Health Behavior FINAL Exam
the five levels of the social ecological model starting from smallest to largest (I.I.S.C.P)
individual (intrapersonal) interpersonal (social network) schools community public policy
"The cost of joining the gym is expensive" is an example of what type of factor of percieved behavioral control
inhibiting
something new or novel
innovation
constructs of DOI (I.C.S.T)
innovation communication channels social system time
Risk takers ― Tech savvy ― Independent ― Change oriented • They try everything as soon as possible
innovators
The level of influence, according to SEM, of the social cognitive theory
interpersonal (family,friends,social networks)
is recpirocal determinsm a construct? why or why not?
its a process rather than construct
question change ― have more modest financial resources ― wait until an innovation is an established norm or for it to become a social or economic necessity. ― be greatly influenced by their peers
late majority
ones belief regarding ones personal power over life events
locus of control
most rapid and effective means of diffusion through communication channels is through ____
mass media
what are the four constructs the self-efficacy theory is based on (M.V.V.S)
mastery experience vicarious experience verbal persuasion somatic and emotional states
They draw on a number of theories to help people understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context.Typically not as specific as a theory. Provide a framework on which to create plans for programs. Does not attempt to explain (like theory) the processes underlying learning.
model
which construct of HBM Offers reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation.
percieved barrriers
"do you believe that performing the behavior is up to you or not up to you" is an example of what
percieved behavioral control
belief that one has, and can exercise control over performing the behavior
percieved behavioral control
what construct is part of the TPB but not TRA?
percieved behavioral control
which construct of HBM ExplainS how, where, when to take action and what the potential positive results will be.
percieved benefits
(the strength of facilitating and inhibiting factors): example: I can afford to join the gym if I stop eating out so much; plus two of my friends have memberships at the gym.
percieved power
which construct of HBM Specifys the consequence of a condition and recommended action.
percieved severity
which construct of HBM Helps individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk.
percieved susceptibility
has no inbtention of taking action within the next six months
precontemplation
the five stages of change (p.c.p.a.m)
precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintaenece
intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral steps in that direction
preparation
to explain and predict health-related behaviors based on beliefs, attitudes, norms, and intentions of individuals.
purpose of TRA/TPB
rewards for engaging in targeted behavior
reinforcement management
key attributes of innovations (r.c.c.t.o)
relative advantage complatibility complexity trialibility observability
The belief in one's own ability to successfully accomplish something
self efficacy
which construct of HBM Provides guidance in performing action and give verbal reinforcement
self-efficacy
when people choose to change their behavior, when they believe they can, and commit to making the change
self-liberarion
the process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess the differences in their self-esteem
self-reevaluation
skip me
skip me
the interpersonal theory (s)
social cognitive theory
the process whereby options or alternatives in a social setting are sought that support the new behavior. an example would be a smoker trying to quit so he/she sits alongside nonsmokers at lunch
social liberation
The physical and emotional states caused by thinking about undertaking the new behavior
somatic and emotional states
four constructs of TTM (s.p.s.d)
stages of change (When people change) processes of change (How people change) self-efficacy decisional balance
when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment
stimulus control
the five BEHAVIORAL processes of change
stimulus control helping relationships counter conditioning reinforcement management self- liberation
beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behavior; motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval
subjective norm
"do you agree/disagree that most people approve/disapprove of the behavior?" is an example of what
subjective norms
The five categories reflect characteristics and the amount of time it takes for innovation adoption (I.E.E.L.L)
• Innovators • early adopters • early majority • late majority • laggards
DOI: Steps in the decision process: (k.p.d.i.c)
• knowledge • persuasion • decision • implementation • confirmation
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY SELF EFFICACY
Make contracts with participants, using incremental goals.
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY EXPECTANCIES
Make sure messaging promotes the positive reasons for changing.
main SCT constructs (s.b.e.e.o.r.l.e)
Self-efficacy Behavioral capability Outcome expectations outcome Expectancies observational learning Reinforcements (positive and negative) Locus of control (internal to external) Emotional arousal
""Exercising would be easier if I joined the wellness center located a few blocks from my house" is an example of what type of factor of percieved behavioral control
faciliating
two kinds of factors of percieved behavioral control (f.i)
facilitating inhibiting
who developed the DOI and when
Everett Rogers in the early 1960s.
Originator of the SCT, when it orignated, and which text it evolved from
Albert Bandura - mid 1980s. Evolved from Social Learning Theory (SLT) - 1960s
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY LOCUS OF CONTROL
Assess locus of control and help church members feel they have control over their health outcomes.
who proposed the self efficacy theory and in what year?
Bandura in 1970
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Community members serve as role models by demonstrating healthy cooking/eating and exercising.
• process by which new ideas (innovations) are disseminated (diffused) and adopted by a society.
DOI
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
Have someone give a testimonial about his/her experiences living with a chronic disease related to poor diet and lack of physical activity.
All the things we do that influence our physical, mental, emotional, psychological, and spiritual selves. A myriad of factors influence the type of behavior in which we engage, whether it is helpful or harmful to our health.
Health Behavior
the 3 intrapersonal (individual) theories (H.RB.T)
Health Belief Model Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
Addresses an individual's perceptions of a threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decisions to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy).
Health belief model
guidelines for choosing a theory (I.G.R.L.T)
Identify the health issue and the population affected Gather information Identify possible reasons or causes for the problem Identify the level of interaction Identify the theory or theories that match best
origniators of TBP/TRA and the approximate years they developed it
Martin Fishbein (Fish-bine) and Icek Ajzen (Ah-shin) between 1975 - 1980.
Prior success at having accomplished something that is similar to the new behavior
Mastery Experience
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY BEHAVIORAL CAPABILITY
Offer healthy cooking classes and exercise skills.
which two constructs of the HBM constitute a "percieved threat"
Perceived Susceptibility Perceived Seriousness/Severity
7 constructs of HBM (s.s.b.b.f.c.s)
Perceived Susceptibility Perceived Seriousness/Severity Perceived Benefits Perceived Barriers Modifying Factors Cues to Action Self-Efficacy
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY REINFORCEMENT
Provide incentives for maintaining healthy behaviors (positive); highlight how exercise can take away negative feelings/moods (negative)
model(s) that focus on rational, cognitive decision-making processes.
TRA/TBP
how did TTM come to be/evolve
TTM evolved out of studies comparing the experiences of smokers who quit on their own with those of smokers receiving professional treatment.
Application: Church-based intervention to help members change their nutritional and exercise behavior APPLY OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS
Through education, provide information about the positive benefits of healthy eating and exercise.
skip me
True
"do you see the behavior as good, neutral, or bad" is an example of what
attitude
personal evaluation of the behavior
attitude
the TTM's basic premise
behavior change is a process, not an event.
Theories and models that focus on behavior change and Explains how change takes place.
behavior change theories and models
three factors of reciprocal determinism (B.e.p)
behavior, environmental factors, personal factors
"are you likely or unlikely to perform the behavior" is an example of what?
behavioral intent
percieved likelihood of performing a behavior
behavioral intention
developers of the TTM and approximate year
by James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente. 1980s
Includes institutional (rules and policies), community (social norms) and public policy (legislation that can impact behavior)
community theories
the building blocks/primary elements of a theroy
concepts
the process whereby people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior
consciousness raising
the five COGNITIVE processes of change (c.d.s.e.s)
consciousness raising dramatic relief (emotional arousal) self-reevaluation environmental reevaluation social liberation
the ten processes of change (c.d.s.e.s.s.h.c.r.s)
consciousness raising dramatic relief (emotional arousal) self-reevaluation environmental reevaluation social liberation stimulus control helping relationships counter conditioning reinforcement management self- liberation
concepts developed or adopted for use in a particular theory. also known as the KEY concepts of a given theory
constructs
intends to take action in the next six months
contemplation
what stage is decisional balance especially valuable?
contemplation
when a healthier behavior is substituted for an unhealthy one
counter-conditioning
which construct of HBM Provides "how to" information, promote awareness, employ reminder systems.
cues to action
Represents a mental weighing of the importance of the pros and cons associated with changing the behavior. Implications for behavior change are based on: Enhancing the perceptions of advantages of changing behavior; Minimizing perceptions of the barriers to adopting these behavior changes.
decisional balance
being able to express feelings about or react emotionally to the behavior in question
dramatic relief/emotional arousal
Community opinion leaders ―Well respected ―Role models ―Highly educated with high SES • They have a complex network of friends and colleagues and are very influential people.
early adopters
• be greatly influenced by opinion leaders and the mass media • adopt things over time • Given the sheer number of people this represents, when they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream.
early marjoity
looking at the behavior being changed (old behavior) in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environment. an example of this would be a smoker understading the environemtnal effects of secondhand smoke
environmental reevaluation
Observing others success and failures can influence self-efficacy
vicarious experience
what SCT posits (assumes)
that human behavior is the product of the dynamic interplay (reciprocal determinism) of personal, behavioral, and environmental influences.
expectations vs expectancies
the likely outcome of a particular behavior=expectations the value placed on the outcome of the behavior=expectancies
a general explanation of why people act or do not act to maintain and/or promote the health of themselves, their families, organizations, and communities.
theory
People tend to adopt innovations at a reasonably predictable rate depending on certain characteristics.
time adoption rate
purpose of SCT
to increase "likelihood" of behavior change
TRA/TPB are __-____ theories
value expectancy theories
the operational forms of constructs that define the way a construct is to be measured in a specific situation
variables
Encouragement by others Examples: Coaches Parents Teachers Friends Leaders
verbal persuasion
