HI 210 Vincent EXAM 1
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. Accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law) - honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land -established a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
-Ends the French Revolution -Throws out Directory Govern and ventually becomes emperor in 1804. -Makes peace with the Pope and Catholic church -Sets up Napoleonic Code of laws -- centralizes power in Paris, firms up ideas of equality, toleration, protection of property, promotion on the basis of talent -Un-does some social progress like makes divorce illegal (major step back for women) -French Empire is huge under Napoleon, French Rev (Enlightenment) ideals are spread all over Europe -Napoleon really fails in Russia, when he gets to Moscow, the Russians have taken all the food, burned nearby crops and left the city -- nothing to sack, troops have to turn around and come home sad -Napoleon is exiled to Elba, then escapes and rules for 100 days and then at the Battle of Waterloo, he loses and is sent to St. Helena forever.
The end of the monarchy for France becomes a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
-deputies give right of vote to white males that passed a test of wealth. -king serves as the leading state functionary. -king can only postpone enactment of laws, but not veto them. -old administrative divisions of provinces are abolished and replaced with 83 departments with identical administrative and legal structures. -replaced the taxation with another one supposed to be uniformly levied
The Revolutions of 1848
-food shortage -overpopulation -unemployment there were protests and demonstrations, and it was the occasion to put the ideals of nationalism, liberalism, and socialism into practice. Populations were expecting now political participation, national unification, and government responsiveness to social issues. On February 23rd, soldiers killed 50 people and Louis Philippe abdicated : FRANCE AS A REPUBLIC AGAIN
Zar Alexander I (1801-1825)
-makes peace with the Ottoman Turks and allied Great Britain and Sweden. -Napoleon invades Russia in 1812. Russia sets up a strategy: letting them in and leaving them without supplies. sick and hungry. Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, British all defeat Napoleon. -Perceived as liberal and reformist -supports nobility -supports education -becomes increasingly conservative
Liberalism (Early 19th century)
-origins in the writings of John Locke in the 17th century and the Enlightenment philosophy in the 18th century. -Unlike conservatives, liberals believe that Enlightenment ideals of constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and free trade in economics, believing that they would promote social improvement and economic growth. -popular sovereignty -implementation of civil rights as universal
Parliaments
15 sovereign courts composed by nobles and aristocrats in the french judicial system that meet to reform the government -claimed right to register royal degrees before they become law -checked the king's availability to pay taxes
Romanticism
19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. -enhances poetry, music, painting, history, and literature.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
19th-century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) (1848-1870)
2nd empire (1852-1870) He declared himself Emperor in 1851 and his rule was highlighted by the rebuilding of Paris and an aggressive foreign policy. He was removed from power following the Franco-Prussian War; Napoleon III is the last monarch to rule France. "Citizen King", favored the wealthy, Supported the upper-middle class and outlawed labor unions, lowered voting restrictions; eventually overthrown -expanded suffrage -ideals of liberalism and nationalism with authoritarian rule. -created public work programs that provided jobs.
Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war.
Jan Jacques Rousseau
A German philosopher who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. The government should exist to protect the common good, and be a democracy -ones nation is defined by the subjective choice you make: if you want to be French, go to France and be french -argues that nationality can be acquired with a test
Francois Guizot (1787-1874)
A dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848. A conservative liberal who opposed the attempt by King Charles X to usurp legislative power, he worked to sustain a constitutional monarchy
Assembly of Notables (1787)
A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in the 18th century. Characterized by: -the sense of optimism -the belief that humans could apply a critical and reasoning spirit to every problem in the world.
The Tennis Court Oath (June 20th, 1789)
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution and defined this new authority.
June Days of 1848 in France
A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. -Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.
Comp d'etat of December 2nd, 1851
A self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly and the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. -socialists believed that the liberties advocated by liberals only benefitted the middle class, not the workers. They sought to reorganize the entire society and thought that in the future workers would share a harmonious, cooperative and prosperous life. -criticize the industrial revolution for dividing society in two classes: middle class or capitalists and the working class or impoverished employees.
Fall of Bastille (July 14, 1789)
An armed crowd marched on the Bastille, which is a huge fortified prison that symbolizes royal authority. Hundred of armed citizens died and the prison official surrendered.
Decembrist Revolt of 1825
Attempted by Imperial Russia by army officers who led about 3,000 Russian soldiers on December 14, 1825. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the Decembrists. -resulted from intellectuals frustration with absolute rule; ruthlessly crushed by Nicholas 1
Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
Austria's chief negotiator, who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of POLITICAL and MILITARY forces that would discourage aggression. -speaks 5 languages -directs directly the division of land
Quadruple Alliance
Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia - to preserve the peace settlement of 1815 France joined in 1818
Charles X (1814-1824)
Bourbon king of France after LXVIII. Previously the Count of Artois - one the the first emigres in revolution and very active in organizing the emigres opposition to the revolution. - favorite Bourbon among the most obstinate ex-seigneurs, nobles and high churchmen. Very reactionary in his reign.
Unification of Italy
Cavour asked Napoleon III the help to unificate Italy by getting the states of Venetia and Lombardy from Austria, which was the greatest state at the time, with a very organized army. Napoleon would have had Savoy and Nice in exchange of militar support and protection.
Hapsburg Empire
Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands
Otton von Bismarck (1815-1898)
Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; -----utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes.
German Confederation (1815-1866)
Consisted of 39 (of the original 300) sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement and was dominated by Austria and Prussia; the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 39 states to take action.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. -Defined and solved various international trade issues.
The Commitee of Public Safety
Created to calm the situation, direct the war effort, and root out the revolutionaries. Which resulted in violence and authority. -executed LOTS of people -cause of Robespierre's downfall, national convention thought they were next and executed him -the guillotine became the tool to execute who wouldn't follow the rules and ideals of the time.
The declaration of right of men and citizens
Deputies drew it up as the preamble to a new constitution. -freedom of speech -freedom of religion -freedom of assembly -equality of taxation -equality before the law LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
The National Assembly (1789-1791)
Disgregation from the Estates General because of injustice related to the vote and taxes distribution. It was composed of and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate.surre -very liberal agenda -King approves a new Constitution to be written by them
The Second Republic (1848-1852)
During the revolt of 1848, the King Louis Philippe fleed and the country went back to a republic. Liberal reforms: -end of death penalty -abolition of slavery in the colonies -freedom of press -lieved 45% surtax on property taxes, and alienated lower class -introduce male suffrage -BUT doesnt let the lower class and women into politics
Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)
Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.
The Directory Government 1795-1799
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
The Estates General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners called by the King because of financial problems. Third Estate breaks away and establishes the National Assembly of France as itself. -establish vote by order -doubles number of deputies for the Third Estate -first time the public participated into politics decisions.
Treaty of Turin (1860)
France, since it didn't respect totally the treaty of plombieres, agreed to allow central and northern Italians states to unify under the King Victor Emmanuel, but in exchange the territories of Savoy and Nice.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
French philosopher which believe that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. -spent two years in exile in Britain when the French state responded to his book "elements the philosophy of Newton. -considered Newtonianism and its supporters very threatening since these concepts evaluate the human mind instead of the force of God.
Danton
French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)d
French utopian socialist -criticized capitalism and the industrial revolution -emancipation of women.
Industrial Revolution (late 18th century)
Great Britain - first because of port and transportation, people investing, France Belgium
Herder
He argues that the definition of nation is about being aware the language and hometown
Louis XIV (Sun King)
He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history and last one before the revolution. He constructed Versailles, believed in the divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France. He brings the country to bankruptcy.
The Great Fear
In the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumors of an "aristocratic conspiracy" by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate by burning the crops and making the situation much worse for them. ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM FROM THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY to eliminate some of the privileges in matters of taxation as a due to the landlord.
Reasons for the French Revolution of 1789
King Louis XVI of France called the Estates General, the French Parliament, to Versailles to help resolve a financial crisis. Present at this general assembly were representative of the three estates. On June 19, 1789, the First Estate voted to join the Third Estate in their calls for reform. In doing so they voluntarily gave up economic privileges, including tithes and exemption from taxes. This action enraged the masses, and on July 14, a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille, a French prison that for the French was a symbol of the monarchy's oppression. MAIN POINTS -social tensions -weak monarchy -fiscal problems unfair taxation within the estates -King is overspending -new enlightnent ideas -bankrupcy and national debt increasing
Louis Philippe I (1830-1848)
King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution of 1848
Francis I (1792-1835)
King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor
Frederick William IV (1840-1861)
Leader and King of Prussia, who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.
Waterloo (1815)
Little Belgian village where Napoleon was finally defeated after his 100 days. He was banished to the island of st. Helen and died in 1821.
The Continental System of 1806
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
The Flight to Verenesse 1791
Offended, King Louis XVI flees to Austria because he has not accepted new changes, hoping to find support from Austrian Emperor Leopold II. He doesn't make it without being recognized and is arrested and then executed.
Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, which desired to unificate the Italian states.
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Prussia (Otton von Bismarck) against Austria Result: Austria isn't part of Germany anymore.
Frederick William III
Prussian King during Napoleonic Era, instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. (reforms included abolition of serfdom, created self-government though town councils, expansion of schools, and establishment of a national army). However, Prussia remained an absolutist state with little intrest in unity.
Thermidorian Reaction (1794)
Reaction to Reign of Terror that led to Robespierre's execution, the abolition of economic controls, and reconciliation with Catholic Church
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
Maximilien Robespierre
Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility. One of the most radical revolutionaries of the French Revolution. The leader of the French government that put King Louis XVI on trial. Created and ran the Reign of Terror -head of the committee of public safety -wanted to force every citizen to be part of the "republic virtue" -believed rule breakers should be punished -guillotine as the arm
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Russian Zar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them. shut down the revolt in
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Russian Zar whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon
Sovereign States
States with a well-organized govern and territories. -England and France in the 17th-century - hierarchy (in which some classes have more power than other) - pluralism ( where different people handle the govern and politics)
The Terror (1793-1794)
Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution. Radical authoritarian
Alsace-Lorraine
Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war
The French Empire (1804-1814)
The France with Napoleon is its emperor. France's control expanded to almost all of continental Europe of this time due to Napoleon's genius.
Second Empire (1852-1870)
The Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III -supported by 90% of popular vote -brought bourgeoisie contentment & prosperity
William I of Prussia and later Emperor of Germany
The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals to define the German Confederation and to repress the liberals in the Prussian parliament. CONSERVATIVE AF -sends ems dispatch that makes french look bad, so when France declares war on Prussia, no one helps France
Schelswig-Holstein
The Treaty of Vienna established a union between these two duchies under the administration of Prussia and Austria.
The hundred days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King Louis XVIII, which was caught.
Nationalism
The doctrine that states all peoples derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions, and sometimes religion.
Feudalism
The highly decentralized social and political system of Medival Europe. Where the nobility owns the land given from the Crown in exchange for protection. Paesants live with the lord and work for them in ther territories.
The Congress System
The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. -agreement was the beginning of the FIRST European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance which included the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Old Regime
The monarchic, aristocratic, social, and political system established in the Kingdom of France from about the 15th to the 18th century.
Glorious Revolution (1688)
The overthrow of King James II of England. which results in: -replacement by William and Mary -england becoming an authority where the power is divided into different houses. -recognization of religious tolerance. -england becomes a parlimentary monarchy
Restoration Europe
Time after the defeat of Napoleon in which: - settled the boundaries of France and Europe in general -determined who ruled what -established new international relations THE PERIOD IN WHICH THEY RESTORED OLD REGIMES FROM BEFORE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
War between a coalition of Germany directed by Prussia and France. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
October Days of 1789
When a crowd of several thousand Parisians, many of them women, marched from Paris to Versailles to pressure the royal government.
The July Monarchy (1830-1848)
Where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
anarchy Distrustful of all Authority and political systems, Proudhon believed that states should be abolished and that society should be organized in loose associations of working people
Adam Smith
capitalism idea He wrote "the wealth of nations"; -he wants private ownership of property and the market is central because it determines the value of goods
Benjamin Constant (1767-1830)
first person to use liberalism as a term in politics
Victor Emanuel II (1820-1878)
king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
most famous English Liberal/foundation for English liberty "everyone should be able to pursue their own private interests unless it prevents someone else from doing it..."
Revolution of 1830 - The July Revolution
saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. -important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.
Treaty of Plombieres (1858)
secret treaty between Cavour and Napoleon III to set up a potential war with and defeat of Austria
Treaty of Plombieres (1858)
secret treaty between Cavour and Napoleon III to set up a potential war with and defeat of Austria -done in boujii spa !!
National Convention of 1792
the assembly that governed France in the most critical period of the French Revolution -declares France as a Republic -gives suffrage to all men -allows divorce -changes calendar to one based on the beginning of the Republic -tries to create a school system separated by the church
Treaty of Villafranca (1859)
where the Austrians agreed to an armistice. Austria handed Lombardy over to France, who later passed it to Sardinia (Piedmont) but retained Venetia --gets France out of the war they originally planned to be in anyways...
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
writes "Reflexions sur la revolution en France"