as Culture Practice
Latinas were raised in the catholic church but, didn't really practice religion. Some went because it was the only place they would see other Mexicans other went out of respect to their parents or to sing in Spanish
machismo
Latino view of manhood which is a primary symbol of aggressive male chauvinism over feminist and queer culture. 3 core aspects - domination of women, denial of emotion, denigration, of intellectual activity.
linguistic capital
a student's intellectual and social skills attained through communication experiences in more than one language and/or style
Social Class
Many of the respondents though they were middle class because that was the "norm" in their neighborhood. It wasn't until they left the neighborhood that they saw what they actually had. They determined someone was of middle class with job security, work security, and homeownership.
chicano
Means "in between" One American parent and one is Latino From a Mexican descent The difference in how chicanos view things in life such as education, marriage, and social class compared to how others, whites, view these things (Perspective) They have completely different perspectives on things
Tolls of Poverty/Entrepreneur Spirit
Most of the respondents came from extremely poor families and worked physically demanding jobs. The physical toll for these parents caused many of them to suffer from disabilities or premature death from mostly heart attacks. This causes most of the respondents to describe their parents as much older than they are. Furthermore, most of the younger generation start hitting their stride around 40 years old. However, most of the working class parents have been working since their teenage years and are physically tired by by age 30 or 40: "It was surprising to hear some of my respondents, whose mothers were in their late thirties and whose fathers were in their early forties, refer to them as if their lives were over."
motherhood
Mothers are the center of the family and daughters life. The mother sees herself in their daughter, and they daughter rejctes the role of the mother. Mothers try to fight their subordinate role and ecourage higher education.
Cultural Racism
Over reliance on "cultural" factors in attributing causation while ignoring powerful structural influences such as poverty. Cultural racism in way scapegoats a marginalized community's culture to explain any problems that they are facing rather than addressing the real problems that are the sources for a community's oppression. EX. The high dropout rate of Latinas is explained by the culture that they live in instead of addressing the systemic problems that Latinas face such as living in poverty, living in a patriarchal society, the inequity of the education system, etc.
hegemonic masculinity
Practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of women. Archetypal masculinity, dominated by common traits of machismo/patriarchy such as arrogance, emotional reservation, heteronormativity, oppression of women, and a greater focus on physical strength over intellectual and moral fortitude.
Stigma Vulnerability
Pressure to perform and conform to expectations based on the prescribed ideas created by society. The external expectations can affect people internally and is most apparent in minority groups.
Ethnicity in Marriage
Reasons (from Voicing Chicana Feminisms) why latinos/as typically want to marry other latinos/as: -they are able to share their culture and they don't have to worry about their kids -most latinos are catholic and want to keep that in the family -language (speaking spanish at home and their spouse and kids being able to communicate with the parents) -who parents want their children to marry (other latinos) -they feel at home when they marry another latino -comfortable -intermarriage gets more complicated -can't relate to their history and culture -fine for you to date someone white but if a latino was dating a black person that would really rock their world -pg.153 (bottom of page) quote "many of my respondents' parents made explicit how much transgression they would accept in their daughter's choice of romantic partners. the different levels of acceptance varied, depending on the romantic partner's ethnicity, race, class, and sexuality." "regardless of sexual orientation, respondents felt it was important to mate with a latina/latino." (pg144) -intersectionality -ethnicity and sexuality play a part too -oversexualization over latina women by white men "exotic" -marriage is more important in latino cultures - v important to get married -the race of somebody that their children were marrying was more important than if their child was homosexual -if their child brought home someone of the same sex but they were chicano, it would be better than if they brought home a black man -some parents did want their children to marry someone white though to marry into money (only a small percentage)
institutionalized religion
Religion is very common in the Chicano/Chicana culture and it is also very common for their religion of choice to be Catholicism. That said, religion does not always provide a fair perspective on gender roles. For instance, man being God-like (i.e "Man created in the image of God") while woman are compared to La Virgen, a pure and innocent mother figure. The applicants being, acknowledging their post high school education, approach religion with a critical perspective while still allowing religion to play its role as a body of hope.
catholic
Religious practice as an expression of culture Respondents identified as not devout Catholics, but cultural Catholics Chicana feminists have provided a powerful critique of the role of institutionalized religion in oppression
Cultural Expression
Sense of strong values within the Catholic church. Believed in the Virgen de Guadalupe because she represents a symbol of hope and a sense of belonging. She is their "morenita". Sense of community, shared traits within the people, UNITY. Went to church for cultural reasons, not necessarily because they believe in the religion itself so much.
bisexuality
Sexual orientation that is defined as attracted to multiple genders. (See pansexual) Note: The literal definition is "Sexual attraction to both men and women," however, this definition is misleading, if not inherently false, as bi literally means "two" or "both" and there are more than just two genders. It is attraction to multiple genders and not simply men and women, as the word is thus commonly used. But then this begs the question, what is the difference between bisexual and pansexual? In the spirit of there is more than two genders to be attracted to, I would submit that the difference is simply how one chooses to define themselves.
chicana feminism and machismo
Sitio y una lengua (space and language)- loss of native lengua and the shame around those retained it propelled chicana feminists understandings of the political nature of all discourse Marianismo- good, pure, listens to husband malinchismo- bad, does not listen to man machismo- male domination of women intersectionality- interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage
Resistant Capital
Someone's ideals and beliefs that challenge cultural and social norms.
mujeriego
Spanish term for "womanizer". Used to describe men who "were awful jerks and treated me awful. We'd go out to dinner and they'd be looking at some girl who walked by."
Third Space
The "in-between" an individual finds him/herself within when they are biracial - belonging to two different races, and trying to bridge the cultural gap they find themselves within. - A type of double consciousness.
Latin@ gendered educational pipeline
The Educational pipeline is a visualization of one's journey from childhood to becoming a successful member of society after going through the educational system. The Latina/o gendered educational pipeline concentrates on Latino students but is filled with barriers and obstacles that cause students to fall out of course or leak through the pipeline. These leaks are due to the fact that the school's latino/a children have access to are often overcrowded and underfunded. Latinos and latinas suffer the most from these obstacles but it is the latino males that leak through the most and are underrepresented in higher education.
chicana feminism consciousness
The awareness of the oppression faced by chicanas as it relates to their class. Also the awareness of chicanas as a part of the feminist movement and chicano movement.
Gender Spectrum
The idea that there is not only male and female but along the spectrum there are many other identities, ever changing and fluid through life. Quote: "Gender is continuum between "male" and "female" and fluid according to context, historical moment and individual preferences" (Lecture)
Cultural Practice
The ideas and behaviors passed on to each generation by members in a community and within each family in order to keep a sense of unity and closeness with the cultural identity of the group. ex: going to church every Sunday with others in the community
Entrepreneur Spirit
The is ways the parents of respondents found to make extra income for their families on the side. For example, there was a women who drove community kids to school for extra money.
interlocking oppressions
The macro-level connections linking systems of oppression such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality.
mestizaje
The mixture of Spanish, African and native cultures leading to the Mexican culture; now includes the American culture in the case of Chicanos.
Unspoken Taboo Topics
They are ideas(like virginity, menstruation and homosexuality) that are unrecognized by the community due to a conservative culture and religious views. However, no culture stays stagnant and it is constantly evolving due to the fact that "circumstances change and if it doesn't change it becomes useless" (Hurtado, Lecture 3). " The "cult of virginity" in these families included a taboo around using tampons. In fact, although there was little discussion of menstruation or sex, mothers often cautioned their daughters against using tampons "because they would lose their virginity"." (Hurtado, pg61)
lengua
Used in the book to demonstrate how the Chicanas must claim their language, but also used in the book to refer to how women would keep silent about sociopolitical issues and how that changed over time
Freedom of Masculinity
This concept follows the idea that there were different expectations between the boys and the girls in the latino/a community. This often resulted in the women held to a higher standard and also given more responsibilities. An example of this concept occurs during the social standard and different level of acceptance for premarital sexual activity. The men were given much more leniency in their endeavors, thus, the term 'freedom of masculinity.' One excerpt from Beyond Machismo that conveys this idea is, "...there was an unspoken understanding that they would more than likely violate this restriction" (pg. 92). In this quote, they discuss the difference in standards of sexual activity between men and women. This quote shows that it was often very common for the latino/a parents to have similar talks about premarital sex and the negative effects of engaging in such activities. However, as the quote states, it was commonly accepted that the men would violate this rule without consequences, whereas, the women would receive "explicit consequences if the rules were broken." (Pg. 92). Another example of this discriminatory nature is exhibited in the expectations given to the women where, "...virginity was to be preserved - both to increase the probability of securing a husband and a happy future." (pg. 85) This quote emphasizes the necessity of women to follow the rules and it explains the different reasons they were held to this higher standard. For a lot of homes, success for a woman and the ability to have a good future was banking on them securing a husband. This was not the case for the men, they were not as heavily scrutinized for this.
Undocumented Students
This term refers to any student who is here illegally or without proper documentation. This concept was talked about in the "Infinite Possibilities, Many Consequences" article that was posted on GauchoSpace. One thing they talk about is how undocumented students often do well in school however due to a lack of financial aid for students in their situation they often do not get the opportunity to attend higher education. This article also talks to the language barrier and how they are directly correlated. Often with first generation latino students, they lack the ability to obtain information from their parents since their parents may not understand how the system works or have the ability to assist their children in basic educational concepts. As expressed in this article, "immigrant status such that lack of english skills result in limited employment opportunities for immigrants" (Pg. 290). Thus, this creates a difficult barrier for many undocumented students.
marianismo
To be a "good woman" is to remain a virgin until marriage and to invest devotion, loyalty, and nurturance in the family, specifically Chicanos' definition of family, which includes extended networks of kin as well as friends and parts of their communities
liberation theology
Transitioning away from the confines of religious tradition towards something more culturally accessible to the Chicano community
Centrality of Mothering
Voicing Chicana Feminisms A Chicano mother's' central role was teaching their children ethics, independence, the power of education, and responsibility Mothers instilled = morality, work ethic, education (74) "...women learning from each other to resist their subordination"(79) "Religion became an outlet for many of the mothers whose dreams of attaining higher education had been frustrated"(79) "In essence, the opportunity to choose their lives was the gift these mothers were giving their daughters"(83).
Señorita
a girl who started menstruating. a young woman who is not married. Is also used to refer to a woman who has not had sex.
Culture of poverty
a highly gendered and dysfunctional nature of poor families that causes them to fall into a cycle of disadvantage as generations pass; the idea of culture of poverty becomes ingrained in the minds of outsiders such as the justice system, education system, and general public which further enforces the culture
la frontera
a metaphor for the real Mexican-American border, but also became a border for the political and social borders chicanas were forced to navigate. the border can be mentally, physically, culturally, etc.
hymen
a physical form of a societal, and often motherly, expectation to keep intact in order to remain a virgin, although medically it is simply a piece of a woman's anatomy; this view is echoed a lot from mothers because mothers are usually the ones to talk to their daughter's about sex and menstruation, while fathers usually remain silent on these issues
Stockholm syndrome
a psychological condition in which hostages or oppressed people develop sympathetic sentiments towards their captors or oppressor
Stereotype Threat
a situational predicament in which individuals are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their group
Single Mothering
a woman often raising sizable numbers of children and helping extended kin
la malinche
an indigenous woman who was a pivotal figure in the conquest of the Americas; almost appropriated into a symbol for feminism
pansexual
being attraction to any and all genders - not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity
Spirituality
catholicism was the major religion amongst the respondents. yet religion was used as more of an "avenue to o this." many believed that they could be faithful without having to go to the church. many attended churches with other latinos in order to feel apart of a community. religion was viewed as more of a cultural activity rather than a traditional need and was viewed as more of a safety net for more.
menstruation
changes dynamic of the family, relationship between father and daughter changes, little to no education on menstruation and feminine hygiene products
gender favoritism
especially at adolescence-teen age(in household under parents authority) guys are able to get away with more things ie. staying out late. Males are treated better by having more freedom and less responsibilities than females who are held at a different standard. quote: "Most Latina respondents who had brothers reported that the brothers were exempt from household chores and from curfew..." summary: This is saying that males are given more freedom which in the end encourages laziness and may lead males to become undisciplined.
Social Identities
is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). -Social identities are found through ones consciousness of their valuations. With this in mind, one whom identifies differently can have a different perception of machismo or manhood. The social identities of respondents are explained to give the audience a grasp of these particular respondents identification and thoughts.
multiplicity
juggling multiple social identities while maintaining a coherent individual self to prevent the relationships around them colliding
instrumental knowledge
knowledge that allows someone to succeed in higher education
pan-ethnicity
meta-identity that is deployed for political, social, and economic recognition of a variety of Latino/a group. Example: Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans, Other Central American groups: Guatemalans and Salvadorians
mezcla
mixing or merging of various cultures, ideas, etc.
linguistic integration
occurs when a person has moved to a country where their first language is not spoken and they must learn a new language. The process of learning a new language in order to communicate more within a new country of residence is
Culturalism
over-relying on cultural factors in attributing and ignoring other equally powerful structural influences Chicanas actively trying to fight this from a standpoint of intersectionality ex. relying on cultural explanation for school failure when really there are other powerful factors such as: - inferior school facilities - overcrowded classrooms - inferior teaching in minority schools - constant threat of violence
in-between status
people of different ethnic backgrounds adopt different names for themselves to express that they're similar but with different cultures, p. 293 The refusal of assimilating into one new culture arises out of fear of losing one's ancestral culture. These people of in-between status want to exemplify their differences with pride, and to accentuate that they are different from one another (i.e. Boricua, Chicana).
interethnic mating
people of different ethnicities marrying and eventually having kids. These unions are usually unexpected; before meeting their partner, some individuals may have even been adamantly opposed to marrying someone of a different ethnicity and background.
Social Categorization
process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics, whether it be nationality, class, age, diagnosis, etc.
Prisonization
process undergone by individuals as they adjust to prison's disciplinary norms - in prison, one must learn new behaviors- such as detachedness- the navigate the harsh prison society; they continue these behaviors even when they are released. Their young male relatives mimic these behaviors and this is a factor that affects their academic life
chicana feminism
rejecting patriarchy by 1) claiming a language (Spanish) and 2) claiming a space both historically, geographically and philosophically Making a space that is their own and not something that was trust upon them by oppressors. "Chicanas seize sociosexual power [to create] our own sitio y lengua. [I move] deconstructing male centralist theory about women to reconstricting and affirming a chicana space and language in an antagonistic society."
Premature Aging
result of the combination of the stress caused by their economic lives and physically demanding jobs - the way those being interviewed talked about their parents made them sound as if they were much older than they really were, it sounding like they were 50 or 60 something when they were only in their thirties or forties
intersectional identities
social identies constituted by the master statuses of sexuality, gender, class, race, ethnicity, and physical ableness
macho
socially constructed concept where strong and masculine traits are attributed to men that are enforced through social norms
lucha
struggle, fight. Although, Lucha was the name of one female respondent, by definition this term supports the overall argument in the text by showing how the woman, including Lucha, in Voicing Chicana Feminisms exceed their expectations and overcome obstacles throughout their life.
microagression
subtle, innocuous, preconscious, or unconscious degradations and putdowns, both physical and verbal.
la Virgen de Guadalupe
the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus, prominent religious figure in Chicano, Mexicano, and Latino cultures
Social Class Relativity
the awareness that an individual has of their social class which is highly affected by their place in a certain population
master statuses
the categories into which people fall which most affect society's vision of individuals' social identity. These include: sexuality, gender, class, race, ethnicity, and physical ableness.
intersectionality
the different forms of oppression that shape and give form to a social organization; an analysis claiming that systems of race, social class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, and age form mutually constructing features of social organization, which shape certain people's experience and in turn shape those people
gender-based discrimination
the different ways people are discriminated is based on their gender. Definition: describes the disadvantaged position of women as a result of their gender Importance: People get discriminated on a daily basis but is based on gender how badly the discrimination is or what type of discrimination it is.
Performative
the expression of gender as independent of a person's biological sex has liberated individuals from the idea that biology is destiny. Individuals, regardless of their biological makeup can be male, female, transgendered, or not gendered at all. The performativity of gender is socially constructed and should not determine an individual's abilities or roles in life
hyper masculinity
the extreme version of machismo, a sometimes-toxic form of masculinity in Latino culture that permeates social structure and hierarchy in communities and families. Hyper masculinity affects women the most, who suffer from gender oppression and inequality as a cause of the typical structure established my machismo; women are meant to stay at home and take care of the home and kids, while men are expected to work and "bring home the bacon".
male privilege
the leniency of procedures, restrictions and consequences due to some arbitrary attributes
Relational Engagements
the notion that manhood is a developmental process reached when a person is responsible for raising a family; commitment to putting family first
cult of virginity
the value placed on virginity by mothers who are extremely concerned about keeping their daughters "intact". This includes not using tampons and staying a virgin until marriage.
Feminist Consciousness
this term is used to explain the idea that women can be in the workforce and equal among men in that workforce, while still having a family and taking care of the kids. Women have the power to fight for equal rights and still raise children while keeping the house clean. Definition: Awareness of obstacles and lack of privileges the female gender faces in everyday society. Quote: "The differences in lived experience between the two groups of men as organized by racial and class intersections can provide an explanation for the divergences in attitudinal structure and content found in the feminist consciousness, gender-based discrimination and relational gendered privilege and subordination factors"(Hurtado and Sinha 142-143). Quote Summary: The quote above is discussing how race and economic class play a role in regards to understanding feminist issues including "feminist consciousness". The quote also mentions how living through distinctive experiences also can shape both white and latino males views on women in society and their own probability to be aware of the feminist consciousness movement. The section of the study in Beyond Machismo that measured the respondent's relationship to feminist and feminist movement. This part of the study showed that more Latino men took feminist courses than white men in college. This could be associated with the results of Latino men having more compassion towards women because they also face oppression in society.
heterosexuality
to be sexually attracted to the opposite sex; often associated with male masculinity
Educational Adversity
uneven distribution of educational achievement - primarily due to struggles in adjusting to a new culture/system(language barriers, etc) - many Latino/Chicano parents do not have backgrounds or experience in the US to impart on their children -Gender socialization ties into this because girls and boys have different expectations from their parents. So, they are raised differently causing a rift in their education level
Stand Point Theory
view of how members of a group access, create, and view knowledge. This theory has ties in with Marxist ideas, specifically the collective knowledge of the proletariat. In the Marxist theme, the working class have their own world views and ideas that come from being oppressed, that the oppressors themselves cannot see. The idea of the theory is that being part of a marginalized group allows for individuals to have a different point of view of things like judgement, oppression, and class interaction. Stand Point Theory can also be called on when the ways that knowledge is created and distributed is thought about. The "ruling" class will often have more access to knowledge and members of that class will have the facilities to create more "legitimate" forms of information and ideas than the lower class, thus, the separation of information and ideas grows between the groups. - people's opinions are influenced by their intersectionality
oppression
when an individual is restricted/confined by controlling behavior from an outside force Example: "Racial discrimination as well as other types of exclusionary acts influenced respondent's assessment about gender inequalities. They focused on the ways in which their feelings of marginalization informed their perceptions of women's oppression"
Structural Segregation
when one is born into a disadvantageous position; lacking educational, economic, etc. privilege that continues throughout lifetime (p 127) - Because people are born into these disadvantageous positions, they most likely will have less success than those who happen to possess privilege in any of these categories
people of color
word used to refer to chicanos, asians, native americans, and blacks, all of whom are U.S. minorities