Group Work

Reality Distortion

Occurs when the group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world

Countertransference

Occurs when the interactions with a group member influence the leaders unconscious emotional state

Transference

Occurs when the members previous relationship is manifesting relationship with in another group member

Leader technique: interpreting

Offer explanations or hypothesis for why events, behavior, or interactions may have occurred as they did both inside and outside of the group

Focusing on others

Often an attempt to avoid self focus on self disclosure

Hostility

Or fighting cancer to disrupt the groups focus, particularly when explosive reactions occur

Blocking

Or resisting, behaviors, when performed by a group member, impede group cohesion and progress usually by not fully participating in exercises or discussions, thus keeping the group from progressing to a working stage

Alliances

Or subgrouping can be beneficial and distractive. + can provide sources of support and strength and lead to high levels of group performance and cohesion - can prevent members from forming productive relationships and achieving individual and group goals

Manipulation

Ordinarily stands from the need for control and anger and promotes group tension and conflict

Leader technique: confronting

Promote member self-awareness by pointing out inconsistencies between or among member statements and actions

Leader technique: initiating

Provide direction for members with group topics or activities allowing members to focus energy and achieve desired outcomes

Leader technique: setting tone

Provide structure; the leader sets the style of interaction for group members to follow

Which group emphasize skill development and whose ultimate goal is to avoid emotional distress by increasing self-awareness, knowledge and skills about specific developmental issues?

Pyschoeducational (one of the primary group) - more structured/ organized then psychotherapy groups - because it is more growth-orientated/ remedial makes it more versatile

Which group is designed to treat those who may be experiencing chronic problems?

Pyschotherapy groups ( one of the primary groups) - often display dysfunctional behavior and carry a DSM diagnosis - offered by agencies and residential tx

Role differentiation

Roles define one's relationship to the group and can change over time but ordinarily result from self expectations, personality characteristics, group leader characteristics and group characteristics. This occurs as members begin to adopt different roles within the group.

Norms

Rules for individual member and group behavior common communicating to mirrors what is not socially excepted bowl with in the group environment Maybe formal or informal May facilitate group member or stifle it

Resistance

Stems from content your process and member finds anxiety producing, threatening or sensitive

Leadership styles: Democratic

The silicate member interaction; with leader guidance members make decisions take responsibility set agenda goals and Rules

Group member roles

The various positions group members may adopt during group work

Leadership task: building a group culture

Theaters help group members establish norms that facilitate occurrence of curative factors

What purpose do conflict and resistance hold in a group

They often served as protective functions

Encouragement

This is done of others ideas and helps promote cohesiveness and group member comfort

In what ways can resistance take form?

Through absences tardiness silence excessive talkativeness (monopolizing) rescuing behaviors or distracting the group from pursuing goals

Leader technique: questioning

Used to elicit information from members and help them focus their comments on core issues and concerns

Leader technique: tracking

Verbally clarify to keep up with and clarify for members the content and process of group interactions

Co-leadership

When one or more leader shares your help to facilitate the group process

*Who introduced group work to schools? a. Frank Parsons b. Jessie Davis c. Lewis Wender d. Joseph Pratt

b. Jessie Davis introduced group work in Grand Rapids Michigan in 1907.

Counseling groups are more ______ than educational groups a. structured b. problem-oriented c. pedagogic d. none of the above

b. problem orientated

*Which of the following is NOT a true statement about marathon groups? a. Marathon groups can last up to 48 hours b. marathon group members are encouraged to be authentic with one another c. Marathon groups became popular in the 1980s d. self disclosure is an integral part of marathon groups

c. Marathon groups became popular in the 60s.

Which groups are for more psychiatric problems? a. Counseling b. Pyschoeducational c. Pyschotherapy d. Task

c. Pyschoeducational

* Which group is NOT a primary type of group work. a. psychoeducational b. task c. growth d. pyschotherapy

c. growth is not a primary type of group work

Group member screening

ensuring the appropriateness of member and group fit

Leader technique: drawing out

interact directly with a member to get the member to contribute to the discussion topic or activity

Informed consent

- allows member to understand their rights and responsibilities prior to beginning group.

Challenges to a Group

- pressures to conform - reality distortion - avoidance - confidentiality - unhealthy attachments - institutional barriers

Strengths of a Group

- time efficiency for the leader - less costly per individual - greater resources - feeling of safety - experiencing a sense of belonging - replication of every day world - safe to practice new skills and receive feed back - commitment - power of the peer group - interpersonal power

Goals of Group

- understanding the university of member problems - learn to trust and appropriately self disclose - display sensitivity to the needs of others and support for member goals - experience the acceptance and support of other members - put newly learned knowledge and skills into practice

Yalom developed 11 classifications of "the theraputic factor" or curative factor

1- instillation of hope (provides members with a sense of assurance) 2- universality (awareness of similar concerns of others) 3 - imparting of information ( address real life concerns) 4- altruism ( working for the common good) 5 - family reenactment (helps recreate early childhood dynamics, helps reply conflicts and effectively resolve them). 6 - development of socialization techniques (allows group to give and receive feedback) 7- imitative behavior (observe the + and - behaviors of others and the responses elicited by their actions ) 8 - interpersonal learning (affect each others and receive feed back while feeling safe and supported) 9 - group cohesiveness (unity and bonding..indicates effective therapy is occurring because it facilitates trust and a willingness to take risk) 10 - catharsis (expression of strong and often hidden emotions by an individual...group provides forum for releasing tension and venting about what members have kept inside 11- existential factors (awareness of painful truths about life are encouraged)

What are the three ways coleaders are paired?

1. Experience with experience: allows well trained individuals to equitably share leader tasks and functions 2. Experience with inexperience: allows for a mentoring relationship to emerge as the experienced leader models skills for and supervises the inexperienced leader 3. Inexperience with inexperience: usually provided with the support of a supervisor

Approximately how long does a group run for?

8-30 sessions for counseling group 15 psychotherapy

How long does the psychotherapy group last?

90-120 minutes 30 to 45 with children

* A group in which the members take almost full responsibility for the group sessions and process most likely have a _____________ leader: A. Laissez-faire B. Democratic C. Authoritarian D. Uninvolved

A

sociograms

A graphical representation of group member interaction patterns I have been used to display member relationships and educate members about the intricacies of the group

*Group members sometimes take on challenging roles to address a personal need or issue related to the following except: A. Attachment B. Acceptance C. Identity D. Power

A. Attachment

What are the advantages of coleadership?

A. Creation of Team Model or Parental model (Male and female leader) B. Helping and handling different difficult issues C. Insights provided by multiple leaders D. Leaders can give feedback to each other E. Different leaders reactions can enrich the group process F. More experienced leaders can train less experienced G. Sharing responsibilities H. Ability to continue the group in the event of leader illness, vacation or incapacity I.Better support for lower functioning members J. Efficient use of leader modeling and role-play

Disadvantages of co-leadership

A. Potential competition or rivalry between leaders B. Inconsistency and pacing c. Lack of consistency in approach as leaders alternate D. Excessive focus on the leaders E. Appearance of collusion

Reality distortion occurs when a. the social environment in the group is radically dissimilar to the outside world b. group members view their problems through rose colored glasses c. members engage in avoidance behavior d. all of the above

A. Reality distortion occurs when the group is radically dissimilar to the outside world

American Group Psychotherapy

AGPA is an interdisciplinary organization promoting research and practice in group psychotherapy for individuals with mental disorders

American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama

ASGPP promotes standards, training, research and practice in psychodrama, sociometry and group psychotherapy

Closed groups

Allow a set number of members to participate from the groups beginning to termination and leaders expect consistent attendance throughout the group Experience

Open groups

Allow members to enter and leave at various points well continue a primary group focus

Sarcasm

An attempt to mask and not express anger

Group size

And essential planning consideration for task, psychoeducational, and psychotherapy groups. Often depends on the model, purpose, member age , And intensity of Planned interactions

Leader technique: Active listening

Attend to nonverbal and verbal behaviors of members to show leaders paying attention creating a safe environment that encourages self disclosure

A __________ is an example of spontaneous content group A. Social skills group B. Young women's personal growth group C. Divorce group for children D. Grief group

B Young women's personal growth group

The ideal size for counseling groups and psychotherapy groups is about A. Six members B. Eight members C. 10 members D. 12 members

B eight members

Which groups are heavily focused on skill building groups? a. Counseling b. Pyschoeducational c. Pyschotherapy d. Task

B. Counseling Groups

* in the beginning stage of a group leader is generally more ___________ then in later stages A. Laissez-faire B. Directive C. Democratic D. Passive

B. Directive ?

*Information that is known to self but unknown to others is found in which quadrant of the Jahari window: A. Public/open quadrant B. Private/hidden quadrant C. Blind quadrant D. Unknown/unconscious quadrant

B. Private quadrant

*A group member is anxious and an easy because she is unsure of how she supposed to Behave in group counseling. This individual is experiencing: A. Role overload B. Role ambiguity C. Role conflict D. Role dissonance

B. Role ambiguity

Which of the following statements is FALSE about groups? a. The primary goal is completing a task b. Leaders work to change and improve member behavior c. Task groups are run using principles of group dynamics d. collabrations is used to facilitate group achievements

B. leaders do not work to change or improve member behavior

Monopolizing

Behaviors usually involve underlying anxiety's demonstrated by neediness, demanding, excessive talkativeness, and control through a focus on self

* each of the following are examples of ways to bring members into the here and now EXCEPT: A. Processing members current situation B. Discussing immediate interactions between group members C. Helping members make future plans D. Encouraging members to provide feedback to other members

C

Open groups are appropriate in: A. School settings B. Private practice C. Psychiatric hospitals D. All the above

C Psychiatric hospitals

_____________ is not a potential benefit of the homogenous group A better insight B. Better attendance C. Better skill generalization D. Less resistance

C better skill generalization

* ___________________ is not an executive function of a group leader: A. Establishing boundaries B. Beginning and ending group sessions C. Establishing norms D. Planning group sessions

C. ?

*___________ is one of the two most essential group member tasks. A. Modeling B. Active listening C. Providing feedback D. Confronting

C. Providing feedback

Attention seeking behaviors

Call attention to the member and away from other members

Homogenous group

Consists members with similar characteristics such as sex, age, sexual orientation , race, physical attributes ans concerns Ex. In a school, 2nd and 3rd grade boys whos parents are considerinf divorce.

Heterogeneous group

Consists of members with diverse characteristics and concerns Ex. A group may consist of diverse age, gender, race, socioeconomic status

Which group is mostly a problem-orientated group, which help members work on interpersonal problems and promote behavioral changes related to this problem?

Counseling Groups ( one of the primary groups) - can always be preventative, growth-orientated & remedial, which makes it more versatile - these groups are short in length focusing on adjustment issues

Group dynamics

Create movement and among group members to the development of interaction of forces. They force results in continuing from socially excepted will be haters to socially unacceptable behaviors

marathon groups

Created during the 1960s and 70s, group members met for 24-48 hours, in which they were expected to become more authentic and engage in true self disclosure.

Heterogeneous groups may have A. Members with diverse presenting problems B. Members with diverse demographics C. Cohesion difficulties members are too dissimilar D. All of the above

D all the above

* Group conflict usually occurs during____________ stage of the counseling group: A. Initial B. Working C. Final D. Transition

D. ?

*____________ can be a challenging group member behavior. A. Opinion seeking B. Gatekeeping C. Evaluation D. Advice giving

D. Advice giving

Pyschoeducational groups are a. Preventative b. Remedial c. Growth-orientated d. all of the above

D. Pyschoeducational groups are all of the above

The first form of psychodrama was called a. Role Playing b. psychological improvisation c. dramatic reenacting d. the Theater of Spontaneity

D. The theater of Spontaneity was the 1st form of psychodrama

Leader technique : modeling

Demonstrate a particular skill or behavior so that members may learn through watching

Leader technique: role-playing

Demonstrate and practice skills and applications in a safe environment so that members gain experience and feedback that will allow them to apply skills and behaviors in and out of group situations

Aggression

Different than conflict, this may include verbal attacks physical attacks

Spontaneous content groups

Do you not have planned content and are designed to provide personal growth and support. Membership is generally dictated by the need for general development and member characteristics such as age or severity. Examples include personal growth groups,

Cohesiveness is usually strongest...

During the working stage of the group as members are able to take on tasks, deal officially with complex, and embraced a verse member perspectives on the way to addressing important group issues

Role ambiguity

Emerges when a member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirements they should fulfill

Leader technique: pacing

Facilitate the pace or rate at which the group process moves

Leader technique: making the rounds

Have a group member take turns sharing your perspective on a given focus topic so named because the sharing usually precedes in the direction of chairs position in the circle

Power

Having control over the resources the group values or desires, may involve one's ability to exert control over group process or contact

Leader technique: clarifying

Help the leader check his or her understanding of what the member has said

Compromise

Helps group members detach their ideas from their egos in order to promote group goals and enhance the group process

Facilitation

Helps group members promote group process and cohesion; those who self disclose and even attempt to identify group process variables or speak on behalf of the group when summarizing

Giving advice

Helps to prevent disclosure and keeps feedback on superficial level

Yalom identified three primary factors of cohesion

Interpersonal( attractiveness of members) Group factors (size, goals, activity) Group environment (intergroup conflict)

Group content: group process issues

Involve the interplay of forces or dynamics between and among members and leaders or how the interaction is occurring in the here and now. These dynamics are often used interchangeably

Group content:Content issues

Involve the what or actual subject under discussion by the group members

Opinion seeking

Involves self or other disclosure of group member values in relation to a group task; often group members want to know what others believe or value to gain insights into others worldviews

Kurt Lewis

Is credited with the invention of training or T-groups. This gave rise to the encounter and sensitivity groups of the 1960 and 70s.

Aggressiveness

Is displayed as frequent disagreement with, and forceful attempt to impose upon ideas to the group leader and other members

Feedback

Is shared by members when they notice and comment on the group member interactions. It is an essential characteristic for effective groups. It is "good" When solicited , specific, descriptive, clear and well-timed

Describe The quadrants of Johari's window

Known to Others Unknown to others Known to Self {quadrant I] [quadrant II] Public/ Open Private/hidden (eg. Sex, clothing) (eg. fear of failure, inadequacy) Unknown to self [Quadrant III] [Quadrant IV] (eg. facial expressions) (e.g. family of origin issues)

Leadership tasks:Executive functions

Leaders are responsible for planning and creating the group Vang the sessions in maintaining organizational integrity of continued meetings and establishing boundaries

Reasons why people drop out of group

Low motivation, lower socioeconomic status, for social skills, high levels of problems denial, poor self disclosure skills, unrealistic demands, lack of insight or interpersonal sensitivity. Poor leader skills may also contribute to this

Leader technique: empathizing

Communicate understanding to promote trust in cohesion

Leader technique: linking

Connect members themes, issues and similarities to facilitate shared perspectives commonalities and goals

Leader technique: pairing

Form smaller groups within the larger group to engage in activities or focused sharing

Alcoholics Anonoymus

Founded in the 1930s, this was the first major self help group in America.

S.R. Slavson

Founded the American Group Pyschotherapy Association in 1942. His efforts catalyzed significant increases in the use of group treatment procedures for children, resulting in group counseling being set in schools.

J. L. Moreno

In the 1920s, he created the Theater of Spontaneity, the earliest form of Pyschodrama, a technique developed to bring mental and emotional catharsis

Group content: structure issues

Include group size, function, voluntary/involuntary, and open/closed groups

Observation

Includes member and leader feedback to the group

Evaluation

Includes the sharing of insights or judgments about whether a group is accomplishing agreed on goals

Leadership tasks: bringing members into the here and now

Members are primarily encouraged to press his current life events and immediate interactions with group members that are making possible the generalization of in group experiences into real world interactions outside of the group

Planned theme group

Membership in this group is restricted to individuals with a demonstrated need in this area. Examples include social skills groups for children and adolescents, domestic violence for adults, parenting skills, and addiction groups for adolescents and adults

Leader technique: provide feedback

Model how to give and receive feedback to help members develop greater degrees of self awareness and insight

Leader technique: evaluating

Monitor and assess group progress, process, and outcomes

National Training Laboratory

NTL uses Lewins approach to organization leadership and change; it offers certificate programs for business professional NTL offers certificate programs for business progressional and a master's degree in organizational development

confidentiality

No ethical requirement for group members to maintain this, just a promise the counselors will

In formal rules

Not specified but developed through interactions with other group members such as an advice giver or aggressor

Informing

Occurs when a member talks about other members outside group

Gatekeeping

Occurs when group members and leaders insist on adherence to the established group norms

Initiation

Occurs when group members make suggestions or take action to make the group move toward goals

Conflict

Occurs when members blame other members, gossip express anger toward our grievances against other members, intimidate or display intolerant attitudes

role conflict

Occurs when members experience conflicting demands of various roles

Group cohesion

Refers to feeling of belonging and inclusion that members and leaders experience through interaction. It is an important determiner of group effectiveness, attendance and self disclosure

Duration

Refers to two components: one of the single session and one of an entire group experience it is optimal of a single session depending on the group purpose etc.

Self disclosure

Requires members to take risks, share information, and describe their internal thoughts and feelings with the group. It promotes cohesion and other curative group factors, but understanding when and how much information to share is a challenge for group members

Leader technique: self disclosure

Reveal a personal experience or feeling in the here and now context

Conflict

Reveals group members anxieties or primary needs; is a natural part of any interpersonal relationship and usually stems from member efforts to read distribute power + conflict can lead to deeper self understanding and greater cohesiveness resulting in a more productive group

Leader technique: summarizing

Review the important element of conversation in order to transition to another phase of the group process

Leader technique: blocking (Cutting off)

Stop at counterproductive member behavior in order to protect members from potentially damaging interactions

Leadership styles: authoritarian

Takes control and responsibility for the group; sets the agenda, goals, and rules

Which groups are focused around a central and specific goal in an effective and timely manner?

Task Group ( one the primary groups)

Leader technique: instruction

Teach members various information or skills

scope of practice

only provide services for which they are qualified by training and experience

Tavistok Institute

promotes interdisciplinary training in group dynamics and leadership coaching for businesses

Esalen Institute

uses a humanistic approach to enrich and explore human potential through multidisciplinary workshops, forums, and retreats.