HCE questions actual
Rights are, at least partially, meant to permit individuals control over their own futures. Which of the following are reasons that Goldman offers as to why these decisions should normally be left to the individuals themselves?
-The presumption that the individual is the best judge of their own interest, which may depend on personal value orderings known only to them. -Self determination, at least in regard to important decisions (which might include, in medical contexts, decisions that may involve life and death alternatives, affect the completion of major life projects, or affect bodily integrity) has an independent value. -Individuals may come to resent even the well-meaning decision of another more so than they would should the harm come as a result of their own decision. All of these.
Please select the situations in which, traditionally speaking, a doctor's duty not to harm his patient's health or shorten his life might appear to override otherwise obtaining rights of the patients to full truth according to Goldman.
-Where informing may be instrumentally harmful in leading to the choice of the wrong treatment or none at all. -Where the truth will cause direct harm such as depression or loss of continued will to live.
How many patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital were injected with cultured cancer cells in the 1963 study by Southam and Custodio?
22
In how many states of the United States is some form of physician-assisted suicide or active euthanasia (not merely allowing to die) legal (as of the publication of Battin's article)?
3
Hardwig reports that which percentage of people who participated in the SUPPORT study lost all of their savings?
33.3% (one third)
For how many years did the PHS continue the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
40
Utilitarianism
A consequentialist theory based on the principle of utility wherein you should do the action that will cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people, or which will cause the least harm to the fewest people.
Virtue Ethics
A family of moral theories that are specially concerned with or that give special priority to the role of the virtues in moral life.
The initial lawsuit brought to bear against the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital with regards to Southham's experiment alleged which of the following to be true?
A hospital Board member's right to see certain documents and patients' may sometimes override a patient's countervailing right to the privacy of their medical record.
Social Contract Theory
A moral theory that holds our obligations are determined by the agreements we have made and that we ought to fulfill our obligations because we agreed to.
Communitarianism
A moral theory that rejects liberal individualism, instead holding that moral decisions ought to serve the purpose of creating the kind of community that we want to live in rather than protecting or creating the kind of individual who lives in that community.
Kantianism
A non-consequentialist moral theory that holds you have a duty to do acts that conform to categorical imperatives which are universal and treat people as ends in themselves and never merely as means.
Judith Jarvis Thomson starts her argument by assuming that the fetus is/has which of the following moral categories
A person/has personhood
Libertarianism
A rights-based approach that holds individual liberty as the highest value, so moral conduct should permit individuals to act freely so long as their actions do not impede others to act freely in turn.
This law gave teh Florida governor the prerogative of reinserting a patient's feeding tube and required the appointment of a special guardian ad litem to review the case The ruling that held Congress had not authorized federal agencies to regulate nontreatment decisions in hospitals and newborn nurseries. A New York law that allows the duly appointed surrogate of a person with mental retardation to terminate life-sustaining treatment under the very narrow circumstances that Sheila Pouliot faced. A federal set of standards that permitted legal intervention to override the parental authrity to withhold treatment from handicapped or disabled newborns.
A.Terri's Law B.Bowen V. American Hospital Associations D.Health Care Decisions Act for Persons with Mental Retardation C.Child Abuse Amendments
Brody's claim that "death is a fuzzy set" refers to which of the following of crucial assumption?
Acceptance of the fundamental insights of fuzzy logic
Which of the following is the ethical standard the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research set forth?
Access for all to an adequate level of care without the imposition of excessive burdens
Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of health care that makes it especially important, according to the President's Commission?
Adequacy
Which of the following reasons does Marquis offer for believing that abortion (a kind of killing) is wrong?
Because it takes away the potential child's future-like-ours
Why does Kant believe rational beings have a special moral standing?
Because rational beings have the ability to act on the basis of reason and to conform their behavior to the moral law.
Which of the following are steps that Baylis suggests should be taken by the medical profession to encourage honest disclosure of medical errors
Change Environment, Patient anxiety, errors and compensations w/ Insurances, and expectation of truthfulness. A, B, C, E
Ackerman provides which of the following counter-examples to show that Hardwig's conception of what constitutes an unacceptable family burden is weak?
College-bound teenagers
Which of the following is NOT a burden that may influence an individual's health status considered in "An Ethical Framework for Access to Health Care"?
Economic
Principle of Liberty
Everyone is to have as much liberty as possible, consonant with every one else's having the same amount of liberty.
Principle of Equality - Equality of Opportunity
Everyone is to have equal opportunity in achieving the various offices and roles in society; they are all to be open to everyone.
Physician participation in executions commonly refers to only those actions taken as part of the actual execution process. However, Ken Baum argues that which of the following are also actions that physicians take which participate in capital punishment? Select all that apply.
Examination of the condemned to determine whether any medical condtion might interfere with the execution process and treatment of those conditions so that the condemned will be healthy enough for execution. Pronouncing death after the execution. Physician treatment of alleged victims of capital crimes. Preparatory actions scheduled prior to the conviction of the alleged criminal. Physician facilitation of the gathering of evidence or testify in criminal trials and capital sentencing hearings. Monitoring the flow of lethal solution during the execution itself. Supervising the arrangement of medical supplies needed for the execution. Providing for appropriate care of the condemened's body after death. Supervising attachment of a heart monitor to the condemned Preparing syringes with lethal solution
Which of the following is the closest to an accurate definition of "moral triangulation" as John D. Arras uses the term?
Examining categories of patients on either side of the patient in question on the continuum of incompetency, categories that do yeild fairly firm moral intuitions, and then attempt to locate a proper response to the case in this context.
True or False: Bernat believes that the classical formulation of whole-brain death is without flaw as a theoretical and practical definition of death?
FALSE
True or False: Dax (nee Donald) Cowart was deemed mentally competent and was thus given decisional capacity regarding his medical care?
FALSE
True or False: Don Marquis defines abortion as "the voluntary or involuntary termination or allowing another person to terminate a pregnancy"?
FALSE
True or False: Dr. Brody believes that harvesting organs from still-breathing anencephalics is immoral, unreasonable and should be banned by the AMA?
FALSE
True or False: Hardiwg argues that even those who have never had competency (who have never been able to understand moral obligation at all) have moral duties commensurate with our own?
FALSE
True or False: Hardwig argues that "a duty to die" reflects "our society's bias against systematic devaluation of the old and ill, a devaluation some old people accept uncritically, just as many women used to accept the idea that women should be subordinate to men"?
FALSE
True or False: Marquis believes that individual sperm and some ovum are candidates for a subject of harm by abortion?
FALSE
True or False: Mary Anne Warren and Margaret Thomson both argue that abortion is always permissible?
FALSE
True or False: Mary Anne Warren believes we ought to argue that the right to obtain an abortion is derived from the right of a woman to own and regulate property?
FALSE
True or False: Mary C. Northern forcibly underwent double amputation of her lower appendages
FALSE
True or False: Norman Daniels argues that fair equality of opportunity requires opportunity to be equal for all persons and a leveling of individual differences?
FALSE
True or False: Norman Daniels argues that the medical adequacy of health care for a given society is the array of life plans reasonable persons in it are likely to construct for themselves.?
FALSE
True or False: Radcliffe-Richards et all. argue for the positive conflusion that organ sales must always be acceptable and that there should be an unfettered market in this regard?
FALSE
True or False: Southam believed that the injections he administered and oversaw would induce cancer in the patients at the Jewis Chronic Disease Hospital?
FALSE
True or False: The "body-as-self" view holds that post-humous organ donation may be conscripted because the person is no longer in posession of their body after death.
FALSE
True or False: The President's Commission interprets equity as access according to benefit or need alone?
FALSE
True or False: The President's Commission view health care as equal to or on par with most other good and services?
FALSE
True or False: The President's Commission views equitable access as an impossible ideal?
FALSE
True or False: The men who were experimented on in the Tuskegee study were notified that they had tested positive for syphilis?
FALSE
Blackhall et. all claim that advanced care directives and the concern about too much care at the end of life are the most important concerns for all segments of the population?
False
Blackhall et. all found that the most important factor contributing to physician attitudes toward truth-telling was religion.
False
The physician who discloses an error perpetuates the myth of the infallible physician
False
The word "superogatory" is best defined as being a legal, moral or professional requirement or duty; compulsory
False
True or False: According to our text, all religious beliefs inherently imply one specific ethical orientation-- Utilitarianism.
False
True or False: Ackerman argues that the discussion of how physicians can best respect persons who are patients can ignore the psychological and social dimensions of illness?
False
True or False: Consequentialist moral theories believe the consequences of an action are insignificant to moral judgment?
False
True or False: Goldman asserts that we may always override a person's autonomy when in our opinion the potential harm to him from allowing autonomous decision outweighs the value of his freedom.
False
True or False: The "Hippocratic Oath" does not require physicians to guard the privacy of their patients.
False
True or false: The right to an education is a negative right according to Libertarians?
False
David B. Allen suggests which of the following conceptual guidelines toward the goal of achieving both controlled but fair access to growth hormone (GH)?
GH be viewed as a treatment for the disability of Short Stature (SS) and not for the diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD).
Which of the following is true about the Halvey-Brody response?
It rejects the definition of death as unitary
Which of the following is not one of the advantages our textbook suggests are associated with Utilitarianism?
It's non-consequentialist approach ensures that locus of moral goodness is external to human thought or action.
Which of the following groups were most likely, according to Blackhall et. all, to hold that it is cruelt to tell a patient the truth about a fatal prognosis?
Korean- and Mexican-Americans
Which of the following subject groups studied by Blackhall et. all was more likely to see truth-telling as cruel and potentially harmful
Korean- and Mexican-Americans
Hardwig uses which of the following terms to refer to cases where there are very unusual circumstances, accommodation of which may make for "bad ethics"?
Lifeboat cases
When, due to a physician's lack of knowledge, failure to execute a requisite skill, or failure to exercise good judgment, a planned act or omission fails to achieve its intended outcome and this failure has nothing to do with chance or inherent risk ."
Medical Error
Which of the following aresome of the alternatives to the current "opt in altruism" system of organ donation that Joralemon and Cox mention? Please select all that apply.
Moderate funeral benefits for cadaveric donations Inter-vivos sales Presumed consent with opt-out Tax credits for cadaveric donations
When a certain set of circumstances, a sequence or cluster of actions and decisions by different people combine in unfortunate ways that result in unintentional harm, a medical mishap is considered which of the following?
Multifactorial
Norman Daniels aregues that health-care institutions should be among those governed by a principle of fair equality of opportunity, provided which of the following conditions obtain:
Neither a or b
An experiment that is performed on patients but is not directly related to their care or treatment is which of the following kinds of experiments?
Non-therapeutic
Which of the following is the best definition of the right to self determination?
One's right to control over decisions vital to the course of one's life.
What percentage of Donald (Dax) Cowart's body was burned in the fire on July 23,1973?
Over 65%
A physician withholds or withdraws life-sustaining treatment from a patient who could not or did not actively voice their decision regarding their end-of-life treatment. A physician withholds or withdraws life-sustaining treatment from a clearly competent patient who voices their decision regarding their end-of-life treatment verbally, in writing or in some other clearly actionable way. A physician administers a lethal agent to a patient who could not or did not actively voice their decision regarding their end-of-life treatment. A physician administers a lethal agent to a clearly competent patient who voices their decision regarding their end-of-life treatment verbally, in writing or in some other clearly actionable way. A physician provides a lethal agent to a patient with the purpose of assisting the patient in ending his or her own life.
Passive Nonvoluntary Euthenasia Passive Voluntary Euthanasia Active Nonvoluntary Euthanasia Active Voluntary Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide
John D. Arras argues that Southam comes from a time period characterized by what sort of doctor-patient relationship?
Paternalistic
Please match the author with their view of when abortion is permissible. Don Marquis Pope John Paul II Mary Anne Warren Judith Jarvis Thomson
Permissible: Only in instances of rape, risk to the woman's life, or where the fetus is shown incapable of having a future-like-ours. Never permissible always permissible Permissible: in most cases excepting late-term post viability pregnancies
Please match the author and their belief regarding the point at which a human being becomes a person (and therefore a member of the moral community who has right to life). Don Marquis Pope John Paul II Mary Anne Warren Judith Jarvis Thomson
Personhood: when their potential to have a life like ours is met Personhood: when the ovum is fertilized by the sperm Personhood: after birth Personhood: when the ovum is fertilized by the sperm
Universalization is only one aspect of Kantian ethics. Equally important is Kant's insistence on which of the following tenets?
Persons must always be treated as "ends in themselves" and never merely as means.
Principle of Utility
Persons must do that which creates the greatest good for the greatest number, or which causes the least harm to the fewest.
Which of the following are arguments in favor of a pharmacist's right to object that Cantor and Baum discuss?
Pharmacists can and should exercise independent judgement as a matter of commitment to their obligation to a duty of care.
According to Baylis, which of the following are NOT aspects of the element of subjectivity in naming misadventures as errors and in determining levels of culpability?
Physical contexts
Which of the following premises in the argument for medical paternalism does Goldman reject?
Premise Three: Health and prolonged life can be assumed to have priority among preferences for patients who place themselves under physicians' care.
Paternalistic model Informative model Interpretive model Deliberative model
Sometimes called the parental or priestly model, this model ensures that patients receive the interventions that best promote their health and well-being; it assumes that there are shared objective criteria for determining what is best for the patient and that the physician is in the best position to make this decision. Sometimes called the scientific, engineering or consumer model, this model's objective for physician-patient interaction is for the physician to provide the patient with all relevant information, for the patient to select the medical interventions he or she wants, and for the physician to execute the selected interventions. The aim of the physician-patient interaction in this model is to elucidate the patient's values and what he or she actually wants, and to help the patient select the available medical interventions to realize these values. Toward this end, the physician assists the patient in elucidating and articulating their values and in determining what medical interventions best realize the specified values, thus helping to interpret the patient's values for the patient. The aim of the physician-patient interaction is to help the patient determine and choose the best health-related values that can be realized in the clinical situation. The physician is thus required to delineate information on the patient's clincial situation and then elucidate the types of values embodied in the available options.
True or False: "Capacity to Consent" is defined as the mental ability to make a rational decision, which includes the ability to perceive, to appreciate all relevant facts, and to reach a rational judgment upon such facts?
TRUE
True or False: At every stage of the Tuskegee Study black professionals worked side-by-side with their white counterparts and their very presence served to reassure the subjects that they were being helped by their participation in the study?
TRUE
True or False: Brody argues that there are incongruities in the normal clinical tests and the whole-brain criterion of death in light of the definition that justifies it.
TRUE
True or False: Cowart argues that the right to choose includes the right to choose wrongly?
TRUE
True or False: Distributing goods and services through markets leads to large differences in their consumption, according to the President's Commission?
TRUE
True or False: Erin and Harris argue that it is hypocritical to ask that the donor alone be the only unpaid party in an organ transplant operation given that the surgeons, medical team, etc., are all paid?
TRUE
True or False: In place of the subjects' informed consent, Tuskege Study committee members encouraged the PHS to get a kind of "surrogate informed consent" from the local media establishment.
TRUE
True or False: John Hardwig argues that we have a duty to die that may include a duty to suicide?
TRUE
True or False: One of the characteristics of adequacy of health care is its ability to reflect a reasoned judgment not only about the impact of the condition on the welfare and opportunity of the individual but also about the efficacy and the cost of the care itself in relation to other conditions and the efficacy and cost of the care that is available for them?
TRUE
True or False: The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital experiment was a scientifically sound?
TRUE
True or False: The Nuremburg Code was historically prior to the Belmont Report?
TRUE
True or False: The President's Commission believes that prohibiting people from purchasing more care than everyone else gets would probably result in a black market for health care?
TRUE
True or False: The chancre is associated with the first stage of syphilis while the gumma is associated with the tertiary stage?
TRUE
True or False: The court found that the Chancellor had made an error in attempting to effectuate his action in spite of the appeal in the case of Mary C. Northern?
TRUE
True or False: the "body-as-property" view holds that one's body is owned by one's self and, accordingly, one's organs may be sold, acquired, inherited or otherwise transferred after the owner has died?
TRUE
Recognizing that pain medication may have the positive effect of reducing a cancer patient's pain, but also the negative effect of depressing the same patient's respiration is an example of which of the following?
The Doctrine of Double Effect
Which of the following groups of people, according to Cantor and Baum, are made disproportionately vulnerable by a pharmacist's refusal to fill a prescription?
The impoverished Those living in rural areas Those whose access to altnerative pharmaceutical providers is limited All of these
The New York State Board of Regents in the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital case judged that "any fact which might influence the giving or withholding of consent is material" and the decision is _______________________'s to make. Fill in the blank.
The patient
The Dutch regulation for euthanasia and assisted suicide at the time of the Chabot case required which of the following?
The patient's suffering is unbearable and without prospect of improvement
According to Baylis, one of the reasons for silence on the part of physicians, as regards not only their own 'errors' but those of their colleauges, is genuine uncertainty about whether a particular adverse outcome is the result of an error?
True
The word "obligatory" is best defined as being a legal, moral or professional requirement or duty; compulsory
True
True or False: Ackerman argues that doctors' higher social status and educational attainment can prevent patients from acting upon their considered choices (impeding patient autonomy).
True
True or False: Goldman further asserts that choice unhindered by others is nevertheless not truly free when determined by internal factors, among them fear, ignorance, or other irrational motivation, which result in choice at variance with the individual's deeper preferences.
True
True or False: Radliffe-Richards et all. argue that permitting kidney sales would necessarily increase the number of kidneys available to those in need?
True
True or False: Rationality is represented by our ability to think, to plan our lives, and to be motivated by abstract considerations?
True
True or False: The "Hippocratic Oath" forbids doctors from operating on patients?
True
True or False: Universalization requires us to abstract from the actual circumstances and to refrain from making exceptions of ourselves.
True
Well-meaning physicians may be loathe to disclose medical errors to patients because they believe that full disclosure serves no useful purpose
True
Only 6% of the nation allows "causing to die" as a legally protected alternative to maximal treatment. 3% of the nation's deaths are attributable to a physician ending a patient's life at the patient's request. It is a choice and it is widely understood. A conspicuous private organization supports citizens' choice to assisted suicide in limited situations. It is available and not illegal. Significant stress is placed on palliative care but also rejects physician-assisted suicide and active euthanasia. Active Euthanasia is legal but physician-assisted suicide is not. The nation has four right-to-die organizations that provide information, counseling, and other support to terminally ill patients who choose suicide.
United States The Netherlands Germany UK Belgium Switzerland
Which of the following is NOT an objection our textbook lists as being associated with Utilitarianism?
Utilitarian morality does not relate to the satisfaction of some abstract or arbitrary code; rather, it relates to the improvement of the human condition, which means alleviating suffering and increasing happiness.
What is the term that best fits the following definition: a metaphorical way of keeping all parties from knowing their special characteristics (i.e. if he or she is rich or poor, black or white, male or female, or politically liberal or conservative) and is designed to prevent people from tailoring social principles to their own advantage?
Veil of Ignorance
Respiratory and cardio-vascular functioning. Irreversible and total loss of brain function as a definition of death. A psychosocial construct that can be lost but cannot die. The total and irreversible loss of that which is considered to be essentially significant to the nature of man as a definition of death. A property of a whole that is not possessed by any of its component parts, and that cannot be reduced to one or more of its component parts. The loss of consciousness and the capacity for independent breathing; destruction of the ascending reticular activating system and the medullary breathing center as a definition of death. Patients reportedly diagnosed as brain dead but whose circulation and visceral organ functioning are successfully physiologically maintained. The spontaneous cessation of breathing and heartbeat as a definition of death.
Vital Functions Whole Brain Death Criterion Personhood Higher-Brain Death/Cortical Criterion Emergent functions Brain Stem Formulation Chronic Brain Death Cardiorespiratory Criterion
According to Ken Baum, when does the criminally condemned patient most need the care of a physician?
at the end of the criminal process
True or False: According to a 1999 study, 97% of doctors are aware of the guidelines governing their participation in executions?
false
True or False: Brock and Arras agree about the correct stance with regards to physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia?
false
True or False: Ken Baum argues that the preservation of life is the paramount maxim for medical practitioners and is always in the best interest of the patient.
false
True or False: Sheila Pouliot was competent at one point in her life
false
True or False: The Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association requires physicians to inform the patient of his own condition in order to serve the protection of patient autonomy and well being.
false
True or False: The Tarasoff case upheld that proof, aided by hindsight, that a healthcare professional judged wrongly regarding their patient's intention to do violence to another is sufficient to establish negligence.
false
Circumstance: Continuing to live will impose significant burdens- emotional burdens, extensive caregiving, destruction of life plans, financial hardship- on your family and loved ones. Circumstance: One grows significantly older Circumstance: One has lived a full and rich life Circumstance: One's loved ones have already made great contributions/sacrifices to make your life a good one. Circumstance: You can make a good adjustment to your illness or handicapping condition. Circumstance: One's loved ones' lives have already been difficult/impoverished or if they have already had only a small share of the good things that life has to offer. Circumstance: One can still make significant contributions to the lives of others, especially your family. Circumstance: The part of the person that is loved will soon be gone or seriously compromised. Circumstance: One has lived a relatively lavish lifestyle instead of saving for illness or old age.
increase increase increase increase decrease increase decrease increase increase
Fill in the blank: Mary Anne Warren argues that a __________________'s right to life outweighs the _________________ right to life of a fetus.
person/potential
Please match the analogy from Judith Jarvis Thomson's, "A Defense of Abortion," with the kind of case it is meant to represent. The violinist The expanding child Peopleseeds Henry Fonda
rape danger to the woman's life Voluntary intercourse with defective but reasonable use of contraception The minimally decent samaritan
According to Finkelstein and colleagues, patients of a right to _________ and physicians have a corresponding obligation to _________.
the truth, be truthful
According to one study seven to eight times as many patients suffered negligent injuries as filed malpractice claims?
true
In a high-context culture, such as that of Korea, Japan, or Mexico, one is expected to infer from the social context many things without being told explicitly
true
True or False: All members of Sheila Pouliot's medical team believed her condition to be terminal and that palliative care alone was the most appropriate treatment?
true
True or False: Brock argues that in both physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia the choice rests fully with the patient?
true
True or False: Brock argues that in both physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia the physician plays an active and necessary causal role?
true
True or False: In the Tarasoff case, the court found that the health care provider (the defendant) did in fact predict that Poddar would kill, but were negligent in failing to warn.
true
True or False: Ken Baum argues that the condemned death row inmate is, for all practical purposes, terminally ill and deserves to be treated as such.
true
True or False: Ken Baum argues that the condemned should be free to request or refuse physician oversight, and the individual physician should be free to choose to participate in executions or not to do so.
true
True or False: Medical testimony prior to her death could not be conclusive as to whether Claire Conroy was capable of experiencing pain?
true
True or False: The "Hippocratic Oath" requires that medical education should be free.
true
True or False: The Tarasoff case hinges on the question of whether their is a duty to warn and whether that duty outweighs the patient's right to doctor-patient confidentiality in treatment.
true
True or False: The case of Vitaly Tarasoff et al. V. The Regents of the University of California et al. is a case that debates whether or not the University of California et al. owed a duty of care to Tatiana Tarasoff and her family despite the fact that the Tarasoff's were not the patient in the case in question.
true
True or False: The court in the Tarasoff case asserted that the risk that unnecessary warnings may be given to potential victims of patients in treatment is a reasonable price to pay for the lives of possible victims that may be saved.
true
True or False: The most influential formulation of the "best-interests test" requires not merely that the burdens of life clearly outweight the benefits, but also that further treatment would be inhumane due to the presence of severe and uncontrollable pain?
true
True or False: To protect physicians who participate in state mandated executions from license challenges for violating ethics codes, states commonly provide legal immunity and promise anonymity?
true
True or False: While some states require that a physician personally supervise the execution of criminals convicted of capital crimes, the American Medical Association and other licensing organizations prohibit physician participation in executions.
true
True or false: One limitation to the "Best-Interests Standard" is that focus upon the narrow issue of pain can tend to reduce the patient from a full-fledged person to the status of a mere physical repository of pleasures and pains?
true
Which of the following is NOT an argument against a pharmacist's right to object explored by Cantor and Baum?
Conscientious objection is integral to democracy
Ackerman identifies four major constraints on autonomous behavior. Identify them below.
-psychological -cognitive -physical -social
True or False: Arras argues that the social value that might accrue from encouraging state legislatures to appropriate funds to diagnose and treat syphilis in their black patients justifies withholding treatment for a deadly disese from people who believed they were being helped?
FALSE
True or False: Claire Conroy was a never competent patient?
FALSE
True or False: The Supreme Court has found a constitutional right to health and health care?
FALSE
True or False: A person may have "capacity" as to some matters and may lack "capacity" as to others?
TRUE
True or False: Mary Anne Warren argues that there may be situations in which the killing of innocent human beings is justified?
TRUE
True or False: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was a non-therapeutic study?
TRUE
True or False: The doctors who refused to participate in the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study resigned and were afterward judged to have been irresponsible in their refusals?
TRUE
in which year did the Baby Doe case occur?
1981
Principlism
A mode of moral reasoning that begins with our common moral experience and the manifest importance of keeping a short list of moral duties like autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficience, and justice.
Casuistry
A mode of moral reasoning that is case-based, stressing the pivotal role of the particularity of cases while deemphasizing the role of theory and routinized appeals to the principles of bioethics.
Feminist Ethics
A moral theory premised on feminist values, seeking to unmask and challenge the oppression, discrimination, and exclusion that women, the impoverished, the disabled, people of color and other disenfranchised peoples have faced.
Fill in the blank: Ackerman argues that we need to reconceptualize the problems associated with end-of-life decisions based on our duty to ________.
Aid
Principle of Equality's Difference Principle
All goods should be equally distributed, except where an unequal distribution makes everyone, especially the worst off, better.
Which of the following are typical motivations for a physician's nondisclosure to their patient, according to Francoise Baylis
All of the above
At the beginning of the study, the PHS prescribed the men in the Tuskegee Syphilis study which of the following medicines for the "treatment" of their "bad blood?"
Aspirin
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic principles the Belmont Report urged the scientific community in America to adopt?
Autonomy
According to Baylis, medical errors are which of the following?
Avoidable
Don Marquis makes a distinction regarding which category the term 'human being' belongs to. Which categories does he discuss?
Biological and Moral
Which of the following is a categorical imperative?
Commands that are valid for rational agents as such, independent of the feelings and desires they happen to have. For instance, "One must not lie."
There are three common arguments that Joralemon and Cox point out are often leveled at the current altruism-based approach to organ procurement. Which of the following is NOT one of those three critiques?
It is coercive to permit sales since any financial reparations will put impoverished donors at risk of facing hunger or donation
Fill in th blank: The belief that our lives are separate and unconnected from other persons is called the _________________ fantasy, according to Hardwig.
Individualistic
The Belmont Report argued that commitment to their three general principles would lead to consideration of which of the following requirements as applications of those principles? Select ALL that apply.
Informed consent, selection of subjects, assessments of risks and benefits
What is "the first order of business in deciding for incompetent patients" according to John D. Arras?
Inquire what the patient would want were she presently able to communicate.
According to Eric Cassell, the loss of ______________ is the hallmark of suffering. Please fill in the blank with the best option below.
Integrity
The "reasoned ideal" argument is also known as support for what form of organ donation?
Inter vivos sales
Which legal decision was referred to regularly in the case of Claire Conroy because it dealt with a special category of patients: those in chronic, persistent vegetative or comatose state?
QUINLAN
Which of the following are true about Emergency Contraception? Select all that apply.
Repeated use of these medications can impair long-term reproductive health. They may inhibit ovulation or create an unfavorable environment for the implantation of a blastocyst. They have no effect on an established pregnancy There is a narrow window of efficacy.
Autonomy Non-maleficence Justice Beneficence
Respect the capacity of individuals to choose their own vision of the good life and act accordingly. Refrain from harming other persons. Act fairly, distributes benefits and burdens in an equitable fashion, and resolve disuputes by means of fair procedures. Foster the interests and happiness of other persons and of society at large.
Which of the following has a moral obligation to ensure that everyone has access to adequate care without being subject to excessive burdens?
Society
Which of the following changes would result in the virtual elimination of the duty to die, according to Hardwig?
Society paid for facilities that provide excellent long-term care for all chronically ill, debilitated, mentally ill or demented people in this country.
Which of the following is an example of what Goldman refers to as "justified paternalism"?
State control over physician licensing and the requirement that prescriptions be obtained for many kinds of drugs.
Deliberative model Interpretive model Informative model Paternalistic model
The conception of patient autonomy is moral self-development; the patient is empowered not simply to follow unexamined preferences or examined values, but to consider, through dialogue, alternative health-related values, their worthiness, and their implications for treatment. The conception of patient autonomy is self-understanding; the patient comes to know more clearly who he or she is and how the various medical options bear on his or her identity. The conception of patient autonomy is patient control over medical decision making. The conception of patient autonomy is patient assent, either at the time or later, to the physician's determinations of what is best.
While liability is defined as "a duty to use ordinary care and skill to avoid danger" with regard to another such "that if [the defendant] did not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct he would cause danger or injury to the person or property of the [plaintiff]" (102), which of the following is the consideration the assenting judges found to be most important consideration in their finding against UC Berkeley et al.?
The foreseeability of harm to the paintiff
Paternalistic model Informative model Interpretive model Deliberative model
The physcian acts as the patient's guardian, articularing and implementing what is best for the patient. The physician is a purveyor of technical expertise, providing the patient with the means to exercise control. The physician is a counselor, and advisor, supplying relevant information, helping to elucidate values, and suggesting what medical interventions realize these values. The physician acts as a teacher or friend, engaging the patient in dialogue on what course of action would be best.
Which of the following are reasons cited by the dissenting judge in the Tarasoff case for maintaining doctor-patient confidentiality in the face of threats of violence to third parties? Select as many as apply.
The ruling will prevent patients from seeking treatment. The ruling will increase the number of persons who become civilly committed (a total deprivation of liberty). The ruling will prevent patients from fully disclosing their actual mental and behavioral health needs. The ruling will cripple the use and effectiveness of pscyhiatry.
Which of the following is true about the therapist's obligation to reveal threats of violence as established by the Tarasoff ruling?
The therapist ought to reveal such information discreetly, and in a fashion that would preserve the privacy of the patient to the fullest extent compatible with the prevention of threatened danger.
Pope John Paul II believes that a human being is to be respected and treated as a person from which of the following moments?
The time the ovum is fertilized (conception)
Which of the following is the best definition of "commodification" with regard to the organ donation debate?
The treatment of human bodies and therefore human beings as if they are merely objects rather than embodied subjects
What is the best definition of "inter vivos" donation?
The use of live donors for live recipients
What is the first part of the Nuremburg Code devoted to?
The voluntary consent of the human subject
True or False: The Court ultimately found that the doctor's initial resucitation in Miller was justified because the situation was an emergency and there was not enough time necessary to get consent from the patients or a court?
True
True or False: The Ordinary-Extraordinary treatment distinction is context dependent.
True
Which of the following are accurate statements about categorical imperatives?
They are commands that are valid for all rational beings independent of the feelings or desires they happen to have
Which test does Bernat argue is one of the definitive tests of death for contested diagnoses or inexperienced examiners?
Transcrainail Doppler ultrasonography
Blackhall et. all link the desire to complete a will prior to death and the desire 'to settle one's affairs' to the attempts to reach one's control into situations in which we otherwise have no ability to exert to control.
True
Not all harms that result from medical interventions(for example, sepsis, prolonged pain, prolonged hospitalization, additional therapy, permanent disability, death) are due to medical errors.
True
The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research asserts that leaving health care solely to market forces is not viewed as acceptable when which of the following occurs?
When a significant portion of the population lacks access to health services
Which metaphor seems to encapsulate the disagreement between Cowart and Burt, according to both men?
When it is "the end of the day"
Which of the following is the "key point of contention, in courts of law as well as that at the bedside of patients," according to Joralemon and Cox?
Whether death immediately ends the body-as-self connection and opens the door to application of property concerns and the logic of commodities.
Which of the following is NOT a behavior that can characterize a PVS state?
consistent non random eye blinking
True or False: A patient who superficially appears to be coherent and communicative but lacks short-term memory and shows confusion about her medical diagnosis is considered "minimally functional" on the scale discussed by John D. Arras?
false
Which condition was the "catalyst" in the case of Miller v. HCA?
low birth weight
Pope John Paul II calls the deliberate and direct killing, by whatever means it is carried out, of a human being in the initial phase of his or her existence, extending from conception to birth by which of the following terms?
murder
Which of the following is the name of the test which requires the net burdens of the patient's life with the treatment should clearly and markedly outweight the benefits that the patient derives from life, and further, the recurring, unavoidable, and severe pain of the patient's life with the treatment should be such that the effect of administering life-sustaining treatment would be inhumane?
pure-objective test
Which German phrase translates roughly to "the capability of exercising control over his or her actions"?
tatherrschaftsfähig
Which of the following is the best definition of paternalism?
the overriding or restricting of rights or freedoms of individuals for their own good, including in instances where competent adults can be assumed to act otherwise against their own interests, values, or true preferences.
To "catabolize" most closely means which of the following?`
to utilize energy by breaking down the bodies own tissue.