General Psychology CH 7

a mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem.

A heuristic is:

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

the ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem.

Divergent thinking is defined as:

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

standardization

Marisol was on the phone with her boss and had to jot down the day and time of an important meeting. She rummaged through her purse for a pen, but all she found were a pair of tweezers and an old lipstick. Her failure to consider using the lipstick to write down the number is an example of:

functional fixedness.

Anita says she can't define art but she knows it when she sees it. In Anita's mind, art is a(n):

natural concept.

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Alfred Binet

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

the availability heuristic

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

creative

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measure _____ intelligence.

analytic

Joy's doctor tells her that supplements are not effective at lowering cholesterol and that she shouldn't waste her money. Joy takes her doctor's advice without doing any additional research on her own. Joy is demonstrating the:

authority heuristic.

Joe is 10-years-old. His parents have him take an IQ test and discover that his IQ is 80. How would you describe Joe's IQ?

below average

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Howard found evidence that one of Sheldon's published theories is incorrect. Even after multiple outside labs confirmed Howard's new findings, Sheldon refuses to believe his theory is wrong. Sheldon is falling victim to the:

confirmation bias.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence measures all of the following except:

emotional intelligence.

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation refers to a(n):

mental set.

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

practical

The _____ can contribute to the creation of stereotypes. For example, Denise went to the lake with her friends last week and she noticed that everyone was waving and acting very friendly. Denise now believes that everyone who owns a boat is extremely friendly.

representative heuristic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Jasmine uses a ruler to measure the distance between two points. She does this five times and each time she gets the same measurement of 3.5 inches. She checks this measurement with her dad's high-tech laser ruler and discovers that her ruler is inaccurate; the correct measurement is actually 5 inches. How would you describe Jasmine's ruler?

It is reliable, but not valid.

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural