GOV final
One consequence of today's high-choice media system is
a narrowing in the information divide.
The most fully organized interests are those that have which of the following as their primary purpose?
economic activity
What term do scholars use for a purported opinion offered by a respondent who is unfamiliar with the specific issue?
nonopinion
The process of political socialization in the United States is
normally cumulative; political beliefs attained earlier in life tend to be retained to a substantial degree.
Like all other rights, the right of free expression is
not absolute.
When it comes to protest activities, a majority of Americans are
not highly supportive of such activities, despite America's tradition of free expression.
Negative television campaign ads
now constitute the largest share of political ads.
The Tea Party's key initial issue was
opposition to high taxes.
As an agent of political socialization, the American family will likely have its greatest effect on an individual's
party identification.
The "long tail" is a phenomenon related to the
pattern and rate of Internet news readership.
Which of the following is/are NOT a primary socializing agent?
peers
The theory that society's interests are most effectively represented through group action is
pluralist theory.
The winner-take-all system is also known as the ________ system.
plurality
Although "independents" are idealized in high school civics classes, their lack of partisanship makes it less likely that they have
political interest.
A sustained action taken by citizens disenchanted with government in order to express their opposition and work to bring about social or political change is a
political movement.
The history of democratic government is virtually inseparable from the history of
political parties.
In which of the following measures are Asian Americans underrepresented compared to whites and even other minorities like Hispanics and Black Americans?
political representation
Which of the following is true of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program of 1996?
It eliminated the cap on welfare assistance in times of national economic downturns.
How did passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act improve on the provisions of the former No Child Left Behind Act?
It gave states more control over the form of student testing.
Which of the following countries has had the LOWEST estimated voter turnout in major national elections in recent decades?
United States
which of the following nations are citizens LEAST likely to participate in even one group activity?
United States
The three major economic centers of the world are the
United States, the Pacific Rim, and the European Union.
Which statement about women's rights is correct?
Women have made clear gains in the areas of appointive and elective offices.
Why does the author think it possible that at some point in the future the Democratic Party will come to dominate U.S. elections?
Young voters have remained loyal to the Democratic Party as they have aged.
In the Johnson flag-burning case, the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning
cannot be prohibited even though it may be offensive.
Which of the following has led to wage stagnation among lower- and middle-income workers in recent decades?
changes in the nation's job market
Which of the following would NOT be considered a secondary socializing agent?
church
If a person yells "Fire!" in a crowded theater when there is no fire, and people are hurt in the ensuing panic, that individual has abused their freedom of speech, according to the doctrine of
clear and present danger.
U.S. job growth since the 1970s has mostly occurred in which area(s)?
construction and agriculture
The foundation of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union after World War II was
containment.
Early American newspapers
could not have survived without political party support.
In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include
criminal proceedings in the states.
A ruling by the Food and Drug Administration that a drug is dangerous to use and therefore cannot be marketed is an example of regulation for the purpose of
equity.
Of the following, the news media are most likely to focus on
events that are timely.
Public assistance programs are funded through
general tax revenues.
The accuracy of polling is diminished when respondents
give what they regard as the socially correct response to certain questions even though they think differently.
Super PACs have been criticized primarily for
giving too much influence to the wealthy.
The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by
government only.
In the case of McNabb v. United States, Justice Felix Frankfurter defined the "history of liberty" primarily in terms of whether
governments had observed procedural guarantees.
Students are most likely to hear stories about America's heroes and greatness when they are in
graduate school.
Which of the following is a consequence of the high-choice media system?
greater control by people over what they see and hear
Which of the following is associated with people's exposure to partisan news outlets?
greater political interest and engagement
Which of the following is a characteristic of the "inattentive audience"?
greater susceptibility to disinformation
Presidential candidates in the 1960s, compared with today,
had longer sound bites, on average, in broadcast television newscasts.
The Supreme Court
has generally protected symbolic speech almost as substantially as it has protected verbal speech.
Culminating in a historic victory in 1954, advancement of civil rights for Black Americans in the early 20th century came mostly through
legal action.
Historically, dramatic change in party identification is uncommon and is almost always a consequence of
major upheaval.
In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that
male-only admissions policy at a state-supported military academy was unconstitutional.
The chief obstacle to Americans' participation in community activities is the
the lack of personal motivation to get involved
About 95 percent of all political activists in the United States work at
the local level.
In terms of the direction of public opinion on gun control,
gun control advocates feel more deeply about the issue than gun rights advocates.
In terms of the intensity of public opinion on gun control,
gun control advocates feel more deeply about the issue than gun rights advocates.
In terms of the saliency of public opinion on gun control,
gun control usually ranks high on the public's list of top issues.
The Tea Party
has urged compromise with Democrats on tax and spending issues.
The inevitable discovery exception
holds that otherwise excludable evidence can be admitted in trial if police believed they were following the proper procedures.
The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by
implication in the freedoms in the Bill of Rights.
A conservative is opposed to government intervention
in both the economic and social spheres.
Government subsidies to small and large farmers are designed in large part to
increase tax revenue levied on farm production and exports.
If the economic problem is low productivity and high unemployment, the fiscal policy action on the demand side would be to
increase taxes.
Democrats in Washington have usually responded to high levels of unemployment with
increased government spending.
Public support for same-sex marriage has
increased significantly since the 1990s
The frequency of elections in the United States reduces voter turnout by
increasing the personal effort needed to participate in all elections.
PACs tend to contribute the most money to
incumbents.
In the United States, the primary responsibility for registration of the individual voter rests with the
individual.
The widespread use of means testing in the United States tends to match what cultural trait of Americans?
individualism
The media perform the signaling role by
informing the public of breaking events and new developments.
Which of the following terms most accurately describes the international economy today?
interdependence
A law that placed restrictions on courses girls could take in high school would be evaluated by the courts using the
intermediate-scrutiny test.
Any law that includes a gender classification is subject to the
intermediate-scrutiny test.
All of the following are true of the Head Start program EXCEPT that it
is fully funded at the present time.
Voter participation in the United States
is lower than in nearly every other democracy.
The phrase that best describes the shift in America's world position from the pre- to the post-World War II eras is "________."
isolationism to internationalism
An informal grouping of officials, lobbyists, and policy specialists who come together temporarily around a policy problem is a(n)
issue network.
Regarding state party organizations, the day-to-day operation is usually the responsibility of the
state chairperson.
Which of the following represents the greatest blow to the organizational strength of U.S. parties?
the direct primary
The yellow journalism of the late 19th century was characterized by
the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers.
The major reason for the persistence of the American two-party system is
the existence of single-member election districts.
Which of the following was NOT one of the claims Republican congressman John Curtis of Utah made about the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act?
It would simplify the tax code.
________, a Populist, won six western states in the presidential election of 1892.
James B. Weaver
________ is associated with the Era of Good Feeling.
James Monroe
Who was appointed Fed chair in 2018?
Jerome Powell
Which of the following events in American foreign policy occurred first?
Korean War
In 2010, the greatest percentage of immigrants to America came from
Latin America.
In 2020, which state had passed a law requiring abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the abortion clinic?
Louisiana
Who initiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)?
Lyndon Johnson
________ orchestrated the enaction of the largest set of antipoverty programs in the nation's history.
Lyndon Johnson
Why are Social Security and Medicare considered highly efficient programs?
They do not require a large bureaucracy to administer them.
Why did the Trump administration decide to provide farmers with a $16 billion emergency subsidy?
They had suffered great losses as a result of Obama's Affordable Care Act.
Which of the following statements about political participation and lower-income Americans is true?
They need the most government help but are least likely to engage in collective action to seek it.
Which of the following is true of the climate change issue?
U.S. policymakers are relatively uniform in their desire to avoid costly measures to reduce carbon emissions.
One of the reasons voter turnout is lower in the United States than in western European countries is that
U.S. registration laws place a greater burden on the individual.
According to Freedom House, which of the following countries has the highest degree of freedom?
United States
Citizens in which of the following countries are most likely to engage in political activities, such as volunteering for political campaigns?
United States
Citizens in which of the following countries are most likely to talk to people about politics?
United States
In which of the following countries is the rate of protest the LOWEST?
United States
Of the following countries, which has the lowest educational performance, as based on standardized tests?
United States
Which country has the highest annual emissions of carbon dioxide?
United States
Which of the following Western democracies has the highest poverty rate?
United States
Medicare
is paid for through a payroll tax.
Which of the following is true of the 1990-1991 Gulf War?
It created a fiscal crisis because of the financial burden it placed on the United States.
To have great influence, an outside lobbying group must generally have one of two things: a lot of money or
a committed membership
NATO membership is primarily composed of
the U.S., Canada, and European countries.
Defense spending is highest in
the United States.
Currently, the greatest percentage of Americans identify as
fully independent.
Gideon v. Wainwright required the states to
furnish attorneys for defendants in felony cases who cannot afford them.
America's war on terrorism is aimed primarily at
groups
The $2 trillion stimulus bill that Congress enacted in early 2020 in response to the COVID- 19 coronavirus pandemic included
$100 million for a salary increase for U.S. senators.
On average, how much money must a U.S. senator raise every week of his or her six-year term in order to acquire enough to launch a competitive bid for reelection?
$30,000
Since World War II, the United States has engaged in military hostilities roughly ________, usually at the instigation of ________.
150 times; the president
Women in America obtained the right to vote in ________.
1920
Native Americans were denied citizenship in the United States until ________.
1924
The election of ________ was a realigning election.
1932
The most embarrassing Gallup poll failure in predicting a presidential election was
1948 Truman-Dewey.
Medicare was enacted in ________.
1965
Ticket splitting was most recently prominent during which decade?
1970s
The highest rate of inflation (13 percent) since World War II occurred in ________.
1979
The United States produces about ________ percent of the world's goods and services.
20
There are roughly ________ countries in the world.
200
The limits of interest groups' use of extreme tactics might be gauged by the congressional Democratic backlash against the ________, which tried to block the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993.
AFL-CIO
The Supreme Court halted the general use of reserved funding in the granting of federal contracts to minority businesses in the 1995 case of
Adarand v. Peña.
Which of the following is true of age differences in news consumption?
Adults under 30 are more likely to consume news through the Internet than those over 50.
The first U.S. military action after the September 11, 2001, attacks was an invasion of
Afghanistan.
Sources of polling error can include
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is true about the trade imbalance in the United States?
All of these are true: The United States has not had a trade surplus since 1975; over the past decade, the U.S. trade deficit has exceeded $300 billion every year; and the United States has the largest trade deficit of the top three economic centers.
A basic reason for the existence of so many interest groups in the United States is
All these answers are correct.
Native Americans
All these answers are correct.
Political parties serve to
All these answers are correct.
The "motor voter" law
All these answers are correct.
The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann
All these answers are correct.
The USA Patriot Act
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following are key players in the modern campaign?
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Cold War?
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following is true?
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following is true of discrimination against the disabled in the United States?
Before 1975, four million children with disabilities were getting either no education or an inappropriate one.
Which of the following countries has had the highest estimated voter turnout in recent national elections?
Belgium
Two of the most important sources of imported oil for the United States are
Canada and Latin America.
Defense spending is second-highest in
China
What was the main conclusion of the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller and 2010 decision in McDonald v. Chicago?
Citizens are allowed to own guns for legitimate purposes, such as for protecting the home.
When democratic governments came into existence, tax and food riots and other forms of protest greatly diminished. Why?
Citizens had less-disruptive ways to express themselves.
The Democratic Party's long-time regional stronghold, "the Solid South," stemmed from a realignment during which historical period?
Civil War era
Which of the following statements about party identification is true?
Currently, more people identify as Democrats than as Republicans.
Which agency has the primary responsibility for diplomacy?
Department of State
The assessment of Brian Michael Jenkins, adviser to the National Commission on Terrorism, strongly contradicts
Donald Trump's claims that he has defeated ISIS and eradicated the threat of Islamic terrorism.
Which of the following was a common feature in the low-choice media system?
Each outlet featured nearly the same lineup of stories told in much the same way.
School prayer in the public schools was ruled unconstitutional in
Engel v. Vitale (1962).
The ________ established minimum wages.
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
The FCC restriction requiring broadcasters to "afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views of public importance" was known as the
Fairness Doctrine.
In 2004, ________ instituted same-sex marriage.
Massachusetts
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship today between government and the economy in the United States?
The government has an important role in regulating and maintaining the U.S. economy.
Which of the following actions by a member of Congress would likely lead Edmund Burke to classify that member as a "trustee"?
The member votes against a resolution declaring war, believing it unwise, despite her constituents having a majority opinion in favor of the war.
One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is
busing to achieve racial integration in the schools.
Which of the following partly contributed to a rise in the number of people who denied climate change?
a European Union report challenging climate change
Which of the following is an interest group more likely to champion than a political party?
a controversial issue
The passage of TANF has resulted in which of the following?
a dramatic reduction in the size of the welfare rolls
What is the greatest restriction on appeals in the United States?
a federal law that bars in most instances a second federal appeal by a prisoner
The policy of deterrence is based on the idea that
a nation will be deterred from launching a full-scale nuclear attack by the knowledge that it too would be obliterated.
A member of Congress who wants to act on what the majority of his or her constituency thinks on a particular issue would be advised to respond to which of the following indicators?
a poll based on a random selection sample of constituents
The Tennessee Valley Authority is
a private environmental organization that receives federal funding.
In contrast with Medicare, the Medicaid program is
a public assistance program.
According to scholars, the way that journalists frame their stories has
a watchdog function.
The annual defense budget in the United States represents
about 15 percent of annual worldwide military spending.
The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include protection from deprivation of due process rights by
actions of state and local governments.
Which of the following is NOT an interest group function?
addressing a broad and diverse range of public issues
Partisan talk radio got its start
after the abolition of the Fairness Doctrine.
When can police legally begin their interrogation of a suspect?
after the suspect has been warned that their words can be used as evidence
The Soviet Union eventually collapsed because of
all of these: heavy defense expenditures; isolation from Western technology and markets; and its inefficient centralized command economy.
The United States pursues its economic policy goals through which of the following?
all of these: the World Bank, foreign aid, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices
allowed a restriction on abortion services as long as it did not cause an "undue burden" on the woman.
Passed in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Act
allowed low interest rates and small down payments for first-time home buyers and small business entrepreneurs.
The term civil liberties refers to specific individual rights that
are constitutionally protected from infringement by government.
Voter registration in the United States
began as a way of preventing voters from casting more than one ballot on Election Day.
An interest group like the National Rifle Association would be an example of a(n)
business group.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at eliminating discrimination
by private individuals in their social relations—bigoted statements and other acts of prejudice are unlawful under most circumstances.
In what instance did the United States Supreme Court depart from the "wall-of-separation" doctrine in 2020?
by striking down state law providing scholarship funds to secular but not religious private schools
Equality of result policies are primarily directed at ________ discriminatory effects.
de facto
Upon assuming the presidency in 2001, George W. Bush
declared that he would reduce America's military presence abroad.
A fiscal policy solution to inflation would be to
decrease government spending.
If the Fed wanted to act to reduce unemployment, it would
decrease the interest rate on loans to member banks.
Literacy tests were used to
disenfranchise African Americans in the South.
Women gained the right to vote
early in the 20th century.
About one in ________ American children lives in poverty.
eight
The process by which individuals acquire their political opinions is called
political socialization.
Another name for an interest group is
pressure group.
On-the-scene coverage of a natural disaster is an example of the press's role of
signaler.
Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are referred to as
slander
The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between
small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests.
Harvard's Joseph Nye would most likely conclude that the United States places a disproportionate emphasis on
soft power.
The United States
spends the most on foreign aid in dollar terms, but several countries spend more on a per capita basis.
Which institution receives the most news coverage from the national press?
the presidency
The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that
the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public.
According to a Kaiser Family Foundation study, about ________ of Medicare spending is for expenses other than patient care, while some private insurance companies spend about ________ on similar nonpatient expenses.
20 percent; 10 percent
When was the last time the U.S. government had a balanced budget?
2000s
A properly drawn sample of one thousand individuals has a sampling error of roughly plus or minus
3 percent.
Roughly how many American soldiers lost their lives in the Korean War?
35,000
Abraham Lincoln was first elected in 1860 with ________ of the popular vote.
40 percent
Asian Americans account for about ________ of professionals and technicians in the United States.
5 percent
In the past two decades, the level of turnout in presidential elections has averaged about
60 percent.
What percentage of states hold their gubernatorial elections in nonpresidential years?
75 percent
The average hourly pay for full-time female employees is about ________ percent of that for full-time male employees.
82
Which of the following would be an example of priming in action?
A news viewer expects violent crime to escalate because the evening news starts with a violent crime each night.
The first woman ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by
President Reagan.
Which of the following makes America's war on terrorism a "new kind of war"?
All these answers are correct.
Why are administrative costs relatively high for food stamp and Medicaid programs?
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following is a reason that Americans are more likely to work for a political campaign than are citizens in Europe?
America's federal system provides more campaign opportunities.
A recent YouGov/More in Common poll found that
Americans believe that nearly twice as many in the opposing party hold extreme views as the number who actually hold such views.
Which of the following beliefs is widespread among Americans, according to a poll conducted by Stanford University?
Americans carry out a meaningful amount of voter fraud every year.
Which of the following statements about Americans and ideology and political thinking is true?
Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as liberals.
To what was political scientist Robert Lane referring in using the term market justice?
Americans prefer that society's material benefits be allocated through the economic marketplace rather than through government policies.
Which of the following is true of Americans' pride in their democracy?
Americans' pride in their democracy has decreased rapidly in recent decades, largely as a result of increasing partisanship.
What was especially unusual about the "Era of Good Feeling"?
President Monroe ran unopposed in 1820.
All of the following statements about Asian American rights are true EXCEPT that
Asian Americans have the second highest median family income of any group.
________ lost the 1964 presidential election in large part because his views were seen as too extreme.
Barry Goldwater
Which of the following is true of Social Security and Medicare?
Families in the top fifth of the income population receive more in Social Security and Medicare benefits than the government spends in total on TANF, SSI, food stamps, and housing subsidies for the poor.
In the Constitution, procedural due process is protected in various ways by the
Fifth Amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright is to the Sixth Amendment as Mapp v. Ohio is to the
Fourth Amendment.
Which of the following networks pioneered the partisan model for cable news reporting?
Fox News
Which president's use of government policy as economic stimulus ushered in the modern era of U.S. government fiscal policy?
Franklin Roosevelt
Which of the following statements about recent developments in trade and protectionism in the United States is true?
Free-trade agreements with Panama, Colombia, and Korea passed with far more Republican than Democratic support in Congress.
Which president called for a "new world order"?
George W. Bush
The Gazette of the United States was founded to promote the policies of President
George Washington.
The citizens of ________ are most likely to take an active part in campaigns during an election.
Germany
How was President George W. Bush able to convince Americans that the invasion of Iraq in 2003 was necessary?
He repeatedly invoked Saddam Hussein's failed assassination plot against his father, George H. W. Bush.
Which demographic is in particular key to the future of both parties?
Hispanic voters
Which voting demographic, despite being conservative on issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage, sides heavily with the Democratic Party?
Hispanics
During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the important speech about the dream of an America where people are judged by character and not skin color was delivered by
Martin Luther King Jr.
Which of the following is a social insurance program?
Medicare
Which of the following states has relatively low turnout in elections?
Minnesota
"You have the right to remain silent....Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law....You have the right to an attorney." This is called the
Miranda warning.
Which of the following is an accurate representation of the public's opinion about leaders and their accountability?
Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole but say they have confidence in their local representative in Congress.
Which member of the United States Supreme Court wrote in a 2020 ruling on workplace discrimination against members of the LGBTQ community, that "an individual's homosexuality or transgender status is not relevant to employment decisions."
Neil Gorsuch
Of the following states, which tends to have larger numbers of Caribbean Hispanics?
New York
During the early 20th century, which newspaper developed a reputation as the country's best newspaper?
New York Times
All of the following use top-two primaries EXCEPT
New York.
Eighteen-, nineteen-, and twenty-year-old Americans were granted the right to vote by the passage of the ________ Amendment.
Nineteenth
Roughly how many American workers currently belong to unions?
None of these answers are correct.
Since the 1980s, the Supreme Court has addressed the exclusionary rule by
None of these answers are correct.
Which of the following statements is true?
Objective journalism is based on the communication of facts in a fair manner.
Which of the following is true of the relationship between public opinion and shifts in major government policies?
On highly salient and emotional issues in particular, public opinion tends to affect policy to a greater degree than policymakers' agendas affect public opinion.
Which of the following is true of political campaigns and party politics in the United States?
Party organizations are less powerful than they used to be in part because of the rise of television advertising.
In which of the following ways does education in the United States differ from education in western European countries?
Per-pupil spending is much higher.
What are the two distinguishing characteristics of political socialization?
Political socialization is cumulative, and is most heavily developed during childhood.
According to the Supreme Court, which is true regarding freedom of assembly?
Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable.
________ authored Silent Spring in 1962.
Rachel Carson
The issue of slavery gave birth to the ________ Party as a major political party.
Republican
Voter identification cards find the most support among
Republicans.
The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision?
Roe v. Wade
Which of the following welfare programs would be most suitable for a 28-year-old single widower with three children who lives in rural West Virginia and has never had a paying job in his life?
SSI
The right to an attorney is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.
Sixth
________, the former president of Serbia, was tried for war crimes.
Slobodan Milošević
Economist Mancur Olson refers to what aspect of interest groups as "the size factor"?
Small groups are ordinarily more united on policy issues and often have more resources, enabling them to win out more often than large groups.
You are LEAST likely to find a "blue state" in which region?
South
According to the Supreme Court, what is the status of prayer in the public schools?
State-supported prayers are not allowed in public schools.
In which of the following ways has the student loan issue changed since the 1970s?
States have helped keep public college costs down by providing low-interest student loans.
What three groups turned to infighting and internal violence after the U.S. removal of Saddam Hussein's old Iraqi regime?
Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds
Which country has the highest proportion of women serving in its national legislature?
Sweden
President Obama ordered bombing raids against a radical Sunni group that had seized large parts of territory in
Syria and Iraq.
Which of the following is correct about environmental policy?
The Environmental Protection Agency was proposed by a Republican president and enacted by a Democratic Congress.
How did the Supreme Court's position on the rights of the criminally accused in state courts change in the 1960s?
The Supreme Court began to protect the rights of the accused from action by the states.
________ does NOT have a competitive multiparty system.
The United States
Which of the following is true about the Sedition Act of 1798?
The act prohibited malicious newspaper stories about the president.
Which of the following is true of the federal government's role in education?
The federal government's role in education was relatively small before the 1960s.
The most recent party realignment had a realigning election in ________.
The most recent party realignment had no single realigning election.
What condition must be met if a PAC spends money to support a particular candidacy?
The spending effort cannot be coordinated with the candidate.
Which of the following is true of letter writers and demonstrators?
Their opinions tend to be more extreme than those of the population as whole.
Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to apply to economic or social liberals?
They believe that government should be used to promote traditional values.
How do pluralists counter the argument that well-funded interest groups have more influence on policymaking than other interest groups?
They deny that certain types of interest groups or wealthier ones have more policy influence.
In his definition of public opinion, the author states that the politically relevant opinions of private individuals become public opinion when they
are openly expressed.
Political protests
are seen by most Americans as something to be accepted but not admired.
The most numerous economic groups are
business groups.
The largest number of PACs are those associated with
business.
James Carville and Roger Ailes are both examples of
campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations.
The exclusionary rule states that
evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court.
In 20th-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties.
factional
Which of the following groups in the U.S. shows a higher level of support for collective bargaining?
factory workers
The establishment clause prohibits government from
favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion.
In the 1967 decision in Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court
first explicitly applied the strict-scrutiny test.
Andrew Jackson's contribution to the development of political parties was the
formation of a new type of grassroots party organization.
The coverage of the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus is the most powerful illustration of the media's ________ power since September 11th.
framing
The situation in which individuals are tempted not to contribute to a cause because they will get the benefits even if they do not participate is called the
free-rider problem.
In terms of party identification, slightly more than half of adults call themselves
fully Republican or Democrat.
A main difference between iron triangles and issue networks is that
issue networks involve a stable group of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists, while iron triangles exclude lobbyists in an attempt to reach impartial decisions
One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that
it is viewed as giving preferential treatment, which is unpopular, instead of simply ensuring equal treatment.
What characteristic of states like Montana and Wyoming contributes to the comparatively high military recruitment from those areas?
its rural nature, with few well-paying jobs available to young adults
The nuclear triad consists of
land-based missiles, submarine-based missiles, and bombers
The Federal Reserve plays a large part in establishing ________ policy.
monetary
Education and income affect voter turnout
more in the United States than in Europe.
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of silence" theory contends that
most individuals are reluctant to speak out against the dominant opinion.
Compared with U.S. citizens of higher incomes, those of lower incomes are
much less likely to vote in elections.
Early in the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, despite countless news reports and official announcements, roughly a third of American adults were convinced that the virus was
no more dangerous than the seasonal flu.
Social insurance programs have high levels of public support because
of the necessity of increased taxes to fund them.
If a minor party gains a large following, it is almost certain that
one or both major parties will absorb its issues, and the minor party will lose support.
Farm subsidies account for approximately ________ of net agricultural income, making America's farmers among the most heavily subsidized in the world.
one-tenth
The European Union produces about ________ of the world's goods and services.
one-tenth
When the nation was founded, who was eligible to vote?
only males who owned property
The COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak is a strong example of the press's ________ function.
politicizing
An amicus brief
prevents a lobbyist group from making campaign donations to policymakers over a specific issue.
The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that
prior restraint should occur only under very compelling circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print.
A tax where the marginal tax rate increases as income rises is a(n)
progressive income tax.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibits discrimination in voting and voter registration.
At the state level the central committees
provide only general guidance for the state organizations.
Voting
provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves politically.
One special contribution of Internet-based news is that it
provides slower, more deliberative reporting.
Effective inside lobbying is based upon
providing useful and persuasive information to key officials.
During what has become known as the Great Recession, the Fed began to purchase the assets of member banks. This new monetary control mechanism used by the Fed was known as
quantitative easing.
A(n) ________ party is a minor party that bases its appeal on the claim that partisan politics is having a corrupting influence on government and policy.
reform
The most powerful religious force in contemporary American society is the
religious right.
Objective journalism is based on the idea that the reporter's job is to
report the facts and present both sides of a partisan debate.
In applying the reasonable-basis test, courts tend to
require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable.
James Madison's solution to the problem of factions (special interests) has, in the modern policy process, actually contributed to the problem by
resulting in greater divisions of power that allow special-interest groups more points of access and outsized influence in the policy process.
All of the following tend to decrease voter turnout EXCEPT
sharp policy differences between major parties.
Few developments illustrate the importance of ________ as sources of opinion more clearly than how Americans reacted to the threat posed by the COVID-19 coronavirus.
state-controlled newspapers
The Supreme Court has ruled that
states are obliged to give all children an education that is "equal" across communities.
Supply-side economics is based primarily on
stimulation of the business (supply) component.
Which of the following is an indication of strong party loyalty?
straight-ticket voting
Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the
strict-scrutiny test.
Regular voters tend to be characterized by a
strong sense of civic duty.
According to a recent Pew Research Center poll, young adults are substantially more likely than senior citizens to support
stronger environmental regulations.
Judged in the context of the full range of public policies, the government in the United States has been
substantially more supportive of business than labor.
The tax cuts pushed by President George W. Bush while in office were premised largely on
supply-side economics.
Today, most union members work as
teachers, police, and civil servants.
What technology led editors to substitute news reports for partisan commentary?
telegraph
Which citizens' group did a Fortune magazine survey rank as the nation's most powerful lobbying group?
the AARP
The dominant labor interest group is
the AFL-CIO.
De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of governmental actions or public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are
the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto).
What was the primary cause for an increase in the public's support for a military invasion of Iraq during the six-month period leading to the start of the war?
the Bush administration's efforts to press the case for war
The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion are found in
the First Amendment.
The most obvious sign of the party realignment of recent decades has been the strong tendency of
the South to vote Republican.
The citizens of ________ have the largest number of organized interest groups at their disposal.
the United States
Which of the following had the greatest impact on increasing voting rates by Black Americans?
the Voting Rights Act of 1965
The movement for women's rights was initially aligned with
the abolition movement.
In deciding two 2014 cases involving the legality of searching a suspect's cell phone, the Supreme Court ruled that
the cell phone cannot be searched in most circumstances without a warrant.
The term externalities refers to
the costs of production that are incurred by society.
Which of the following has been a major impediment to any U.S. action to reduce its carbon emissions as a means of reducing climate change?
the fragmented nature of the U.S. political system
In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith made all of the following arguments for laissez-faire capitalism, EXCEPT that
the government should not be allowed any role whatsoever in the economy.
Fiscal policy is a mechanism the government employs to influence the economy. Fiscal policy is based on
the government's taxing and spending decisions.
The society of Northern Ireland is presented by the text as a demonstration of what difference with U.S. society?
the lack of crosscutting between groups
What development brought about a dramatic reduction in television's capacity to generate an interest in news?
the rapid spread of cable TV
The term iron triangle refers to
the relationship among the Congress, the military, and defense contractors.
In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court justices determined that
the right to privacy does not include homosexual acts.
To accurately poll the citizens of the United States as opposed to the citizens of a single state
the sample requirements will be nearly the same.
The federal government's licensing of broadcasting was based primarily on
the scarcity of broadcasting frequencies.
The key factors in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are
the size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method.
Since the Cold War ended, U.S. policy makers' chief concern with nuclear weaponry has been
the spread of nuclear technology to rogue nations or terrorist groups.
Women are less likely than men to favor
the use of force to settle international disputes.
Occupy Wall Street's main target has been
the widening income gap between the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans and the rest of society.
Political scientist Theodore Lowi has questioned pluralist theory by suggesting that
there is no concept of the public interest in a system that gives special interests the ability to determine the policies affecting them.
Citizens' interest groups are distinguished from economic interest groups by the fact that
there is no material incentive for members in their pursuit of the group's goals.
Economic groups have an advantage over noneconomic groups in part because
they have greater access to financial resources.
Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights
through a continual struggle for greater equality.
Why did the Trump and Biden campaigns spend millions of dollars to amass huge voter lists?
to register these people for the vote through their mechanisms
Since the latter part of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been
toward greater segregation.
States with the most restrictive voter registration laws also have
turnout rates well below the national average.
Which type of household has the LOWEST percentage of families living in poverty?
two-parent family
Unlike other democracies, the United States
uses primaries to select political candidates.
In the United States,
voter registration periods and locations are highly publicized by the states, but registration requirements prevent many from taking advantage of them.
In its 2011 Snyder v. Phelps ruling, the Supreme Court held that Westboro Baptist Church protests at military funerals
were a constitutionally protected form of free speech.
Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place
when it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally.
Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to identify with the Democratic Party?
white southerners
Libel applies to defamation of an individual's reputation through the
written word.
What demographic is most likely to support the new party during a major party realignment?
younger voters