Family Science Exam 2

Summarize the information in your text about gender differences in jealousy.

Women are jealous of a rival's attractiveness and men are jealous of a rival's status. Men get jealous over sexual issues and women get jealous over intimacy issues. Women become jealous over intimacy because it threatens their partner's commitment. Men become jealous over sexual issues because it threatens their paternity certainty. These jealousy patterns were still consistent when dealing with online relationships and cybersex

Define intimacy

a closeness between two people

What is the marketplace of relationships and how does it work?

a concept that portrays relationship formation as exchange, wherein we are evaluated by and evaluated others on the basis of the qualities they possess or the resources they bring

What is a "script?"

a sequence/group of actions that take place in a given order in a particular context

What is the "scary movie" effect and how does it work?

all emotional arousal, even from fear, facilitates attraction because it can be misattributed

Define and explain the halo effect.

the assumption that good looking people possess more desirable social characteristics than unattractive people

What is romantic love?

the intense feelings, emotions, and thoughts coupled with sexual passion and erotic expression that a person directs towards another, as well as ideology that upholds it

What are the 5+ levels of flirting and how do they work?

-level 1: the approach; one person "approaches" the other -level 2: talk; someone has to say something -level 3: swivel or turn; if conversation ensues rotate so more face to face than side to side -level 4: the touch; major escalation point, one person (usually a woman) touches the other -level 5 synchronization; body movements mirror one another

We did two class activities to explore the predictions of Evolutionary Psychology. Be sure you understand the implications from each of them. For example, what is the difference between resources and resourcefulness and what are the circumstances under which each one may be valued?

"resources" are used by women as a proxy for resourcefulness which is actually wha EP predicts women look for

How does this process influence dating?

-makes the stakes and expectations for first dates extremely high -means that activities that meet the functions of dating, but that don't follow "scripts" are unlikely to be counted as "dates"

Give some examples of gender differences in intimacy

-To women, intimacy means sharing love and affection and expressing warm feelings toward someone. To men, being intimate may mean en-gaging in sexual behavior and being physically close. -Women display intimacy in their verbal exchanges, ex-press more empathy, and are more likely than men are to come to an understanding of what others are feeling

Give some examples of how love is expressed behaviorally.

-Verbally expressing affection, such as saying "I love you" -Self-disclosing, such as revealing intimate personal facts -Giving nonmaterial evidence, such as offering emotional and moral support in times of need and showing respect for the other's opinion -Expressing nonverbal feelings such as happiness, contentment, and security when the other is present -Giving material evidence, such as providing gifts or small favors or doing more than the other's share of something -Physically expressing love, such as by hugging, kissing, and other sexual activity -Tolerating and accepting the other's idiosyncrasies, peculiar routines, or annoying habits, such as forgetting to put the cap on the toothpaste

Explain the difference between abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education, the scientific data evaluating the effectiveness of each, and the conclusion about which is better.

-abstinence-only - can't include any info on contraception, disease prevention, abortion, communication, sexual identity, non-marital lifestyles, or the normality of non-marital sex; must teach that non-marital sex and non-marital childbearing is universally harmful, despite scientific evidence is the contrary - comprehensive - teaches abstinence, but also teaches material prohibited by abstinence only programs and does not perpetuate the myuth that non-marital sex is harmful

Describe Gottman's (1994) "five horsemen." Give examples of each (cf. pp. 278-279).

-contempt - rolling eyes in response to a statement -defensiveness -stonewalling/avoiding -criticism -belligerence

Describe the four major functions of nonverbal communication. Give examples of each.

-conveying interpersonal attitudes - Nonverbal messages are used to convey attitudes. Holding hands can suggest intimacy -expressing emotion - Our emotional states are expressed through our bodies, our gestures, and our expressions. Smiling to express happiness -handling the ongoing interaction - Nonverbal communication helps us handle the ongoing interaction by indicating interest and attention. Leaning towards the person talking to show interest -conveying relative status - Nonverbal cues can also reveal the relative status of individuals and, in observing their interaction, the status differences between them. Greater body openness demonstrates higher status

What does this theory tell us about how relationships progress on the 3 elements? You should be able to identify where a relationship is based on the amount of the 3 elements.

-early on there's high passion, low intimacy and no commitment -as things progress passion and intimacy increase -eventually commitment increases, passion drops and intimacy increases as well

Summarize each of Lee's (1973) six styles of love and compare them to one another.

-eros - romantic or passionate love; erotic lovers love their partners body and beauty and their love burns bright but is short lasting -ludus - playful or game-playing love; for ludic lovers love is a game that is fun, casual, and nothing serious -storge - gradual love that deepens and typically starts out as a friendship and if it ends they go back to being friends -mania - obsessive love; combination of ludus and eros; characterized by a love hate relationship -agape - combination of eros and storge; altruistic love; emphasizes nurturing and caring as their own rewards; it's the love of monastics, missionaries, and saints more than that of worldly couples -pragma - combination of storge and ludus; pratical and pragmatic; pragmatic lovers tend to look for someone who is compatible and if the partner meets those criteria then erotic or manic feelings may develop

What are the 6 major styles of loving according to Lee? Describe them.

-eros-romantic, passionate love -agape-selfless love -pragma-shopping list love -storge-friendship love -mania- dependent love -ludus- sexual love

What are the four types of interdependencies that romantic partners are expected to be able to satisfy? What are examples of each of them?

-intrinsic-example: emotional support -extrinsic- example: money or services -sexual- example: sexual activity -formal- example: shared legal status

What sexual behaviors do most people consider "having sex"? What factors influence whether a behavior is labeled as "having sex"? What are the consequences of seeing only these behaviors as "having sex"?

-men are more likely to count a behavior as "sex" than women -more likely to count it as "sex" if it results in orgasm, or receiving rather than giving -less likely to label it as "sex" if it doesn't match their definition of sex (mostly penile-vaginal penetration) -less likely to level it as "sex if they anticipate negative consequences of calling it that; "not sex"="still a virgin"; "haven't done anything to feel guilty about it"; "not raped"

Explain how gender influences initiation, acceptance, and rejection.

-men more frequently initiate direct attempts -women are more likely to be successful when initiating - women accept and reject more

What are the different kinds of proximity and how do they work differently?

-mere exposure: after enough exposure to a person, they become familiar -proximity to another attractive person: a person is with a group of attractive people, they will be seen as more attractive than if they had been standing alone -relative proximity: when a less attractive person is presented sequentially with a more attractive person the difference between them is amplified as a result of comparison -personality proximity: "matching" phenomenon others who ate similar to us in characteristics (e.g. attractiveness), or different in value of a different characteristic (e.g. status) are seen as more attractive

Explain the three ways that martial sex is expected to be different from nonmarital sex.

-monogamy - only having sex with their spouse and handling situations involving those sexual relations -socially sanction reproduction - marriage in most segments of society remains the more socially desirable and approved setting for having children; couples have to decide if they want children or not; and sex changes from an erotic activity to a purpose of reproduction -changed sexual context - sex has to take place around work and private times (kids at school or asleep) and morals and feelings may change in regards to sex and the relationship

How do various "issues" affect sex (e.g., "pre-marital" sex)?

-number of partners, sexual history -initiation preferences -"pre-marital" sex -enjoyment -regret -deception -"hormonal" effects

Explain the messages, socialization, and other influences about sex that people receive from parents, siblings, peers, and media.

-parents- communication and supervision (decreases sexual activity if constantly supervised by a parent) -siblings- older siblings become role models for sexual behaviors; sisters play 3 roles in discussing relationships: mentors, confidants, and support with confidants being the most common; siblings are communicated to more than parents -peers- pressure to carry out traditional gender roles; spreads much information and misinformation; virginity is seen as a stigma; many teens now have delayed having sexual intercourse -media- young teens consider the mass media as more important sources of information about sex and intimacy than parents, peers, and sexuality education programs; 7 out of 10 prime time programming portray sexual messages and content; adolescents that watch reality programs with heavily sexualized content are more likely to produce and distribute sexual images of themselves and post them in their social media; teens that listen to music with sexually degrading lyrics often had sexual intercourse; many websites are aimed at teens and parents seeking answers about sex/how to talk about sex to their child; porn also influences sexual behavior

According to Filter Theory, what are the criteria on which we filter our prospective mates? What is homogamy/heterogamy, endogamy/exogamy, and propinquity?

-propinquity: those who live nearby are more likely to be seen/considered as potential mates -attraction -education/intelligence -homogamy vs. heterogamy; endogamy vs. exogamy: those who are more like us (age, race, class, religion, marital status, etc.) are more likely than those less like us to be potential mates -compatibility

Describe and compare the three major forms of nonverbal communication. Give examples of each.

-proximity - Nearness, in terms of physical space, time, etc. Where a person sat or stood by a person. -eye contact and facial expression - Making eye contact with another person, if only for a split second longer than usual, is interpreted as a signal of interest. "Pleasant" facial expressions, especially smiles, help convey warmth and display a sense of comfort. -touch - From handshakes to hugs, touch is associated with intimacy across many different types of relationships, from close friends to romantic partners to family members

Your text lists eight different sexual behaviors. Describe the research on each of them.

-sexual fantasies - 60-90% of respondents of multiple studies say that they fantasize during sex; women have more detailed and romanticized fantasies than men -masturbation - men have more experiences masturbating than women; masturbation in marriage is a product of both the frequency of sex within one's marriage and one's level of contentedness with their marital sexual frequency; social and relationship factors other than the presence of a partner affect masturbation -touching - pleasuring (non-genital touching and caressing) allows for exploration and opens the door for communication/couples discover that the entire body is erogenous; touching increases with age and is the primary form of erotic expression in married couples over 80; many find cuddling more often appealing -kissing - most common and acceptable of premarital sexual activity; kissing another person other than a partner evoked jealousy; an adolescent's first kiss marks the beginning of adult sexuality; many Americans would find it appealing to kiss more often during sex -oral-genital sex - 91% of whites males and 89% of white females 25-44 years old have engaged in heterosexual oral sex and increases to 91.9% of white males and 91% of white females when the age is shifted to 15-44 years old; the numbers are less for blacks and latinas(os); the percentage of males and females consistently giving oral sex is in the mid to high 80s -vaginal intercourse - 97 percent of 25- to 44-year-old males and 98 percent of 25- to 44-year-old females report having had sexual intercourse at least once in their lives; more than a quarter of women and more than a third of men report having sexual intercourse more than once a week; Men tend to be more consistently orgasmic than women in sexual intercourse; 90% of women and 86% of men report that vaginal intercourse is appealing -anal eroticism - both heterosexuals and gay men engage in anal intercourse; from age 25 through 59, more than 40 percent of males report having ever had heterosexual anal intercourse. Similar estimates were obtained among women from age 20 to 49; among 25- to 44-year-old women and men, 35 percent of women and 40 percent of men had en-gaged in heterosexual anal intercourse at least once; anal intercourse is the riskiest and the most prevalent sexual means of transmitting the HIV among both gay men and heterosexuals.

What are the five "w"s of sexuality and what are some examples?

-who- We are taught to have sex with people who are unrelated, around our own age, and of the other sex (heterosexual). -what- Society classifies various sexual acts as good or bad, moral or immoral, and appropriate or inappropriate. -when- privacy, what age to start and stop, how often and when in a relationship to have sex. -where- Where do sexual activities occur with society's approval? -why- the reason for sex (i.e. pleasure, bordem, revenge, relaxation, intimacy, etc.)

Explain the findings about online dating services.

1. No scientific evidence to support claims 2. Companies refuse to release data necessary to evaluate claims 3. Users will screen out many potential mates on the basis of pre- selected traits that they think are important but that actually don't predict face to face attraction

What are the reasons a person might want to make their partner jealous?

1. get more attention from partner 2. to enhance self-esteem 3. to test relationship 4. to seek revenge

What are the stages of dating?

1. initial meeting 2.hanging out in groups 3. hooking up: casual commitment free, relationally ambiguous sexual encounter 4. first "date": official recognition of being together as a "couple" in public 5. If successful, quickly progresses to "joined at the hip" with large amounts of time spent together and few "dates"

Describe the different sexual behaviors including prevalence rates.

1. masturbation 2. oral sex: vast majority engage in giving and receiving; by 18 over 60% have given and received 3. PVI: 90% of men and women engaged in PVI by 25-29; numbers are stable after that (by 20-24 - 82% and by 18-19 - 66% of males and 62% of females 4. anal sex: nearly half of americans 5. orgasm: 95% of men and 67% of women report orgasm during most PVI 6. sexting: sending or receiving erotic text or photos by phone; 2/3 college students have sent and received sexts

Explain the legal requirements for sex education.

1. only 23 states and D.C. mandate sex ed of any kind 2. only 21 states and D.C. mandate both sex ed and HIV ed 3. only 13 states require that if sex and HIV ed be taught, that it be medically correct 4. only 9 states require LGBT-inclusive discussion of sexual identity in sex ed programs

Describe the Behavioral/Learning Theory approach to the origins of love.

1. other people's behavior causes you to develop feelings for them 2. the more they like you, the more you like them 3. if you behave in a positive way towards someone, will attribute own behavior to loving feelings

What are the 6 major factors that affect jealousy?

1. partners behavior- interest in someone else or lack of interest in you 2. insecurity in relationship 3. low self-esteem 4. unrealistic attitudes towards love 5. mistrust of prior relationships 6. lack of alternative partners

Explain the three important factors in commitment in a relationship, according to Reiss (1980).

1. the balance of costs and benefits 2. normative inputs 3. structural constraints

How do sex ratios influence dating and mating patterns?

1. the types of relationships pursued shift away from the direction of the bias in ratio 2. the types of behaviors in the relationship also shift away from the direction of the bias 3. consistent with EP and exchange theory (comparison level alternative)

At Level 0, what are the five sub-points and what do they tell you about soliciting approaches?

1. women send more nonverbal solicitations to men when interested 2. more IOIs a woman sends a man, the more likely he is to escalate to level 1 and approach her 3. women who smile at a targeted man are 5.5 times more likely to be approached by him than women who don't smile 4.women wearing make-up, especially eye make-up are approached significantly more by men and in significantly less time 5. women who are C cups are approached by men 3x more than women who are A cups

Describe and explain the three major tasks in directing sexual activity.

1.We need to practice safe sex. Ideally, we need information about our partners' sexual history and whether he or she practices safe sex, including the use of condoms. Unlike much of our sexual communication, which is nonverbal or ambiguous, we need to use direct verbal discussion in practicing safe sex. 2.Unless we are intending a pregnancy, we need to discuss birth control. Condoms alone are only moderately effective as contraception, although they help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. To be more effective, they must be used with contraceptive foam or jellies or with other devices. 3.We need to communicate about what we like and need sexually. What kind of foreplay or afterplay do we like? Do we like to be orally or manually stimulated during intercourse? What does each partner need to be orgasmic? Many of our needs and desires can be communicated nonverbally by our movements or other physical cues. But if our partner does not pick up our nonverbal signals, we need to discuss them directly and clearly to avoid ambiguity.

How common is jealousy?

3/4 of men and women have felt jealous

Summarize the information in your text on sexual problems and dysfunctions.

33% of women and 18% of men may suffer from hypoactive (low or inhibited) sexual desire or a lack of sexual interest. For women problems may include arousal difficulties, orgasmic difficulties, finding sex not pleasurable, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse). For men problems may include early ejaculation, erectile disfunction (ED), lack of sexual interest, delayed orgasm, difficulty ejaculating, finding sex not pleasurable, and for a small percentage, finding sex painful. It is generally believed that 10-20 percent of sexual dysfunctions are structural in nature such as illnesses, alcohol, and medications. Among the prominent nonphysical factors associated with sexual dysfunctions are depression, performance anxiety, and conflicts within the self. Many people when having a sexual problem talk to their partner about it to help the problem; they can also seek outside help such as medical advice, talking to friends, or self-help books and websites. If the problem continues after seeking help from the partner, friend, book or website then seeing a medical professional should be the next step in getting help.

Define and explain sexual scripts.

A culturally approved set of expectations as to how one should behave sexually as male or female and as heterosexual, gay, or lesbian

Summarize the research findings on sexual nonmonogamy and extramarital sexuality.

A quarter to half of divorces in countries cite cheating/extramarital affairs as the reason for divorce. 20-25% of men and 10-15% of women report having participated in extramarital sex during their marriages. Extramarital involvements can be (1) sexual but not emotional; (2) sexual and emotional; or (3) emotional but not sexual. About equal percentages of men and women are involved in affairs that they view as both sexual and emotional. One factor consistently found to be associated with lower levels of infidelity is religiousness; however, reporting religion to be important in one's life without attending religious services is actually positively associated with infidelity. Factors associated with higher rates of infidelity are marital status, income, and employment. 20% of the population will experience consensual nonmonogmay (CNM). Typed of CNMs consist of open relationships, swinging, polyamory, and "monogamish relationships.

Summarize the information in your text about breaking up

Break ups are among the biggest risk factors for adolescents and young adult depression. In marriages women usually want to break up; in non-marriage different sex relationships both men and women are equal in wanting to break up. Lesbians break up more than gay men. The 4 attributes that contribute to the demise of a relationship are: ●"Personal. Personal traits and characteristics are identified as causes of relationship failure ("If only I hadn't been so jealous . . ."). ●Other. Personal traits and characteristics of the part-ner are seen as the causes of relationship failure ("He or she was always so insensitive . . ."). ●Relational. The unique combination of one's own traits and characteristics with those of the other partner is perceived as the cause of the breakup ("We just wanted different things . . ."). ●Environmental. The social environment is identi-fied as the cause of the breakup. It comprises many things, from familial pressure and disapproval of the relationship to work pressures to "alternative romantic partners." A positive aspect of breakups are growth that come from it. Same-sex couples are more likely to break up than heterosexual couples. Ghosting is the termination of relationships wherein one partner simply disappears and ceases communication. Ghosting has lead to haunting, cloaking and zombie-ing. Individuals satisfied with the past relationship decided to be friends.

Explain the difference between closed fields and open fields and give examples.

Closed fields are small areas such as small classes, dorms, and parties where people are likely to "see" and interact. Open field are characterized by large numbers of people that don't normally interact such as beaches, large universities, and beaches.

Summarize the information in your text about dating, problems in dating, and hooking up.

Dating: dating is a publicly expressed practice undertaken by romantically interested partners for the purpose of getting to know one another better. In heterosexual couples, it is hard to get over the traditional gender roles of men initiating and women receiving, but for cohabitation, women tend to ask to move in together first. Women are more egalitarian than men thinking that either gender could initiate or pick up the bill. LGB individuals have been found to perceive heterosexual dating and relationship, Friendship, and Love norms as boring, unappealing, and overly restrictive and scripted, especially for women. Problems in dating: female-demand and male withdraw pattern is common in heterosexual couples. The female demand-male withdraw pattern was more often the style couples engaged in "difficult discussions" used. Hooking up: hooking up generally involves a college man and a college woman pairing off at the end of a party or evening at a bar to engage in a physical or sexual encounter. Can include undefined sex, making out, sex defined as intercourse, "all but sex", hanging out, or going on a date. Typically neither person pursues a relationship with the other. Students of color hook up less than those of other backgrounds. The hookup model makes the transition to the real world more difficult since dating becomes the norm.

instrumental displays of love

Displaying love more by what one does than what one says; tasks done out of and displaying love.

Summarize the information in your text about gender differences in communication.

First, wives tend to send clearer messages to their husbands than their husbands send to them. Second, female partners tend to give more positive or negative messages; they tend to smile or laugh when they send messages, and they send fewer clearly neutral messages. Third, although communication differences in marital arguments between husbands and wives are usually small, they nevertheless follow a typical pattern.

Explain the issues posed by social desirability bias and sampling bias on data on sex.

For social desirability bias questions about sexual relations may be especially susceptible to either exaggeration or understatement, depending on the behavior in question and the type of person responding. Sampling bias can lead to estimates that are far from accurate reflections of true population characteristics or behaviors.

Summarize the information in the text on gender and friendship.

Girls tend to disclose more than boys; boys disclose more to their female friends than to male friends. Boys engage in less co-rumination than girls. Female friendships are more fragile. Heterosexual men often disclose to their wife or romantic partner but not to other male friends possibly as a function of homophobia. Friends with benefits (FWB) are cross-sex friendships with sexual intimacy added to the relationship.

Summarize the information in your text on sexting.

In extreme cases sexting has lead to harassment and suicide among some people. Sexting now has become a common awareness among people today and people are wondering if anything can be done about it. half of college age students have sent, received, or forwarded sexted pictures and a third of high schoolers have sent sexts, and over half had received sexts. Girls are slightly more likely than boys to send sexts. Adults with smartphones are more likely to receive sexts than other phone owners. It is illegal to send nude pictures to someone under 18 even if it is consensual and fall under the jurisdiction of child porn.

How does this work in online environments?

Its more decisive and many profiles will not get attention unless they have many recent pictures on their profile

What is jealousy? How is it different from envy?

Jealousy is a fear of losing something that you have and envy is wanting something that someone else has

Explain how to manage jealousy.

Managing jealousy requires the ability to communicate, the recognition by each partner of the feelings and motivations of the other, and a willingness to reciprocate and compromise. If the jealousy is well founded, the partner may need to modify or end the relationship with the "third party" whose presence initiated the jealousy. If the partner refuses because of other reasons then the relationship is likely to reach a crisis.

Summarize the information in your text about lasting relationships.

Many of the major theories of love predict that the transformation from romantic to companionate love is inevitable. Intimacy first rapidly increases then over time decreases and levels off. Passion may be subject to habituation. Once we become habituated, more time with a person does not increase our arousal or satisfaction. If a person leaves we experience withdrawal symptoms. Our commitment is most affected by how successful our relationship is.

Summarize the data on sexual interactions in marriages.

Married couples report engaging in sexual relations about once or twice a week, or about six to seven times a month; as couple get older sexual frequency drops; Within marriage, decreased frequency does not necessarily mean that sex is no longer important or that the marriage is unsatisfactory. Factors may include less privacy, being accustomed to each other, and interests other than sex

Summarize the information in the text on gender and love.

Men fall in love quicker than women. Men are more romantic and women are more realistic. Men and women disclose similarly in romantic relationships. Women experience themselves in the context of a relationship and men remain oriented towards independence and task completion. Boys lack a role model of intimacy in early childhood and instead turn to socialization for examples of how to be intimate. From an evolutionary perspective women value men of high status and dependability and men value physically attractive females that can bare healthy children.

Summarize the information in your text about meeting online.

More people are meeting for the first time online and this method is fast growing. 2/3s of LGB people use this method to meet partners. Slightly more men than women use dating apps. Sexual orientation is a prominent factor that influences dating app/site use. Safety add-ons were added to apps to address user safety concerns. Too much choice is a negative to dating sites. Discreetness and privacy are advantages. A negative for women is receiving unwanted sexual images and messages or extreme threats of physical harm. Couples that meet online transition to marriage faster than those who meet in person. SNS are adding ways to online date using the platforms.

Summarize the information in your text on virginity.

Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual intercourse. Some people who have had sex consider themselves to still be a virgin. Women worry and express more concern over things like pregnancy, and negative outcomes of sexual intercourse than men. Second virginity is when a person decides to wait for a period of time after experiencing sexual intercourse to have it again (such as not having sex again until after marriage). Today the average age of first having sexual intercourse for both males and females is 17. The most common reason for abstinence is because it is against the person's religion/morals; other reasons given were haven't found the right person and don't want to get pregnant; family circumstances also contribute to sexual activity.

Define and compare: nonmarital sex, premarital sex, and extramarital sex.

Nonmarital sex encompasses sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse, that take place outside of marriage. We use the term nonmarital sex rather than premarital sex to describe sexual behavior among unmarried adults in general. Among forms of nonmarital sex, only extramarital sex—sexual interactions that take place outside the marital relationship by at least one married partner

Define and explain hooking up

Relationship pattern more common among college students in which a male and female pair off after a party or evening at a bar with the expectation of some physical intimacy to follow.

How does the gender of the initiator influence the script?

Same if female initiates, but there is greater expectation for sexual behavior

Summarize the information in your text on adolescent sexual behavior.

Sexual activity among adolescents is the lowest it has been in 25 years. Black males have the highest percentage of reports of having intercourse; Asian male and females were the smallest percentage of having intercourse.

Summarize the information in your text on sexually transmitted infections.

Some can be transmitted only sexually and some can be transmitted sexually but also through nonsexual means. College students are among the population at highest risk of contracting an STI. The most prevalent and/or prominent STIs in the United States are trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, HPV, genital herpes, syphilis, hepatitis. More blacks than whites have been diagnosed with chlamydia. Gonorrhea, the second most common STI, has in-creased greatly in the United States. After reaching an all-time low in 2000, the number of syphilis cases has increased as well. It is estimated that 80% of people have been infected with HPV at some point and most not knowing of it; a vaccine does exist to treat some kinds of HPV. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. An estimated 37.9 million people live with HIV. Worldwide, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for more than two-thirds of people living with HIV and nearly half of all deaths from AIDS-related illnesses. HIV and AIDS effect blacks and latinos disproportionately. HIV attacks the body's immune system. HIV is transmitted only in certain clearly defined circumstances. All those with HIV (whether or not they have AIDS symptoms) are HIV carriers. Heterosexuals, bisexuals, gay men, and lesbians are all susceptible to the sexual transmission of HIV. There is a definable progression of HIV infection and a range of illnesses associated with AIDS. The presence of HIV can be detected through various kinds of antibody testing. The safest practice to avoid STIs is abstinence, forgoing sexual relations. If you are going to have sex the best prevention of STIs is to use a condom.

Explain the difference between suspicious jealousy and reactive jealousy.

Suspicious jealousy occurs when there is no reason to be suspicious or only ambiguous evidence to suspect that a partner is involved with another. Reactive jealousy is jealousy that occurs when a partner reveals a current, past, or anticipated relationship with another person.

feminization of love

The idea that our cultural construction of love is based on mostly expressive qualities, more compatible with women's earlier socialization. More instrumental displays of love tend not to be recognized as love.

How does gender influence sexual scripts?

The male script places performance expectations on men. The traditional female script prescribes females a more passive role in sexual relations.

Summarize the information in the text on showing love.

Two people can be in love with each other and not have a sexual desire in their relationship. For both men and women sex includes intimacy and caring which are key aspects of love. Displays of affection and intimacy enhance relationships and contribute to further relationship development.

Explain the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication. Give examples.

Verbal communication expresses the basic content of the message, whereas nonverbal communication reflects more of the relationship part of the message Example of verbal: saying I'm angry Example of nonverbal: yelling and tensing up to show anger

How does exchange theory work?

based on the rational cost-benefit approach to relationships to maximize profit and minimize loss -rewards and costs affect stay/leave satisfaction -expectations affect satisfaction -alternatives affect commitment -investments affect commitment

What is the difference between romantic and non-romantic love?

eroticism

What is the effect of jealousy on individuals? On relationships?

individual: 1. feelings of jealousy 2. feelings of pain, suffering 3. become clingy/dependent 4. feelings of betrayal 5. fear of loss of affection and love 6. feelings of inadequacy 7. regressive coping- women are more likely to turn to eating men are more likely to turn to alcohol or drugs relationships: 1. women: try to figure out what they did "wrong" and "fix" the relationship 2. men: try to regain self-esteem by ending the relationship 3. both: 69% claim they would end a relationship, 45% report having done so in the past 4. most jealous people think that their reactions make their partners feel loved, when in fact, they often make the situation worse

How does personal space affect attraction?

invasion of personal space crates automatic arousal, can be misattributed to attraction

In what ways is jealousy a social construction and what does that mean?

it is shaped by culture and can vary across cultures and time

What is the evidence that people in uncommitted sexual relationships actively try to keep those relationships from escalating?

leave immediately after sex, avoid talking after sex, fewer emotional acts during sex

What are the four key features of intimacy, according to Hook et al. (2003)?

love and/or affection, personal validation, trust, and self-disclosure

Explain the attachment theory of love and the consequences of attachment type on adult loving relationships.

maintains that the degree and quality of attachments one experiences in life influences one's later relationships Anxious or ambivalent adults feel unworthy of love and need approval from others Avoidant adults are avoidant of others and can be distrustful and fearful of becoming dependent

How does Evolutionary Psychology explain mate selection?

men and women have different reproductive challenges, so they have different strategies

Evolutionary Psychology predicts people will make what kinds of compromises in relationships and under what conditions?

men and women make compromises not only in the types of relationships but also in the types of relationships they pursue as predicted by EP

Explain gender differences in cheating and jealousy.

men are likely to count many behaviors as cheating except for vagina and anal intercourse as "sex" if their partner did them with someone else than if they did that behavior with someone else

How are dating scripts different for men and women?

men have more required actions

Summarize the information in your text on unwanted, involuntary, and forced sex.

nearly 1/5 18-49 year old women reported ever having been forced by a male to have sexual intercourse. 4.3% of 18-49 year old males report being forced by a female to have sexual intercourse or by a male to have oral or anal sex. 7.4% of high schoolers report bing forced to have sexual intercourse. 5% of 18-24 year old men and women whose first experience of sexual intercourse occurred before they were 20 didn't want it to happen and 51% of women and 29% of men had mixed feelings about it.

What are the 3 elements in Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love?

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Explain the difference between passionate love and companionate love.

passionate love is an intense longing for one another; compassionate love refers to the warm and tender affection we feel for close others

How does proximity facilitate attraction?

proximity begets liking

What is flirting?

scripted methods of communicating our attraction

What are the three primary disadvantages of dating scripts?

sexist, heterosexist, and leave little room for mutual desire

At Level 1, what are the three factors that increase the likelihood of success?

successful men who exhibit more pre-approach dominant behaviors than unsuccessful men (touching other men, maximizing space, direct glances)

What are the consequences of violating the script/expectations?

the relationship is less likely to continue

Define homogamy and give several examples

the tendency of people to marry people much like themselves examples:

Summarize the information in your text on trade-offs, the influence of looks, bargains and exchanges, and gender roles, on relationship formation.

trade offs- people don't select others for dates that are different from themselves in social desirability. Some may trade physical attractiveness for other desired traits like status influence of looks- the way a person looks matters less to older people and people in a committed relationship. Men value partners looks more than women and women value socioeconomic factors. Looks matter more earlier into a relationship and less later on. Bargains and exchanges- used in aranged marriages such as payments for the bride and also in traditional weddings like when bride's parents pay for the wedding and "give away" their daughter. gender roles- women have less to bargain now that cooking, sex, and housekeeping services are available outside of a relationship and women don't need just a paycheck from a man now that women are working more.

expressive displays of love

ways of communicating feelings of love, largely through verbal expression

How does physical attractiveness influence initial decisions to talk to or contact a potential partner?

we judge others based on their appearance and decide if they are "cute" or "hot"; if wi "like their laugh" or if the seem "interesting" before starting a conversation with them

What evidence suggests that contemporary sexual scripts have replaced traditional scripts only to a degree?

women who have several concurrent sexual partners or casual sexual relationships, for example, are still more likely to be regarded negatively and be seen as more promiscuous than are men in similar circumstances

Describe the two developmental issues for sexuality in later adulthood.

●Changing sexuality. As physical abilities change with age, sexual responses change as well. A 70-year-old person, although still sexual, is not sexual in the same manner as an 18-year-old. Sexuality tends to be more diffuse, less genital, and less insistent. Chronic illness and increasing frailty understand-ably result in diminished sexual activity and desire. These considerations contribute to the ongoing evolution of the individual's sexual philosophy. ●Loss of partner. One of the most critical life events is the loss of a partner. After age 60, there is a significant increase in spousal deaths. As having a partner is the single most important factor determining an older person's sexual interactions, the death of a partner signals a dramatic change in the survivor's sexual interactions.

Explain and give examples of each of the six elements of sexual responsibility.

●Disclosure of intentions. Each person needs to reveal to the other whether a sexual involvement indicates love, commitment, recreation, and so on. ●Freely and mutually agreed-upon sexual activities.Each individual has the right to refuse any or all sexual activities without the need to justify his or her feelings. There can be no physical or emotional coercion. ●Use of mutually agreed-upon contraception in sexual intercourse if pregnancy is not intended. Sexual partners are equally responsible for preventing an un-intended pregnancy in a mutually agreed-upon manner. ●Use of "safer sex" practices. Each person is responsible for practicing safer sex. Safer sex practices do not transmit semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during sexual activities and guard against STIs, especially HIV and AIDS. ●Disclosure of infection from or exposure to STIs. Each person must inform his or her partner about personal exposure to an STI because of the serious health consequences, such as infertility or AIDS, that may follow untreated infections. Infected individuals must refrain from behaviors—such as sexual intercourse, oral-genital sex, and anal intercourse—that may infect their partner. To help ensure that STIs are not transmitted, a condom and/or dental dam should be used. ●Acceptance of the consequences of sexual behavior. Each person needs to be aware of and accept the possible consequences of his or her sexual activities. These consequences can include emotional changes, pregnancy, abortion, and STIs.

Describe and explain the 5 tasks that challenge young adults as they develop their sexuality.

●Establishing a sexual orientation. Children and adolescents may engage in sexual experimentation such as playing doctor, kissing, and fondling members of both sexes without such activities being associted with sexual orientation. Typically, by young adulthood, a heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation emerges. Most young adults develop a heterosexual orientation. Others find themselves attracted to members of the same sex and begin to develop a gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity. ●Integrating love and sex. As we move into adulthood, we need to develop ways of uniting sex and love. ●Forging intimacy and commitment. Young adulthood is characterized by increasing sexual experience. Through dating, cohabitation, and courtship, we gain knowledge of ourselves and others as potential partners. As relationships become more meaningful and intimate, sexuality can be a means of enhancing intimacy and self-disclosure as well as a means of obtaining physical pleasure ●Making fertility or childbearing decisions. Childbeaing is socially discouraged during adolescence, but fertility issues become critical, if unacknowledged, for young single adults. If sexually active, how important is it for them to prevent or defer pregnancy? What will they do if the woman unintentionally becomes pregnant?●Developing a sexual philosophy. As we move from adolescence to adulthood, we reevaluate our moral standards, using our personal principles of right and wrong and of caring and responsibility. We develop a philosophical perspective to give coherence to our sexual attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and values. Sexuality must be placed within the larger framework of our lives and relationships, integrating our personal, religious, spiritual, or humanistic values with our sexuality.

Describe the three developmental issues for sexuality in middle adulthood.

●Redefining sex in marital or other long-term relation-ships. In new relationships, sex is often passionate and intense and may be the central focus. But in long-term marital or cohabiting relationships, the passionate intensity associated with sex is often eroded by habituation, competing parental and work obligations, fatigue, and unresolved conflicts. Sex may need to be redefined as a form of intimacy and caring. Individuals may also need to decide how to deal with the possibility, reality, and mean-ing of extramarital or extrarelational affairs. ●Reevaluating sexuality. Single men and women may need to weigh the costs and benefits of sex in casual or lightly committed relationships. In long-term"relationships, sexuality often becomes less central to relationship satisfaction. Nonsexual elements such as communication, intimacy, and shared interests and activities become increasingly important to relationships. Women who have deferred their childbearing begin to reappraise their deci-sion: Should they remain child-free, "race" against their biological clocks, or adopt a child? ●Accepting the biological aging process. As we age, our skin wrinkles, our flesh sags, our hair grays (or falls out), our vision blurs—and we become less attractive and less sexual in the eyes of society. By our 40s, our physiological responses have begun to slow noticeably. By our 50s, society begins to "neuter" us, especially if we are women who have gone through menopause. The challenges of aging are to accept its biological man-date and to reject the stereotypes associated with it."

What are the 8 elements of contemporary sexual scripts?

●Sexual expression is positive. ●Sexual activities are a mutual exchange of erotic pleasure. ●Sexuality equally involves both partners, and the partners are equally responsible. ●Legitimate sexual activities are not limited to sexual intercourse but also include masturbation and oral-genital sex. ●Either partner may initiate sexual activities. ●Both partners have a right to experience orgasm, whether through intercourse, oral-genital sex, or manual stimulation. ●Nonmarital sex is acceptable within a relationship context. ●Gay, lesbian, and bisexual orientations and rela-tionships are increasingly accepted or tolerated, especially on college campuses and in large cities."