Lifespan Development Chapter 4

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate? Multiple choice question. The concept of goodness of fit The notion of swaddling The slow-to-warm up child Self-soothing

the concept of goodness of fit

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as Multiple choice question. isolated actions. scaffolds. transactional.

transactional

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. Multiple choice question. 2 million 500,000 100,000 1 million

2 million

According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be Multiple choice question. 400,000. 1 million. less than 100,000. 2 million.

2 million

Select all that apply According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include? Multiple select question. Expressing anger quickly Ability to distract oneself Inability to control one's emotions Waiting longer to express anger

Ability to distract oneself Waiting longer to express anger

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Multiple choice question. Freud. Erikson. Harlow. Bowlby. Ainsworth.

Ainsworth

Select all that apply Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament? Multiple select question. Be flexible. Raise children similarly regardless of temperament. Recognize individuality. Make children conform to their environment. Avoid labeling.

Be flexible. Recognize individuality. Avoid labeling.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament? Multiple choice question. Don't label a child as "difficult." Pay attention to the child's individuality. Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics. Avoid crowded, noisy environments.

Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Multiple choice question. Rothbart and Bates Freud Chess and Thomas Kagan

Chess and Thomas

Select all that apply Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Synchronous Reflexive Other-conscious Reciprocal

Synchronous Reciprocal

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _____ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as _____ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as _____ emotions.

positive negative

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either Multiple choice question. inner or outer. forward or sideways. positive or negative. controlled or uncontrolled.

positive or negative

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'? Multiple choice question. Primary emotions Negative emotions Positive emotions Self-conscious emotions

self-conscious emotions

The term _____ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.

separation

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care? Multiple choice question. 40% 24% 12% 6% 18%

12%

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______. Multiple choice question. 4 to 6 months 10 to 12 months 8 to 10 months 13 to 15 months

13 to 15 months

In 1992, the European Union mandated a Multiple choice question. 6-month unpaid paternity leave. 14-week unpaid maternity leave. 14-week paid maternity leave. 6-month paid paternity leave.

14-week paid maternity leave.

At what age do most infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique? Multiple choice question. 15 to 18 months 22 to 24 months 7 to 9 months 10 to 12 months

15 to 18 months

Select all that apply A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following? Multiple select question. A safe environment. A good amount of time free of supervision. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

A safe environment. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care? Multiple choice question. Poor-quality child care Too much time spent in child care Low caregiver-child ratio Too little time spent in child care

Poor-quality child care

Select all that apply Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? Multiple select question. Frequent crying Low activity level Somewhat negative affect Irregular daily routines Low intensity of mood

Low activity level Somewhat negative affect Low intensity of mood

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults Multiple choice question. cannot receive paid leave. are having more children per family. prefer to continue working rather than go on leave. are having fewer children per family.

cannot receive paid leave.

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely Multiple choice question. coincidental rather than cooperative. coerced rather than cooperative. cooperative rather than coincidental.

coincidental rather than cooperative.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to _____ with her parents.

communicate OR interact

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of _____

crying

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _____ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on _____

culture

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _____ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _____ child.

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. Multiple choice question. disorganized resistant detached avoidant

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as a(n) _____ child.

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) _____ child.

easy

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of _____ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an _____

emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an Multiple choice question. trait. adaptive response. temperament. emotion.

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through Multiple choice question. cognitions. instincts. emotions. reactions.

emotions

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through Multiple choice question. instincts. cognitions. emotions. reactions.

emotions

_____ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

emotions

Insecure avoidant babies Multiple choice question. engage in little interaction with the caregiver. use the caregiver as a base from which to explore. seem dazed, confused, and fearful. cling to and then resist the caregiver.

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects. Multiple choice question. Face-to-face Nonverbal Imaginative Role

face to face

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

false

True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality. True false question.

false

Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them? Multiple choice question. fathers mothers There is no difference between mothers and fathers.

fathers

Melissa is extremely shy. Her parents don't understand that social situations are very stressful for her, and they often place her in new situations without adequate support. Melissa is at risk for adjustment problems due to lack of _____ of fit.

goodness

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term Multiple choice question. parenting challenge. lack of fit. goodness of fit. adjustment parenting.

goodness of fit

Select all that apply Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics? Multiple select question. goodness of fit influences the influences of personality the influence of genetic inheritance cultural influences

goodness of fit influences cultural influences

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? Multiple choice question. guilt disgust joy fear

guilt

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? Multiple choice question. guilt fear joy disgust

guilt

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care. Multiple choice question. full-time any type of high-quality average-quality

high-quality

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. Multiple choice question. reciprocal and face-to-face imitative and reciprocal imitative and face-to-face imaginative

imitative and reciprocal

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs Multiple choice question. in the first year of life. in the first three months of life. in the first nine months of life. in the first six months of life.

in the first year of life

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of Multiple choice question. support. independence. dependence. social need.

independence

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral _____

inhibition

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. interviews data from previous studies trained observers questionnaires

interviews trained observers questionnaires

When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called Multiple choice question. social orientation. social referencing. locomotion. joint attention.

joint attention.

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. Multiple choice question. Intention Social referencing Locomotion Social orientation

locomotion

In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive Multiple choice question. case study of child care. longitudinal study of child care. cross-sectional study of child care. experimental study of child care.

longitudinal study of child care

In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a _____

mirror

Researchers have discovered that infants are Multiple choice question. more socially sophisticated than previously thought. less socially sophisticated than previously thought. about as socially sophisticated as the researchers had thought.

more socially sophisticated than previously thought.

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers. Multiple choice question. two primary multiple no very few

multiple

Select all that apply Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Indigestion Food allergies Neglect Abuse

neglect abuse

The emotions that infants begin to express during the second half of their first year of life involve recognizing the emotional reactions of _____

others

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _____

personality

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. Multiple choice question. one directional reciprocal singular personal

reciprocal

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of _____ socialization.

reciprocal

Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of Multiple choice question. scaffolding. the developmental cascade model. social orientation. reciprocal socialization.

reciprocal socialization.

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? Multiple choice question. Agitated Reflexive Aggravated Social

reflexive

A(n) _____ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) _____ smile does.

reflexive social

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure _____ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age. Multiple choice question. emotional wellbeing. risk taking and impulsivity confidence cognitive-academic achievement

risk taking and impulsivity

An important form of reciprocal socialization is _____, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age. Multiple choice question. Mutual dependence Scaffolding Socialization Reciprocity

scaffolding

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of Multiple choice question. self-recognition. vision. temperament. embarrassment.

self-recognition

In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity? Multiple choice question. easy Slow-to-warm-up difficult

slow to warm up

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood? Multiple choice question. Slow to warm up Easy Behaviorally inhibited Difficult

slow to warm up

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? Multiple select question. Frowns Smiles Expressions of disgust Cries

smiles cries

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal _____

socialization

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. Multiple choice question. personalities qualities subsystems functions

subsystems

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. Multiple choice question. attributes heredity behaviors temperament

temperament

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. Multiple choice question. temperament behaviors attributes heredity

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to _____

temperament

_____ is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding.

temperament

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

true

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

true

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions and lower the level of stress hormones.

true

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner. Multiple choice question. anger trust insecurity self-expression

trust

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______. Multiple choice question. up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave up to 6 months of paid leave up to 6 months of unpaid leave up to 12 weeks of paid leave

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

Match Bowlby's phase of infant attachment with its characteristic behavior. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 a. awareness of feeling of others b. attachment to all humans c. attachment to one figure d. actively seeks contact

1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror. Multiple choice question. 1 year old 18 months old 6 months old 2 years old

2 years olf

The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care. Multiple choice question. 20 hours per week 10 hours per week 30 hours per week 40 hours per week

30 hours per week

In general, infant fear first emerges at _____ months and peaks at about _____ months.

6 18

Select all that apply Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? Multiple select question. 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-month-old Jill, who is giggling 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister

7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors? Multiple choice question. Between 10 and 12 months Between 18 and 24 months Between 24 and 30 months Between 12 and 15 months

Between 18 and 24 months

Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Clinging to the caregiver Avoiding the caregiver Cooing at the caregiver Following the caregiver

Clinging to the caregiver Cooing at the caregiver Following the caregiver

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds? Multiple choice question. Reasoning with the infant Ignoring the infant Diverting the infant's attention Negotiating with the infant

Diverting the infant's attention

Which statement is true about cultural influences on emotional development? Multiple choice question. White parents and East Asian parents have similar approaches to emotion. East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children. East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional expressiveness. White parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.

East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Multiple choice question. Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature. Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development.

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Select all that apply Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following? Multiple select question. Gaze following Joint attention Emotion regulation Locomotion

Gaze following Joint attention

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? Multiple choice question. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is an insecurely attached baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure resistant baby.

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan? Multiple choice question. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is an insecure resistant baby.

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true? Multiple choice question. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure resistant baby.

He is an insecure resistant baby.

Which statement is true of stranger anxiety? Multiple choice question. It appears at about 6 months of age. It disappears by 1 year of age. It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap. It peaks at about 9 months of age.

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which statement is true of stranger anxiety? Multiple choice question. It disappears by 1 year of age. It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap. It peaks at about 9 months of age. It appears at about 6 months of age.

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins at about 6-7 months of age.

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project? Multiple choice question. It is a hospital-based program for parents of newborns that is designed to help them in developing infant care skills. It is a program designed just for new parents of adopted infants to acquaint them with the care of their children. It is a program designed to help older siblings adjust to the arrival of a new baby. It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Multiple choice question. Rothbart Gartstein Kagan Chess & Thomas

Kagan

Select all that apply According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting? Multiple select question. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Couples reported having more economic security. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth.

Men became more concerned with intimacy. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth.

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project? (Choose every correct answer.) Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved. Mothers had the same level of postpartum depression as those in the control group. Parents benefited, but babies showed the same level of development as those in the control group.

Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Multiple choice question. Women focused less on managing family tasks after a baby was born. Couples enjoyed less positive marital relations before the baby was born. One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born. Men paid more attention to personal growth after a baby was born.

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity? Multiple choice question. easy difficult Slow-to-warm-up

Slow-to-warm-up

Select all that apply Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? Multiple select question. Slow-to-warm-up Easy Difficult Unstable

Slow-to-warm-up Easy Difficult

Ainsworth created the _____ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

Select all that apply Which of the following are types of infant cries? Multiple select question. The anger cry The alarm cry The basic cry The pain cry

The anger cry The basic cry The pain cry

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results? Multiple choice question. a. The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence. b. The actions of both the 1-year-olds and the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation. c. The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation. d. Neither group showed clear evidence of cooperation.

a. The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Indigestion Abuse Food allergies Neglect

abuse neglect

Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) _____ cry, and _____ a(n) cry.

angry pain

The term stranger _____ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of Multiple choice question. themselves. attachment to a caregiver. their siblings. their friends and neighbors.

attachment to a caregiver.

According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for _____

autonomy OR independence

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called Multiple choice question. intimacy versus isolation. integrity versus despair. autonomy versus shame and doubt. generativity versus stagnation.

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? Multiple choice question. a. The soothing actions of a caregiver reduce the level of stress hormones of the infant. b. In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states. c. By soothing an infant, the caregiver is helping the infant modulate their emotions. d. The caregiver's actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotion.

b. In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states.

A securely attached baby Multiple choice question. uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore. avoids the caregiver and doesn't interact. clings to the caregiver and then resists the caregiver. frequently change their responses to the caregiver.

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old. Multiple choice question. spanked the infant threatened the infant yelled at their infant slapped the infant's hands

yelled at their infant