Kinesiology 2530 Chapter 14

most sociology of sport research on college sports focuses on

D1 schools

the educational mission of higher education is most likely to be achieved among athletes on a

D3 woman's lacrosse team

data on college sports indicate that

NCAA D3 has more athletes than any other NCAA division

when akilah carter francique created the sista to sista program on the campus of texas a&m, she intended to provide black female athletes with

a safe cultural space on campus

data on D1 colleges and universities show that in 2016 women's sports received

about 1/3 of all money spent on athletic recruiting expenses

NCAA D1 data from 2018 show that african americans make up 10 percent of the students in D1 universities at the same time that they compromise

about 50 percent of the athletes in men's top revenue producing sports

NCAA data on black female athletes in college sports indicate that

about 70 percent of black female athletes are on basketball or track teams

when sociologists patricia and peter adler studied the lives of young men on a D1 basketball team, they found that

academic and social expectations were less important than athletic expectations

athletes in D1 revenue producing sports face challenges in managing conflicts related to their dual careers as an athlete and a student. many of these young people give higher priority to athletic expectations than to academic expectations because

academic expectations are easier to negotiate than athletic expectations

universities in the U.S. justify expenditures of billions of dollars on college sports because sports participation is believed to be an educational experience for athletes. this belief is

accepted without independent research confirming that it is true

research indicates that "clustering" occurs when college athletes in certain sports

are over represented in specific courses and majors

recently passed rules for defining academic progress and graduation rates for NCAA D1 teams shift more responsibility for academic reform to

athletic departments and universities

in the case of college esports, the author notes that it may be wise for supporters to

avoid the NCAA and its governance structure and policies

in response to the issue of brain injuries caused by repetitive head hits in certain college sports, the presidents of colleges and universities have

avoided any statements that could be used against universities in a court case

high school athletes today have been raised in a culture emphasizing self improvement, growth, and achievement. this leads them to

be demanding of coaches and seek individual support from athletic departments

NCAA data show that graduation rates for athletes are generally lowest among

black male athletes in revenue producing sports

coaches who schedule practice and games to enable athletes to successfully manage dual career conflict are mostly those who

coach in colleges where sports are not used to generate revenues or publicity

richard southall and his colleagues at the college sport research center have developed an adjusting graduation gap measure that compares athletes with other full time students. their findings indicate that athletes

consistently graduate at lower rates than other full time students

the budget inequality in the U.S. high schools means that the top high school sports programs in the nation are in private schools or located in wealthy residential areas. according to the author, this

creates a system in which program inequality reproduces itself year after year

when analyzing the grades of college athletes in comparison to the grades of other college students, the author says that two things must be taken into account. One is clustering and the other is

differences in high school grades and scores on the ACT and SAT tests

the U.S. department of education has issued guidelines for the provision of school sponsored sports for students with a disability. in response to those guidelines

disability sports remain invisible and mostly absent in high schools and colleges

relying on participation fees to support high school sports

discourages participation among students from low income families

the concussion lawsuit that was filed in 2011 against the NCAA by former college athletes was settled in 2014. the case was settled in 2014 when the NCAA agreed to

establish a 70 million dollar fund to provide neurological exams for former players

research suggests that the spirit generated by high profile college sports events is associated with

events that undermine the time spent on academic word

when athletes spend much of their time inside the increasingly opulent and expensive "athletic center" on some college campuses, it is likely that they will

expect academic tutors to complete papers and assignment for them

which of the following statements about higher education in the U.S. is NOT true?

faculty members who tutor athletes receive tenure and financial bonuses

senator chris murphy from connecticut initiated an investigation into college athletics because he was concerned that many universities and athletic departments

fail to provide a full education to their student athletes

data on graduation rates among athletes at D1 universities indicates that

female athletes have higher graduation rates than male athletes

the liability issues related to concussions and other serious injuries are different in high schools than they are in colleges because

few high school students have reached the age of informed legal consent

recent data indicates that of the 1700 intercollegiate sport programs in the U.S.

fewer than 30 regularly report having more revenues than expenses

program inequality has long been a part of intercollegiate sports. one manifestation of this is that the total program expenses for the top 5 spending universities in D1 are greater than the total expenses

for the 77 lowest spending universities in the same division

as high school programs face budget crises and depend more on the families of athletes and sponsors to support varsity teams we see

greater inequality in the athletic programs at different schools

research suggests that future reforms in college sports must address problems related to the

growing separation between university culture and college sport culture

participation rates in varsity high school sports since 1971 show that girls' participation

has increased but remains lower than boys' participation

most countries, including those in europe, do not have intercollegiate sports as they exist in the U.S. College athletes in the U.S. are often referred to as student athletes, but when an athlete in europe also attends college, it is said that they

have "dual careers"

research that tracks students over time shows that in comparison with other students, the students who try out, are selected for, and stay on school teams

have above average self esteem and cognitive abilities

much of the research on the effects of playing interscholastic sports has been confusing because researchers

have not studied the identities of those who play on school teams

research show that when high school athletes as a group are compared with other high school students, they tend to have

higher grades and more positive attitudes towards school

to avoid bad publicity and to maintain the academic reputations of universities, the NCAA has

increased eligibility requirements to raise athletes' grades and graduation rates

a study by doug foley found that high school sports were a site at which students learned a vocabulary that promoted values emphasizing

individualism and competition

the student spirit created by high school sports

is produced and maintained by an investment of considerable resources

after nearly 50 years, title ix remains a controversial law as it applies to school sponsored sports in the U.S. a key reason for that is that

it exposes contradictions in big time sports programs organized around football

when the fair pay to play act was passed unanimously by the california state senate and signed by governor gavin newson, the first thing that the officials at the NCAA headquarters did was to

join with coaches and athletic directors in california to loudly oppose the bill

after reviewing research findings related to students popularity and sport participation, the author hypothesizes that in comparison with young men, young women in high school are

less likely to view sports as an identity focal point in their lives

one of the main challenges faced by esports teams in high schools and colleges is to

make esports accessible and attractive to female students

as more high school athletes come to school programs from private club programs where they received much individual attention, they

often expect more than what the high school coaches and staff can give them

because budgeted operational expenses are not enough to maintain most high school sports programs, money is raised in three additional ways. which of the following is NOT one of those ways

paying athletes to clean and maintain sport facilities

a highly publicized college admissions scandal in 2019 involved parents who paid a former college coach to help their children be admitted to prestigious universities by

paying coaches to include the children as "special athlete admits" needed for teams

male athletes on intercollegiate teams are most likely to put their athletic and social lives ahead of academics when they

play on big time, entertainment oriented teams

following the sexual abuse at PSU, the university president, athletic director, and director of campus security were all fired for

protecting the football program rather than following the law

when journalist HG Bassinger studied the football team in a well known texas high school, he found that high school football was organized in ways that

reaffirmed traditional racial ideology among many whites

making a positive connection between playing college sports and achieving social and academic goals is most likely when athletes

receive social support for academic achievement and academic identities

the most logical explanation for academic differences between athletes and "non athletes" in high school is that

school sports attract students with higher grades

much of the difference between athletes and other students in high school is due to

selection-in and filtering-out process

financial information on big time intercollegiate sport programs shows that they

show a profit only when student fees and university subsidies count as revenues

according to the analysis in the chapter, gender related participation inequalities in high school and college are due primarily to the

size of football teams and the costs of supporting football teams

the author explains that there has been littler research on school sports as learning experiences primarily because

so many people accept without question the great sport myth

a study done in the late 1990s found that young women who played school sports had lower rates of sexual activity than other young women, while young men who played sports had higher rates of sexual activity than other young men. this illustrates that

social factors influence the meanings and consequences of playing sports

mary willingham, a learning specialist at UNC, did her investigation of the 18 year long academic fraud at UNC, she found that

some athletes had decent grades but also needed help in learning to read

an overemphasis on "sports development" in high school often leads athletes to

specialize in one sport in a way that restricts overall development

the use of corporate sponsorships to support high school sports is risky because

sports could lose funding during economic recessions

budget information for college athletic programs show that the programs could not exist without receiving a significant amount of money from

student fees

according to the author, the main takeaway from the recent scandals and cases of corruption in college sports is that

the NCAA should not be in charge of policing itself and its member schools

reforming big time college sports to make them more academically relevant is difficult beause

the athletic program is tied tot many interests unrelated to education

in general, the research on high school sports participation suggests that

the effects of participation depend greatly on the meanings given to it

when the FBI uncovered a major bribery scandal involving coaches, sponsors, agents, and athletes' families in 2017, one of the defendants in the case admitted to FBI that

the players were the only participants in college basketball who can't be paid

data on the academic support services provided for college athletes suggests that

the services don't always boost graduation rates for athletes

among male athletes in big time college sports programs, there is a tendency for athletic identities to be given a high priority than academic identities because of

the social support they receive for athletic participation

the widespread acceptance of the great sport myth has led to a situation in which

there is no systematic evidence showing that school sports promote education

the professors who established the Drake Group argue that there will be no meaningful reforms in intercollegiate sports unless

they are monitored by and independent agency committed to education

the growth of booster club support for high school teams has led to an increase in

title IX lawsuits

a problem faced by african american athletes on college campuses is a feeling of isolation. which of the following does NOT contribute to feelings of isolation?

too many campus activities focused on the interests of latinos and asians

the revenues and expenditures for public universities in each of the three D1 subdivisions show that

universities in the football bowl subdivision report the largest net deficits

data on race and intercollegiate sports in D1 schools show that

university priorities related to race and education are distorted

research shows that sports participation

usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity

when people argue against interscholastic sports, they tend to emphasize that

varsity sports support a status system that privileges athletes over sports

when comparing big time and lower profile intercollegiate sport programs it is seen that

very few athletes in lower profile programs have athletic scholarships