Identify the clinical outcomes occurring as a result of hyperventilation, hypoventilation, and hypoxemia.

S/S of Hypoxia

-Apprehension, restlessness, decreased concentration, altered LOC, dizziness, behavioral changes. -Unable to lie flat, fatigued & agitated. -increased pulse, increased respiratory rate and depth, then respiratory rate and depth decreases as hypoxia worsens, higher blood pressure, then low blood pressure as hypoxia worsens, cyanosis

Hypoventilation Signs and Symptoms

Altered mental status, dysrhythmias, potential cardiac arrest. -Untreated: convulsions, unconsciousness, & death.

Mild Hyperventilation Example

Hypoxemia> increased ventilation > increased O2 into lungs

Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygenation of organs & tissues (at cellular level).

Hyperventilation

Increased rate and depth of breathing -Large amount of air is moved in & out of lungs. -"Blow off" CO2.; ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism

Causes of Severe Hyperventilation

Medications, (ASA poisoning, amphetamines), CNS abnormalities, DKA, high altitude, exercise, heat (fever), panic, fear, or anxiety

Causes of Hypoxemia

Poor oxygen diffusion across alveoli-capillary membrane (ineffective external respiration)

Hypoxemia

decreased Arterial blood O2 levels.

Causes of Hypoxia

decreased Hb levels, decreased FiO2(inspired O2), inability of tissues to extract O2 from blood, decreased O2 diffusion from alveoli to blood, poor tissue perfusion, impaired ventilation.

Hypoventilation

decreased rate and depth of breathing. -Small amount of air is moved in & out of lungs. -Retain CO2.

S/S of Hyperventilation

increased RR, sighing breaths, numbness & tingling of hands/feet, light-headedness, loss of consciousness.

Hypoventilation in COPD pts

the stimulus to breathe is at a lower oxygen level -Increase oxygen administration ( >24%-28% or 1-3L/min) leads to hypoventilation, carbon dioxide retention, respiratory acidosis, respiratory arrest