Global Sports and National Cultures Final Exam Section Prep Worksheets

Who was Wayne Gretzky? What is his nickname? Describe his style of play.

"The Great One", Edmonton Oiler with an elegant style of play and quick movement

Cricket Terms

*Wicket*= 3 stumps and 2 bails *Bails*= not attached to wicket, just resting on stumps.consequence for bails falling off- youre out *Bowler*= In cricket, the player who delivers the ball. *Dismissa*l= ways of getting out *Runs*= the team with the most runs wins the game *Boundary*= out of bounds- you can hit the ball behind you *Overs*= six legal deliveries of the ball by the bowler after the sixth there is a new bowler 20/20 cricket is 20 overs each

What is "The Ashes"? What is the story behind The Ashes?

- Australian player got really mad: W.G. Grace - England lost to Australia- Australia came back - Grace's lack of sportsmanship - Known as ashes because they beat England and there was a fake obituary for England cricket - The trophy is an urn of ashes: take back the ashes

Imagine that you are talking to an American friend who doesn't know anything about cricket. Try to explain the rules the best that you can.

- Similar to baseball - 2 teams: 11 players each - batting team- bats an innings and scores runs - fielding team- bowls and gets batting team out - reverse roles after an innings - team with most runs wins

Who was W.G. Grace? How did he change the sport of cricket? How did he revolutionize the game?

- Star of cricket - He used his talents to see off professionals - He was the great draw - Revolutionized cricket - Play off back and front feet - Modern defensive play - He was armature: he made fortune out of expenses

What was cricket like in the early days? Who played it? How did they play?

- The English played it - 2 stumps- one on each side - No limit to boundaries/time - Bowling under hand - Cricket in England was divided by class - Upper class- amateurs - Lower class- professionals

Why and how was the Marylebone Cricket Club founded? What were some of the objectives of the members? Where was the headquarters of this club located?

- Wealthy group of land owners founded - Codified meaning of the sport - Lords in London- considered home of cricket - Club for dominant class in society - Dominant authority in crickets - All about class distinguish - They saw great money was to be made and took control of the game

How and when were the rules of rugby codified?

1863 at Freemason's Tavern. dispute about hacking

Who was Phil Esposito?

A Canadian player who spoke out about how disappointed he was in Canadian fans after a tough loss

What are the Ashes? Why are they called that? Describe the rivalry between Australia and England.

A Test cricket series played between England and Australia. England lost and viewed it as the burning of their English cricket, so all that's left is the ashes and they now need to avenge that loss.

What happens following the game (Lagaan) ? What does this symbolize?

A storm hits and it symbolized the end of suffering and class separation

Describe the final match between South Africa and New Zealand. What happens? What is the significance? (Rugby)

Against the all blacks, Haka - dance to intimidate the other team; South Africa wins the game and represents pride, unity. close game and Springbok end up coming back at the last minute in over time. between springbok and all blacks

Who watched the final match of the Series? What happened during this match? (Hockey)

All of Canada watched the series and gathered outside of stores in order to access a TV.

How does Lagaan use cricket to tell the story of British colonization and subsequent Indian independence?

Although social standing separated the opponents, beating the British at their own game started the game

Explain the differences between how the game was approached in the North of England and in the South. (Rugby)

Amateurs (upper) vs professionals (working), Rugby Northern Union (Rugby League) was more physical and winning rather than muscular christianity and being good man.

Cricket was originated in the rural parts of Southeast England. How did it spread through the rest of the country?

Aristocracy is how it grew

What was the significance of the 1976 Windies tour of England? What did they hope to prove? How did they do in the Test Cricket match against England?

Australia dominated and hurt many players along the way. They wanted to intimidate opponents and scare them. They lost 5-1

By the end of the 19th Century, cricket was being played worldwide? What were the countries that played cricket during this time? Who were allowed to play test matches?

Australia, west indies, New Zealand, India, South Africa. Countries that were part of the British empire

What were the different names given to early forms of hockey?

Bandy, Hurley, Shinty

Describe the role of Blackheath in the development of the game.

Banned in 1865, refused to move over hacking and called those against it "unmanly", didn't like handling. rookie clubs. against hacking

How did the game of cricket change after the abolition of slavery in the British colonies in 1864?

Black West Indians were called upon to form a team of 11

Who was Sir Everton Weekes? What did he accomplish?

Black batsman who was called to be a batsman for the British army. Asked to play for West Indies, scored 5 consecutive centuries. 500 runs

What were Starr skates? What were Mic-Mac sticks? How did they increase the popularity of hockey?

Blades that clamp to boots, cheap hockey sticks cut from Hornburn trees and this equipment became a symbol of Canadian sport

How did the game develop in Wales? How did this compare to its rise in England?

Brought a sense of unity, Wales was smaller than England. binding force with Welsh playing

What role did Gretzky play in the formation of a Canadian national identity?

Built Canadian strength and support for hockey again

How are wrestlers divided into classes for competitions?

By weight (light/middle/heavy)

Who were the "Calypso Cricketers"? What does this nickname suggest about the team?

Calypso Cricketers were West Indies players, and didn't try hard to win

Describe the situation in Canada in the 1980s.

Canada was in a recession, businesses were tanking, no separation between church and state

Why is hockey described as a "national myth" in Canada? What does this mean?

Canadians can point to hockey as their own, their history and it represents them

Who won the 1972 Summit Series? What was the significance for Canadian national identity?

Canadians win the summit series being down 2 goals. They regain their national identity

Who was François Pinaar? What is he like as team captain? Describe his relationship with Mandela.

Captain of rugby team (springbok) - was influential to team and wasn't liked by the press. lead by example. good relationship with Mandela

Who was Clive Lloyd? Where was he from? What did he accomplish? What was his reputation?

Clive Lloyd was the first black captain from the West Indies, from Guyana. Kind, leader, conscious of family

Why was the Series described as a "War"?

Cold war tensions along with a battle for the best team atmosphere was displayed on the ice with violence and intensity

Describe the state of global politics in 1971.

Cold war, tensions high in Berlin

Who was William Webb Ellis?

Credited for picking up the ball for first time in 1823, went to Rugby School. the Rugby trophy is named after him.

Describe the place of cricket in everyday life in the Caribbean.

Cricket brings the nations that play under West Indies flag together. Played as leisure all over

In which parts of the world is cricket played and most popular? How did the sport primarily spread around the world?

Cricket is most popular in England, Australia, India, and West Indies. The sport spread through England and their colonization of countries around the world.

Describe the situation in Canada following the Second World War, in terms of the culture, economy, religion, and role of women in society.

Culture- Hockey was so popular. Economy- booming. Religion- no division between church and state. women- home makers

What characterizes the particular style of play of the West Indies team?

Depending on the nation the player is from (confident, fit, creative)

Who was Thomas Arnold? What role did he play in the development of rugby?

Developer of the rules, muscular christianity, Rugby School in Britain headmaster

What type of music is played at competitions?

Drums and ancient music. songs about ancestors and past wrestlers.

What was ice golf? Where was it played?

Dutch game with threesome on tee-box, except on ice.

When did the first rugby international take place? Who played in it?

England vs Scotland 1871. rugby union match

What was Montreal like in 1955? What happened on the night of March 17th, 1955?

English run city (Anglophones) Richard Riots caused tomato throwing at NHL president.

What was hurling? Where was it played? How was it different from hockey?

English/Irish game played with similar concepts to hockey. Played mostly in the air though

Describe the controversy surrounding fast bowling.

Fast bowling concerns hitting batter, violent bounces and dangerous speeds

Who was Pierre-Elliott Trudeau?

First North American leader to go to USSR to ease cold war tensions

Describe the Welsh style of play.

Fluid, fast paced. aggressive runners

When was the Rugby Football Union formed?

Formed in 1871, upper classes, first Union

How and why was the Rugby Northern Union formed? What was it renamed?

Formed in 1885. 20 clubs from the North of England. it was renamed to separate north and south

How did hockey spread?

From Egyptian stick and ball games, to Nova Scotian Shinny to Iriquois Lacrosse

Cricket was meant to be a source of unity in the Empire. But back in England, it was split along class lines. Explain this division.

Gentlemen amateurs could afford to play for the love of the game- taught to play correctly Lower class professionals known as players were payed to perform - taught to hit the ball to the lag Could be seen in styles of batting

In the late 19th Century, who was hockey's greatest patron?

Governor- General Fredrick Stanley

What was the so-called "Gretzky effect" on the sport of hockey in Canada?

Gretzky rejuvenated the love for hockey in Canada after the depressing soviet loss

What is hacking? Why was this practice controversial?

Hacking was dangerous, largely disappeared from club rugby but stayed at Rugby school, hacking is tripping an opponent and kicking his shins. helped promote the manliness of the game. later determined is was too violent

Which cities are considered the birthplaces of modern hockey?

Halifax, Montreal, Quebec

Describe Gretzy's accomplishments. How does he compare to other all-time great players?

He crushed records, such as the most goals scored ( Howe, Richard, Esposito) at a young age

Who was George Headley? What did he accomplish?

He was a black batsman, batted 3rd and scored unbeaten 270

Why do many consider the Richard Riots to be a catalyst for the Quiet Revolution?

He was a working-class, French speaking all-star who served as a metaphor for those being mistreated in the work-force

What was Gretzky's reputation like during his career? How did people view him? What was his personality like? Why was he so popular?

He was viewed as one of the greatest. He was endorsed by many companies and was viewed as an average body type man like everyone else.

Where does the word "hockey" come from?

Hockee- Shepeards crook ( French). Hoghey- Tree Branch ( Iriquois)

What do you think the relationship is between the story, "The Hockey Sweater" and Canadian national identity?

Hockey is a part of growing up for children in Canada. Similar to American football

Describe the Canadian 5-dollar bill. What does it show? What is the significance for notions of Canadian national identity?

Hockey is a way of life, history and collective memory

What is the place of hockey in everyday life for many youth in Canada?

Hockey is huge part in the everyday life, especially in the winter.

How is hockey represented in the book and the film? What is the role of hockey in the everyday life of Canadians, according to the story?

Hockey is represented as a way of life for kids in Canada. Hockey is a child's escape from the non-separated church and school.

Who was Maurice Richard? Who did he play for? What was his nickname?

Hockey player on Montreal Canadians, nicknamed the rocket

What kinds of endorsements did Gretzky have?

Hockey sticks, hockey skates, jeans

How did black slaves on plantations begin to play the game? What was the significance of cricket for them?

If the ball went into the field, they would retrieve it. The sport allowed slaves to view someone of higher class as equal during the game

What does the expression "It's not cricket" mean? What does this tell us about the place of cricket in English society?

It means *it's not right*. Proves that it was stepping stone and very important to the English. Cricket is right- it's a good thing- proper/honest

Why does it mean so much to West Indians when their cricket team wins?

It means so much because they have pride in their dream team. Gives them a sense of nationalism.

Name some of the nations that play cricket under the West Indies banner.

Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago

What happened on March 3rd, 1875 in the Victoria Skating Rink?

James Creighton brought his rugby team to play hockey and explained the rules to them

What is the laagan?

Laagan is a tax paid by Indians imposed by the British.

What are the rules for laamb (Senegalese wrestling)? What are the differences between laamb other types of wrestling?

Laamb rules are if anyone is taken to the ground, they lose. Other forms allow striking.

Explain the process through which cricket gradually became desegregated.

Labor was divided, batsman= white, bowler= colored

Describe the schism that split rugby between Union and League. What were the main issues involved?

Many issues regarding working men getting into the game

What is generally considered to be the first hockey match?

March 3rd 1875

Where do the matches take place? Who attends them? How popular is traditional wrestling in Senegal?

Matches take place in the arena and the whole village attends them. it is the most popular sport. men, women, children

Who was the "First Family" of hockey?

Men who studied at McGill University

Where were the games for the second half of the Series played? What happened during these matches?

Moscow, Soviets were violent and ended up losing the series in Russia

According to trainers and wrestlers, what do you need in order to practice traditional wrestling? What does it take to win?

Need good technique and the magic from the spirits.

What were the earliest rugby balls like? How did they change and why?

No regulations on ball size. rubber bladders to make sure no more blood. Made from pigs bladder. oval to be easier to pass. women died from inhaling the bacteria from bladder

What was "Hockey Night in Canada"? How popular was it?

October 11th, 1952. Montreal V.S. Detroit. So popular people gathered outside stores to watch the games

How good was Richard? What did he accomplish?

One of the best of his time, served as a catalyst for the quiet revolution.

Who is Chester? What is the significance of his presence on the South African team?

Only African player on the team, represented unity and inclusion.

Who was Alan Eagleson? What did he do?

Organizer of the Canada Cup and called police to block soviets from taking the trophy back to Russia. Ended up making a replica trophy to give them

Who was Nelson Mandela? How long was he imprisoned and why? What is his place in South African history? What kind of leader was he?

Pacifist movement, bring peace. he was a protester who was imprisoned, he was a leader who wanted to promote by examples. nonviolent

What were broken-time payments? What was the dispute surrounding these?

Payments in return for hours lost

Who was Pierre Plouffe? Why was he thrown in jail in Moscow?

Pierre Plouffe was a Canadien who brought a trumpet into the game and got arrested during his celebration for drunkenly breaking a table

Who was Gary Smith? What is his place in the history of hockey?

Played for Moscow Maple Leaves, worked for soviet government and eased political tensions in USSR through hockey

Describe Gretzky's childhood. What could he do at a young age? How old was he when he became famous?

Played hockey since he was young and became famous at the age of 13

Explain the significance of the poem, "Invictus" and its relevance to the story.

Poem reflects Mandela's time when he was imprisoned. this helps the captain of the springboks figure out where Mandela is coming from in regards to his team and his wants for the team. helps empower the captain

Where was rugby particularly popular in the 1870s? Who played and watched it?

Popular in North of England - working classes. The RFU were elite for amateurism. men were angry that working men were taking over. split between league and union

What was "shamateurism"?

Practice of getting paid for expenses while traveling and playing cricket Suppose to be illegal

Who was Clarence Campbell? What was his reputation?

President of NHL, people hated him

Describe the racial climate in England with regard to blacks and immigrants in the early 1970s.

Racial inequality was present during the games with boo's, slur's and violence

What do the Springboks and the Green and Gold jersey represent for black South Africans? Why does Mandela advocate restoring it?

Rainbow nation. represent apartheid. Mandela wants to restore it because he wants to change people's perception

Who was Gordie Howe? What did he represent? What famous hockey player was a huge fan of him as a child?

Red Wings player who represented the fight against adversity and injury. Wayne Gretzky

How does hosting and winning the 1995 World Cup help unite South Africa as a nation?

Representation of what a country can overcome if they all come together for the greater good. putting aside difference and cheering for your country. united by God

Describe the political climate in the Caribbean in the 1960s and 1970s. What was the role of cricket in black liberation movements?

Revolution time over equality, cricket served as the gateway to equality for blacks

How did the 1972 Summit Series begin? Where were the first few games played, and what happened during these matches?

Russia played Canada. first few games played in Montreal and Russia dominated Canada, shocking the world

Describe the training techniques of the Soviet hockey players.

Russians trained as if hockey was their full-time job

Who was James Creighton? Why is he considered the founder of hockey? Which sport inspired him to invent hockey?

Schooled at Kings college, played Rugby, first indoor hockey game

To what extent was cricket used as an instrument of colonization?

Seen as a form of expression to show values

Which Senegalese ethnic group is considered to have invented laamb?

Serer (prepare for war)

What is shinny? What are other names for it? Who plays it and how is it played?

Shinny is a game in which rules include using stick and ball, demarcated goals, don't take the ball off the ice

What was the role of the Montreal Winter Carnival in the spread of hockey?

Showed the lower-class people attending the carnival the rules and how hockey is played. Broke the class barrier

What happened in Canadian hockey in 1981?

Soviets beat Canada in the Canadian Cup and shocked Canada

Describe the origins of the Stanley Cup.

Stems from Fredrick Stanley, he bought $50 cup that teams would compete for but wont keep

What was lacrosse? Who played it and where? What was the approach of aboriginals to this game?

Stick and ball game played by natives of france. Used as a preperation for war

Describe the political climate in South Africa at the time of the end of apartheid and liberation of Nelson Mandela.

Still a lot of anger and resentment. people didn't want to come together. on both sides

Explain the role of the railway lines in the spread of hockey—especially westward—in Canada in the early 20th Century.

Teams and small clubs traveled to other cities to play. Linked coast to coast

What was Tony Greig's infamous "grovel" comment? What was the effect? How did the West Indies team react?

The "grovel" comment was that if the West Indies down them they will fall apart. This frustrated the team and drove them to hurt many players

Describe the power dynamic between the British and the Indians in colonial India.

The Indians are treated as peasants by the British and viewed as lower class

Who wins the big game? What is the significance?

The Indians win game, they proved to the British that they can compete in cricket. Also, the British are not more powerful than the Indians.

Describe the West Indian players fight for fair pay. What was the significance of their victory?

The fight for fair pay started with a comparison to white men. Although, they were better than them. This signifies their constant battle for equality and gaining of rights

How was the first Summit Series organized and why? What did this Series represent?

The first series was meant to give Canada greater competition and also ease political tensions in USSR. The series represented the best and strongest Canada v.s. world super power USSR

How did the Windies' approach to fitness change in the late 1970s?

The fitness change caused a change in the windies. It led to superb play, more fast bowlers and conditioning

Who is Don Bradman? Why did he come to be known as an Everyman?

The greatest Test batsman of all time. With an unbelievably high career Test batting average of 99.94, and is from the working class so is viewed as an everyday man to people.

To what extent was cricket seen as an expression of English morality? Why?

The notion of the sportsman = Christian virtue/English virtue

Describe the role of rugby in the development of hockey.

The person who put together the first indoor game brought his friends from his rugby team to partake in the game. James Creighton

Describe the rivalry between Richard and Howe. What did this rivalry represent? What does Wayne Gretzy say about it?

The rivalry fueled the two greats to compete harder against eachother. The rivalry was a competition between the greats of the era

Describe the success of the West Indies team in the late 1970s and early 1980s. What did they achieve? What was the political and social significance?

The team was incredible and became a political phenomenon and defying racism.

What is the wager between the British colonizers and the Indians?

The wager is if the British win the cricket match then the lagaan will be tripled. But if they lose then the tax will be excused for the next 3 years

Who did West Indians fight for during World War II? What happened when they arrived back home?

They fought for the British. When they got home many still faced poverty. Revolts started

How do the Indians learn to play cricket? What local game do they already play that resembles cricket?

They learn by Deva, a man once in the British army. The similar game is called Gillie's-Danda

According to Bunny Wailer, from Bob Marley and the Wailers, why do Jamaicans play cricket?

They play cricket b/c they respect the game and play with such passion. Wave experience, to win

Describe the scene towards the beginning of the film in which the Springboks play England. What does Mandela do before the match? Who do the white South Africans cheer for? And the black South Africans?

They were not a good time, wanted to reunite. the white people cheer for the springboks and the blacks cheer for anyone, but Mandela went out and shook the players hands of the springbok and then he quickly went into the audience and thanked someone for using the new flag

How were the West Indian fast bowlers portrayed in the media? What were the nicknames for them? To what extent were these comments racially motivated.

They were portrayed as incredible athletes. Called four hours men, terrorists. They were racist

What is a try? How did you score a goal in the early days? How did this change? How was the scoring modified?

Try is scored when the ball is touched down on or beyond the defending team's goal-line. two places to score (in air and on ground). 5 points in a union. 4 points in a league .called a try because you really wanted to kick it through first and if you couldn't then you would try by running

What was the significance of the West Indies victory over England at Lord's in London in 1950?

Two years earlier, mass migration from West Indies occurred. Also, West Indies cricket was desegregated

What is the importance of rituals and sorcery for Senegalese wrestlers? How do they prepare for matches? What is the role of voodoo?

Very important. prepare by doing rituals and making potions. If you don't do them, you won't win.

Who was Viv Richards? What role did he play in the history of West Indian cricket?

Viv Richards was a West Indies batsman who battled with confidence and showed no fear

Describe the early origins of rugby.

Was essentially football, was essentially a fight for possession for the ball. came from early folk football. in the 19th century it started spreading to schools

What was hockey like in Canada in the 1940s and 1950s?

Was not as popular in Canada, was in the Dark Ages of the sport

In the late 19th Century, who played hockey and where? How does it spread?

Wealthy people in sporting clubs, at Montreal Winter Carnival

What were the games like in the mid-1800s? How was it played? (Hockey)

Wild/ Chaotic, no time limit, no player limit

Describe the legend surrounding Richard. What was he like? Why was he popular? What did he represent? Who were his biggest fans?

Working-class french-man, so popular because he represented the working class. Kind on and off the ice and incredibly fast.

Where do the wrestlers live? How do they live? What do they eat? What do they do to train for matches?

Wrestlers live in the training camp and train on the beaches all day. They also train at the compound.