Final Exam
Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...
Autotrophs
The fluid-filled space between grana, in chloroplasts is known as "stoma" Select one: True False
False
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component Select one: a. True b. False
True
DNA nucleotides have a hydroxyl group at the 2' position on the ribose Select one: a. True b. False
False
DNA polymerases can only work on the lagging strand of the replication fork once they are finished with the leading strand Select one: a. True b. False
False
Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants Select one: True False
False
The making of ATP from ADP is an exergonic reaction Select one: True False
False
The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria Select one: True False
False
Upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein converts a GDP into a GTP Select one: True False
False
You would expect he cells found in the liver of an elephant to be about 100 times larger than the cells found in your own liver. Select one: a. True b. False
False
In the replication fork represented above, the lagging strand would be the Select One: 3' to 5' strand 5' to 3' Strand
3' to 5' Strand
In the replication fork represented above, you would expect Okazaki fragments to be found Select One: 3' to 5' strand 5' to 3' Strand
3' to 5' Strand
Telomerase contains a template of RNA nucleotides Select one: a. False b. True
True
An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion Select one: a. True b. False
False
Bacterial cells divide by mitosis Select one: a. True b. False
False
Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp) Select one: a. False b. True
False
Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle Select one: a. True b. False
False
Enzymes that dephosphorylate other molecules are known as...
Phosphatases
Enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules are known as...
Protein kinases
A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4) Select one: a. False b. True
True
A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that stay constantly phosphorylated could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor Select one: a. True b. False
True
A retinoblastoma (Rb) protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would lead to an increase in cell proliferation. Select one: a. False b. True
True
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), how many ATPs per molecule of glucose would you expect to be produced? Select one: a. 2 b. 24 c. 12 d. 48 e. 36
a. 2
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called Select one: a. A reducing agent b. An oxidizing agent c. A special agent (kinda like James Bond)
a. A reducing agent
You would be more likely to find phospholipids in the cell membrane of... Select one: a. Alaskan salmon's skin cell b. A lion's skin cells
a. Alaskan salmon's skin cell
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called Select one: a. Covalent bonds b. Hydrophobic bonds c. Hydrogen bonds d. Ionic bonds e. Van der Waals forces
a. Covalent bonds
Epinephrine and cortisol are both considered stress-related hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone, while epinephrine is a protein that binds to G protein-coupled receptors. Based on this statement, which hormone would you expect to elicit the fastest response? Select one: a. Epinephrine b. Cortisol
a. Epinephrine
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of Select one: a. Facilitated diffusion b. Osmosis c. Simple diffusion d. Primary active transport e. Secondary active transport
a. Facilitated diffusion
In a cancerous cell, you would expect telomerase activity to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. The same as in a healthy cell c. Lower than in a healthy cell
a. Higher than in a healthy cell
DNA polymerases read the DNA Select one: a. In the 3' to 5' direction b. In the 5' to 3' direction c. In either 3' to 5' or 5' to 3' direction - depending on the situation
a. In the 3' to 5' direction
Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is Select one: a. 100 times as acidic as distilled water b. 1000 times as acidic as distilled water c. 3 times as acidic as distilled water d. 30 times as acidic as distilled water e. 3 times as alkaline (basic) as distilled water
b. 1000 times as acidic as distilled water
At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ sister chromatids Select one: a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 4
b. 16
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately Select one: a. 36-fold b. 18-fold c. 38-fold d. 100-fold e. 2-fold
b. 18-fold
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe liver cells (= hepatocytes)? Select one: a. High concentration of mitochondria b. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. Very large nucleus d. Absence of lysosomes e. Absence of Golgi apparatus
b. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...
beta-oxidation
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain? Select one: a. 2 b. 3 c. 0 d. 1 e. 4
c. 0
How many checkpoints does a typical cell cycle have? Select one: a. 17 b. 12 c. 3 d. 2 e. 5
c. 3
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? Select one: a. 2 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3 e. 1
c. 4
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? Select one: a. Chloroplasts b. The rough endoplasmic reticulum c. Ribosomes d. Mitochondria e. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Mitochondria
Growth factors are typically Select one: a. Endocrine signals b. Cell-cell contact signals c. Autocrine signals d. Paracrine signals e. Synaptic signals
d. Paracrine signals
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is Select one: a. Increase in signal diversity b. ATP/GTP conservation c. Signal accuracy d. Signal amplification and speed
d. Signal amplification and speed
During mitosis, the protein complex that anchors the replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus is called Select one: a. A histone b. The centromere c. A cohesin d. The kinetochore e. A centriole
d. The kinetochore
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain ii. Secondary x. linear sequence of amino acids iii. Tertiary y. assembly of subunits into functional protein iv. Quaternary z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix) Select one: a. i=y, ii=w, iii=x, iv=z b. i=z, ii=x, iii=y, iv=w c. i=x, ii=y, iii=z, iv=w d. i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y e. i=x, ii=w, iii=z, iv=y
d. i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values? Select one: a. -500 to -1000 volts b. 5 to 100 volts c. -5 to -100 volts d. -70 to +90 millivolts e. -5 to -100 millivolts
e. -5 to -100 millivolts
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following? Select one: a. Low-energy electrons b. NADH dehydrogenase c. Ubiquinone d. Cytochromes e. ATP synthase
e. ATP synthase
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP? Select one: a. ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b. The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c. The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d. The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria e. All these answers are correct
e. All these answers are correct
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is Select one: a. Active transport requires channels while passive transport does not b. Active transport requires transport proteins while passive transport does not c. Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not d. Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient e. Both answers C and D are correct
e. Both answers C and D are correct
Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells Select one: True False
False
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as Select one: a. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Substrate-level phosphorylation
b. Substrate-level phosphorylation
ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis. Select one: True False
True
Caspases are apoptosis-inducing proteins activated by tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 Select one: a. True b. False
True
Cells may simultaneously express and activate/deactivate receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, and ion channels. Select one: True False
True
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation Select one: a. True b. False
True
During prophase of mitosis, each replicated chromosome attaches to a different microtubule on the mitotic spindle apparatus Select one: a. True b. False
True
During the S-phase of the cell cycle, each chromosome has multiple replication bubbles Select one: a. False b. True
True
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. The same as in a healthy cell c. Lower than in a healthy cell
a. Higher than in a healthy cell
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that Select one: a. Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase b. Hydroxylamine has the ability to denature catalase c. Hydroxylamine is an allosteric inhibitor of catalase d. Hydroxylamine is most likely the main substrate of catalase e. Hydroxylamine is an allosteric activator of catalase
a. Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose? Select one: a. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose b. Lactose is a lipid c. Lactose is a milk protein AND it is composed of galactose and glucose d. Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose e. Lactose is a protein found in milk and some of its derivatives
a. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble. Select one: a. Less b. More
a. Less
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature? Select one: a. Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains b. Saturation of the fatty acyl chains on phospholipids c. Presence of cholesterol in the membrane d. None of these conditions would significantly increase cell membrane fluidity at room temperature e. Long fatty acyl chains on phospholipids
a. Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
DNA replication is a Select one: a. Semi-conservative mechanism b. Dispersive mechanism c. Conservative mechanism
a. Semi-conservative mechanism
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be Select one: a. The same as in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. Higher than in a healthy cell
a. The same as in a healthy cell
You would expect the pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be Select one: a. Very low b. Very high c. Close to neutral
a. Very low
The plasma membrane is best described as: Select one: a. A double layer made entirely of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol b. A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates c. A double layer of proteins that is impermeable to water, but allows free movement of ions d. A stiff double membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids e. None of these answers is correct
b. A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP? Select one: a. A monosaccharide b. A nucleotide c. A fatty acid d. An amino acid e. Glycerol
b. A nucleotide
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of Select one: a. Nucleic acids only b. Both proteins and nucleic acids c. Fats only d. Sugars only e. Proteins only
b. Both proteins and nucleic acids
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)? Select one: a. Cellulose b. Chitin c. Glycogen d. Amylose e. Starch
b. Chitin
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? Select one: a. Sucrose b. Fructose c. Both sucrose and lactose are monosaccharides d. Cellulose e. Lactose
b. Fructose
A Gram positive bacterium would... Select one: a. Not have any cell wall b. Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan c. Have a thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
b. Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it? Select one: a. Collagen fibers b. Integrin proteins c. Desmosomes d. Gap junctions e. Tight junctions
b. Integrin proteins
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be Select one: a. The same as in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. Higher than in a healthy cell
b. Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. The same as in a healthy cell
b. Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect O2 consumption to be Select one: a. The same as in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. Higher than in a healthy cell
b. Lower than in a healthy cell
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? Select one: a. Chloroplasts b. Mitochondria c. None of the above d. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. The rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Mitochondria
Based on cellular respiration only, would you have to breathe if your cells did not have mitochondria? Select one: a. Yes b. No
b. No
Cystic fibrosis is a disease in which people have a mutation in an ion channel called CFTR. This type of channel is found in multiple tissues throughout the body, and a simple mutation in this channel may be expressed in a multitude of ways (sweating disorder, digestive system malfunction, respiratory difficulties, etc...). This type of situation when a genetic mutation expresses itself in a multitude of phenotypes is called Select one: a. Epistasis b. Pleiotropy c. Incomplete dominance d. Polygenic inheritance e. Codominance
b. Pleiotropy
A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes Select one: a. False b. True
b. True
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as... Select one: a. Tight junctions b. Desmosomes c. Gap junctions d. Plasmodesmata
c. Gap junctions
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as Select one: a. Decarboxylation b. Deglycosylation c. Hydrolysis d. Dehydration e. Denaturation
c. Hydrolysis
You are transported to an alternate universe where DNA may or may not replicate differently. As an avid biologist, naturally your first quest in this new universe is to replicate Meselson and Stahl's experiment. After two generations of replication, you see one band of DNA in your centrifuged test tube (represented above) in position 2. How does DNA replicate in this alternate universe? Select one: a. In a semi-conservative manner b. In a liberal manner c. In a dispersive manner d. In a conservative manner
c. In a dispersive manner
In his experiments, Mendel sometimes crossed tall pea plants with short ones. The outcome of such crosses would always express the dominant allele (either tall or short). If the outcome of such a cross had consistently been a medium size (independently of the conditions in which the plants were grown), the pattern of inheritance for these plants would most likely be called Select one: a. Epistasis b. Codominance c. Incomplete dominance d. Polygenic inheritance e. Pleiotropy
c. Incomplete dominance
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are Select one: a. Photosynthesis and gluconeogenesis b. Oxidative phosphorylation and Citric acid cycle c. Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle d. Light and heavy reactions e. Carbon-fixing and Calvin cycles
c. Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
Water has its highest density when it is in its Select one: a. Solid state b. Gaseous state c. Liquid state
c. Liquid state
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by Select one: a. Converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones b. Converting exergonic reactions into endergonic ones c. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction d. Converting substrates into products in their allosteric site e. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction AND converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones
c. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by Select one: a. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. The Golgi apparatus c. Lysosomes d. Vacuoles e. The rough endoplasmic reticulum
c. Lysosomes
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from Select one: a. The Calvin cycle b. Photosystem 1 c. Photosystem 2 d. The Krebs cycle e. Pyruvate oxidation
c. Photosystem 2
At the beginning of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, NADH releases Select one: a. 2 electrons and 2 protons b. 1 electron and 1 proton c. 1 electron and 2 protons d. 2 electrons and 1 proton
d. 2 electrons and 1 proton
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium? Select one: a. A cell wall b. A plasma membrane c. A nucleotide d. A lysosome e. Ribosomes
d. A lysosome
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following? Select one: a. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum b. Both ribosomes and lysosomes are involved in macromolecule and organelle degradation c. Golgi apparatus d. Lysosomes e. Ribosomes
d. Lysosomes
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria? Select one: a. Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. b. Chloroplasts take in sugars to produce ATP, whereas mitochondria take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars. c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have virtually the same function, except that chloroplasts are found in plant cells and mitochondria are found in animal cells d. The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them. e. Both A and D are correct answers
e. Both A and D are correct answers
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA? Select one: a. It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA b. It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body c. It is almost identical to your father's mitochondrial DNA d. In any cell of your body, it is nearly identical to your genomic DNA (the one found in the nucleus) e. Both answers A and B are correct
e. Both answers A and B are correct
The genetic regulation of the various blood types observed in humans is a great example of Select one: a. Polygenic inheritance b. Mendelian genetics c. Epistasis d. Incomplete dominance e. Codominance
e. Codominance
During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases Select one: a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase b. Interphase is the gap between G1 and G2 c. G1, S, G2, and Mitosis d. G0, G1, and G2 e. G1, S, and G2 only
e. G1, S, and G2 only
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation? Select one: a. It allows the production of ATP in oxygen-rich environments b. It leads to the production of ethanol in muscle cells c. It leads to the production of lactic acid in yeast cells d. It produces 2 Lactase molecules per glucose e. It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+ f. It allows the oxidation of NAD+ into NADH
e. It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to Select one: a. Intracellular receptors b. Rb proteins c. G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) d. Cyclin/CDK complexes e. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
e. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
In meiosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during Select one: a. Anaphase 1 b. Metaphase 1 c. Telophase 1 d. Telophase 2 e. Prophase 1 f. Anaphase 2 g. Metaphase 2 h. Prophase 2 i. Both anaphase 1 and anaphase 2
f. Anaphase 2
Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis Select one: a. It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH b. It happens when C3 plants get too hot c. It happens when C3 plants have too much oxygen trapped in their cells d. It is the most prevalent type of electron flow observed in the thylakoid membrane e. It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants f. Both A and E are correct
f. Both A and E are correct
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from? Select one: a. Testosterone b. Phospholipids c. The amino acid tryptophan d. fatty acids e. Glycogen f. Cholesterol
f. Cholesterol
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement? Select one: a. Oxygen b. A sugar (glucose or fructose) c. Bacteria d. Neither yeast nor an air-tight container would be required e. Water f. Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required g. Yeast h. An air-tight container
f. Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value? Select one: a. Catalyzed Endergonic Reaction b. Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction c. Uncatalyzed Endergonic Reaction d. Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction e. A and B f. A and C g. B and D h. C and D
g. B and D
