Memory

Which of the following scenarios would result in an improved primacy effect and diminished recency effect in the serial position curve? A) The words are presented at a slower pace followed by some simple math problems before recall. B) The words are presented in pairs allowing the individual to chunk two words together and recall them as a pair. C) The words are presented at a slower rate in the list and the individual successfully chunks the final words together. D) The words are presented individually followed by a break before recall to allow for better rehearsal of the words.

A) The words are presented at a slower pace followed by some simple math problems before recall.

What is the cause of the primacy effect? A) Words at the beginning of the list have the most opportunity to be rehearsed. B) Items heard at the beginning of a list are still in short-term memory. C) Words from the end of the list have the most opportunity to be rehearsed. D) Items heard recently are still in short-term memory.

A) Words at the beginning of the list have the most opportunity to be rehearsed.

An individual receives the sentence "_____ rhymes with crawl." followed by the word "Ball" in an experiment similar to that of Craik and Tulving (1975). According to transfer-appropriate processing, which of the following testing situations would promote the greatest recall of the target word? A) ______ rhymes with hall. B) ______ represents a spherical object used in outdoor activities. C) ______ contains a capital B. D) ______ represents a baby's method of movement.

A) ______ rhymes with hall.

According to the multi-store model, how are memories transferred from short to long term memory? A) By using deeper forms of processing B) By Rehearsing the memory C) Automatically after a period of time D) It depends on the context in which the memories are encoded

B) By Rehearsing the memory

What does encoding specificity suggest about memory? A) The particular processes used to encode information dictate how well memories will be recalled. B) Encoding and recall of information is not a pure or isolated experience. C) Location of encoding is the most important factor in the encoding of information. D) The presence of contextual cues is the most important factor in the recall of information.

B) Encoding and recall of information is not a pure or isolated experience.

Which of the following contributions to memory theories did Sir Fredric Bartlett offer? A) The forgetting curve is the result of the improper construction of blocks to assemble a complete memory. B) False memories are constructed when incorrect information or memories are integrated into another memory. C) The raw materials of perception or experience are combined through reconstruction, to a maximum of 7 +/- 2 blocks of memory. D) Mental states, such as sensations, feelings, and ideas, are stored in memory rather than disappearing from existence.

B) False memories are constructed when incorrect information or memories are integrated into another memory.

Which of the following statements regarding levels of processing is correct? A) Deep level encoding of physical properties results in better memory performance. B) Length of the word, rather than meaning, is critical to shallow level encoding. C) Identification of complex acoustic properties results in deep level encoding. D) The best note takers are able to listen and record everything "word for word".

B) Length of the word, rather than meaning, is critical to shallow level encoding.

Which of the following statements about the "becoming famous overnight" experiment is most correct? A) Participants sent home before the second phase had a sense of fluency from the previously seen names that they attributed to having seen the names on the list earlier. B) Participants that immediately proceeded to the second phase more accurately attributed the feeling of fluency to having seen the names on the list earlier. C) Participants that immediately proceeded to the second phase misattributed their sense of fluency to the names being famous. D) Participants asked to complete a distractor task before the second phase misattributed their sense of fluency to the names being famous.

B) Participants that immediately proceeded to the second phase more accurately attributed the feeling of fluency to having seen the names on the list earlier.

Which of the following statements regarding memory is correct? A) Memory operates in the same way as a computer, with information retrieved exactly as it was stored. B) The feeling of familiarity when observing a stranger is due to misattribution of processing fluency. C) In the Loftus experiment, 20% of participants reported false remembered events on the first day. D) Novel experiences produce a greater level of processing fluency than familiar experiences.

B) The feeling of familiarity when observing a stranger is due to misattribution of processing fluency.

Which of the following represents a semantic memory? A) Erin and Aneesh recall celebrating their 25th wedding anniversary on a cruise ship, where they enjoyed the gourmet food that was served for dinner. B) Tyler and Maria ordered a pepperoni pizza, and are aware that it also comes with pizza sauce and cheese. C) Brandon is able to play several songs on the piano without error, but is not able to sing at the correct pitch. D) Brittany recalls going camping with her family over the long weekend, and was not expecting to find large turtles with shells by the creek.

B) Tyler and Maria ordered a pepperoni pizza, and are aware that it also comes with pizza sauce and cheese.

Which of the following would have the highest chance of a person recalling a false memory? A) A few hours after implanting a false memory with little fluency. B) A few hours after implanting a false memory with high fluency. C) A few days after implanting a false memory with high fluency. D) A few days after implanting a false memory with little fluency.

C) A few days after implanting a false memory with high fluency.

Which of the following most accurately describes the serial position curve in terms of the multi-store model of memory? A) The items at the beginning of the list of words are rehearsed several times, resulting in the words being retained in short-term memory, leading to a high percentage of words recalled. B) The items in the middle section curve are always forgotten following their encoding into long-term memory during presentation, resulting in a very low percentage of words recalled. C) The items in the middle section of the serial position curve are not in short-term or long-term memory, resulting in a low percentage of words recalled. D) The items at the end of the list of words are retained in sensory memory, and are often chunked to allow for more than 7 +/- 2 letters.

C) The items in the middle section of the serial position curve are not in short-term or long-term memory, resulting in a low percentage of words recalled.

Which of the following experiences would be most difficult to implant as a false memory? A) Scraping your knee when learning to ride a bike B) A clown scaring you at a friends birthday party C) Wearing a bowl as a hat D) Winning a lotto scratch ticket

C) Wearing a bowl as a hat

Jeff is walking to McMaster and sees a man wearing a hard hat and a bright orange vest walking towards him. For some reason, Jeff cannot look away. Which of the following conclusions could Jeff draw that follows the attributional view of memory? A) Jeff believes his attention was just caught by the bright orange vest. B) Jeff thinks that since the person is wearing a hard hat, an orange vest, and jeans, he must be a construction worker. C) Jeff thinks his orange vest must be difficult to process, and so he must look longer to figure out if this man is a stranger. D) Jeff thinks that he knows this man from somewhere, even though they have never actually met before.

D) Jeff thinks that he knows this man from somewhere, even though they have never actually met before.

Patient A underwent surgery to remove a tumor growing just beneath his hippocampus. Unfortunately during surgery, his hippocampus was damaged and he now suffers from anterograde amnesia. After the surgery, which of the following skills or activities would Patient A have the least difficulty completing? A) Reading a short novel (20-30 pages). B) Following a short conversation (around 2 minutes). C) Learning to remember new names. D) Learning to play darts.

D) Learning to play darts.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts the role of fluency in memory? A) Emanuel outperformed his classmates who studied in the library by studying in the exam room. B) Julia was better able to remember information on her exam that her roommate had quizzed her on rather than the information she had just rehearsed in her head. C) Participants in an experiment were asked to complete word stems to form words that were not seen previously in the experiment and performed with almost perfect accuracy. D) Oliver was walking through the student centre when someone with a familiar face said "hello" to him and he concluded that he must be a person he has taught in the past.

D) Oliver was walking through the student centre when someone with a familiar face said "hello" to him and he concluded that he must be a person he has taught in the past.

Which of the following is the correct description of diminishing recency effect? A) After memorizing a list of 9 words, additional items cannot be stored in short-term memory because it is full. B) Rehearsal of a list of items causes transfer to long-term memory, which frees up space in the short-term memory store. C) Distractors encountered after memorizing a list of items will lessen the chances of recalling items toward the beginning of the list. D) Performance of an unrelated task after memorizing an item list will decrease the number of items recalled toward the end of the list.

D) Performance of an unrelated task after memorizing an item list will decrease the number of items recalled toward the end of the list.

Perry is asked to remember a long list of random words, and is then required to recall them after several hours. Which of the following best predicts Perry's performance? A) Perry's forgetting curve will be a negatively accelerating increasing curve. B) Perry's serial position curve will be a negatively accelerating decreasing curve. C) Perry is more likely to recall the middle of the list because they have more cues. D) Perry is more likely to recall the earlier words because they were rehearsed more.

D) Perry is more likely to recall the earlier words because they were rehearsed more.

Which of the following correctly describes sensory memory? A) Any physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli in the environment are encoded in sensory memory, which has a large capacity to store information for a several minutes. B) The physical or sensory characteristics of attended stimuli are stored in sensory memory, which has a large capacity to detect a large number of details of the sensory characteristics. C) The general term given for storage of visual information, known as iconic memory, and auditory information, known as echoic memory, which filters information into short-term memory based on the amount of decay. D) The physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli are briefly stored in sensory memory, which has a large capacity because it does not require attention.

D) The physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli are briefly stored in sensory memory, which has a large capacity because it does not require attention.

Which of the following would provide the best evidence for pro-active interference? A) Individuals who were required to memorize a list of words and answer arithmetic questions had worse memory performance for the list in comparison to individuals who only had to memorize the list. B) Juan was in an experiment involving the memorization of a number of different novel object names; by the end of the day, however, he could not recall much of what he had learnt. C) Throughout your whole childhood you imagined what Disneyland was like, however, once you finally went there you could no longer recall what you used to think it was like. D) You were trying to remember the name of a song that your friend was talking about but all you could think about was the song stuck in your head from the previous evening.

D) You were trying to remember the name of a song that your friend was talking about but all you could think about was the song stuck in your head from the previous evening.