HIS 101 final
Name and describe two Renaissance artists
(Arbitrarily picked) Michelangelo, painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted David Donatello, used Shadow Reflection Technique
Why was England slower at expansion in the New World?
-Religious reforms happening at the time -Relationships with Ireland, who wanted Independence -Economic problems, they couldn't afford it at the time
Pluralism
Bishops buying multiple parish positions
What was the impact of the printing revolution?
Books could be mass produced for much cheaper
What were monasteries?
Created under the belief that Rome was immoral, began patriarchal society in church
When did the Byzantine Empire begin?
During the Justinian Dynasty, Eastern Rome became the Byzantine Empire, named after the city Constantinople was built upon
How did the church and secular leadership disagree about the division of power?
Each wanted themselves to be in power
How does the church fit into the Feudal System?
It was a similar system of bishops and priests, but the Pope was above even the king because he had the power to excommunicate.
What king converted the Franks to Christianity?
King Clovis
What happened between Henry II and Thomas Becket?
They were friends, Becket became Archbishop, but listened to the Church more than the king. Becket was killed at the altar in Canterbury
Why were Christians persecuted in the Roman Empire?
They were rapidly spreading their belief, and they refused to worship Roman gods
Who was the first Norman king who controlled England by right and conquest?
William the Conqueror
What was Paul of Tarsus known for?
Writing letters to early churches
What was the impact of plague on society?
decreased morality as people would do what they wanted. Some locking themselves in their houses and others going out because they knew they were going to die anyways
Who was John Calvin?
A Protestant leader, didn't believe in free will, but that God chose all believers before the beginning of time
How did the Feudal System work?
A hierarchy of nobility, was a class system, and everyone would swear fealty to the noble above him, from peasants all the way up to the King
What was the Pax Romana?
A long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military, Latin for "Roman Peace"
What was the Islamic Golden Age?
A period of intellectual, cultural, and scientific developments
Primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land.
What was Mark Antony's relationship with Cleopatra?
Began as professional alliance and became romantic. It was an insult to Rome as Mark Antony legitimized all of Cleopatra's children by writing them into his will
Where were the main groups located? (Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians, Anglos)
Anglos - East England Visigoths - Spain area Ostrogoths - Italy, and north of it Burgundians - between yet north of Visi and Ostro Vandals - South of the Mediterranean sea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths#/media/File:Empire_of_Theodoric_the_Great_523.gif
Why did the 100 years war happen?
Aquitaine was controlled by England through Elanor, France wasn't happy.
Who was part of the Second Triumvirate?
Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus
Who was Nicolo Machiavelli
Author of Prince and Discourses, which proposed a science of human nature and civil life.
Describe the coronation of Charlemagne, and the message Pope Leo was sending
Charlemagne was established as the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, implying all other empires were't these things. Pope Leo declared the church above the state by performing the coronation
How and why did many individuals respond to the Crusades
Christianity was very important to them, and in a mob mentality they felt the need to violently attack these people the Pope talked about. The people looted and pillaged their way to Constantinople
What did Emperor Justinian do
Codefied law
What was Lay Investiture?
Conflict between the state and church over who gets to name church leadership
Edict of Milan
Constantine legalizing Christianity, any Christian could now own property and hold government positions
The Battle of Milvian Bridge
Constantine wins battle, attributes it to putting Christian symbol on his army's shield
Who was Francesco Petracrch?
Founder of Humanism
What was the tetrarchy?
Four part division of the eastern and western Roman Empire
How did Augustus transform the Roman republic into an Empire?
He became a centralized figure that Rome relied upon
What was King Edwards relationship with the Jews?
He borrowed money from them, couldn't pay them back, and massacred them. There were no more Jews in England for 400 years
What did Emperor Theodosius do?
He declared any religion not Christian not legal
What was noteworthy about Emperor Justinian?
He established "codified law" , and was a reluctant Emperor
What impact did Augustus have on Roman history?
He led some of the largest military expansion, put in place a retirement plan for soldiers, initiated the Pax Romana
Who was Martin Luther, and what did he argue?
He started the Lutheran Protestant movement, disagreeing with the church on indulgences and papacy
What was King Edwards goal in regards to the British isles?
He wanted to unite the Isles. William Wallace didn't like that
Why was Charlemagne successful in his 30 year military campaign?
He was an expert military commander and planner, and believed in full training of his warriors
Where did Muhammad receive his first revelation?
In a cave on Mount Hira
What are the main teachings of Islam?
It acknowledges various prophets, considers the teachings of Jesus and the Torah to be true but distorted, and the belief in one God
Describe Augustine's biography: The Confessions
It established the idea that humans are weak
What is the impact of the sacking of Rome in 410?
It shocked the Romans because it had never been invaded. The Goths were lead by King Alaric. Augustine wrote City of God
What was the Nicene Creed? What belief was it in response to?
It stated that Christianity was about doctrine, not action. It was in response to Arianism, which believes Jesus & God are similar but not the same
What was the Magna Carta?
Rules for nobility, established under John lackland
What idea originated within The Confessions
Original Sin in Man
Why was Mecca a prominent trading city?
Overland trade routes used Mecca as a intersection between the Bedouins and Byzantines
Joan of Arc
Peasant girl who led French army to victory over the English in the 100 year's war. Got burned at the stake.
What allowed Christianity to spread as quickly as it did?
Persecutions, people saw that the belief meant something if believers were willing to die for it. The Pax Romana
What was the Avignon Captivity?
Phillip IV and Pope Boniface VIII disagreed, Phillip tried to arrest him, and Boniface fled and moved the papacy to Avignon France
What was the roman imperial religion?
Polytheistic
How did Richard and John differ?
Richard was very popular, but not present for much of his rule because he was fighting in the crusades. John was incredibly unpopular to the point that the Magna Carta was established
Why did the Western Schism happen?
Rome wanted the Pope to be Roman, but didn't offer a viable candidate. The Pope who was chosen was terrible and another was elected without the original being de-Poped. A split happened.
Missi Dominici
Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws
What is the impact of the sacking of Rome?
Saint Augustine said it was a city of man, and not a city of God. Lead to some being a lot more Christian, some moving to a lot less Christian
Compare Serfdom with Slavery
Serfs could technically leave their land, but had no feasible way of doing so
Why was codified law necessary?
So that there was a standard of law with no conflicts, and individuals couldn't use the excuse "I didn't know"
How did the barbarian invasions impact thr East and west?
Some intergrated with Romans, others with Huns, and both the east and west felt threatened
Diocletian
Split the Roman Empire because it was too large to effectively rule, began "Great Persecution" of Christianity
What were the main arguments of The Prince?
That the function of a ruler is to gain power, retain power, and extend power, as well as make difficult decisions
Why did Pope Urban II call for the first Crusade?
The Emperor of Byzantium was concerned with the rise of the Seljua Turks and asked the Pope for defense
What historical moment is Augustine reflecting in City of God?
The Goths sacking Rome in 410
What group put pressure on the Goths, forcing them into the Italian peninsula?
The Huns
Which major tribe controlled the city of Mecca?
The Quraysh
What were the origins of the Shi'a sect of Islam?
The Shi'as feel Ali ibn Ali Talib was the rightful first Caliph
What were the origins of the Sunni sect of Islam?
The Sunnis feel Abu Bakr was the rightful first Caliph
Who was Gabriel?
The angel that revealed the content of the Quran to Muhammad.
Why did Rome need barbarian warriors?
The barbarians took the place of the Roman military to protect them from the Huns
Lay investiture
The debate over who should name church leadership, the church or the state
What is the Jahiliyyah?
The pre-Islamic "period of ignorance".
The Rule of Saint Benedict
The rules monks were to adhere to
What did Pepin ask the Pope?
To be King of the Franks. This changed the power structure in Europe because Pepin offered military protection of the Papacy
Describe Viking attacks and migrations
Vikings were a seafaring people, so they raided coastal villages.
Who were Muhammad's first converts to Islam?
Younger brothers and sons and foreigners