Micro- HW Questions- Final

Bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming bacterium. Which of the following is most likely? a B. anthracis spores can remain dormant for hundreds of years without needing nutrients. b B. anthracis spores require a moist environment in order to stay dormant for an extended time. c B. anthracis spores can be killed by boiling water. d B. anthracis uses spores to reproduce, so spores develop into new offspring.

a

The distribution of disease can change very quickly. An increase in emerging diseases can be attributed to __________. a an increase in international travel b more people moving away from cities c more people being immunized d unchanging climate

a

Which of the following explains why treatment of symptomatic tetanus requires an antitoxin and an antibiotic? a Because C. tetani bacteria excrete tetanus toxin, it is important to neutralize the toxin while also killing the bacteria that are producing more. b It is always better to use multiple treatments to elicit a stronger response. c Because the toxin is within the cell wall of the bacteria, it can only be eliminated by killing the bacteria. d The tetanus toxin binds irreversibly, causing damage to axons. The only way to heal the axons is with an antitoxin.

a

Diptheria is caused by bacteria that have been infected by a bacteriophage. This bacteriophage is a lysogenic phage and contains the genes to produce the diphtheria toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis. Which of the following is the correct term for the phage while its genetic material is integrated into the bacterial chromosome? a The genetic material is called a prion. b The genetic material is called a prophage and the change in the host cell's properties is called lysogenic conversion. c The genetic material is called a transposon and the change in the host cell's properties is called competence. d The genetic material is called a viroid.

b

For many years the CDC focused its seasonal influenza vaccination efforts on those groups in the population who suffered the highest influenza mortality rates, including the elderly aged 65 years and older. However, starting in 2008 the CDC shifted their focus to school-aged children and began recommending the vaccine for everyone aged at least 6 months. Research had shown no evidence for any protective effect of the vaccine in the elderly. By changing the recommendations for who should be vaccinated, the CDC planned to better protect the elderly by means of__________. a direct contact. b herd immunity. c acquired immunity. d vaccination.

b

There are three forms of human anthrax. Which of the following choices contains a form of human anthrax correctly matched with its description? a intestinal: always fatal b cutaneous: easily treatable c respiratory: most common form d cutaneous: least severe form

b

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered a waterborne transmission. b contact transmission. c airborne transmission. d vector transmission.

b

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? a The bite of a mosquito containing malaria b The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner c The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact d Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface

b

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? a Vector transmission b Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission c Vehicle transmission d Contact transmission

b

Which of the following would be considered a vector? a Water containing bacteria from fecal matter b A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food c Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing d Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual

b

Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobe that can cause tetanus. When it enters the human body, it can produce tetanus toxin. Considering that C. tetani is an obligate anaerobe, which of the following explains how it can survive and cause disease in the human body? a It doesn't survive; it simply releases toxin as it dies. b C. tetani can only survive when other bacteria are available to consume oxygen and to keep oxygen levels low. c Especially in deep wounds, C. tetani can sometimes survive in areas with damaged tissue and poor to no blood flow. d C. tetani can't access atmospheric oxygen, so it can grow as long as it stays on the surface of the skin rather than in well-oxygenated deeper tissues.

c

Corynebacterium diphtheria and Bordetella pertussis cause respiratory diseases. Which statement below is true regarding these infections? a Diphtheria vaccine is available, but there is no antibiotic treatment for the disease. b Antibiotic treatment for pertussis is available, but there is no pertussis vaccine. c Pertussis exotoxin causes tissue damage. d Diphtheria endotoxin causes symptoms of diphtheria.

c

Epidemiology is defined as the study of a when a disease occurs. b where a disease occurs. c where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted. d how a disease is transmitted.

c

Some bacterial infections can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Which of the following problems would be most likely to be effectively treated with this type of treatment? a accidental ingestion of Clostridium toxin b an overgrowth of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach c a Clostridium infection on the surface of the skin, as occurs in gas gangrene d a highly inflamed superficial skin infection

c

Which of the following characteristics are shared by Enterococcus and Streptococcus? a growth patterns on blood agar b found on/in healthy carriers c cell arrangement d none of the above

c

During the early 20th century, pandemics typically took months to years to span the globe, while the 2009 H1N1 swine flu spread globally within weeks and had affected most countries within 6 months. This difference in the rate of spread is mainly due to__________. a more human contact with wild and domestic animals worldwide. b the emergence of antibiotic resistance. c the increased virulence of the pathogens. d the increased volume and speed of global transportation.

d

For which of the following would growth on blood agar be a good diagnostic tool? a enterococci b staphylococci c all Gram-positive cocci d streptococci

d

Helicobacter pylori causes gastric ulcers on account of __________. a endotoxin production that damages tissue b attachment and destruction of tissue because of bacterial reproduction c the production of acid metabolic waste d autoimmune tissue destruction initiated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

d

Toxic shock syndrome __________. a is associated only with Staphylococcus species b is always associated with tampon usage c is life-threatening because of the endotoxin produced d is life-threatening because of the superantigen toxin produced

d

Tuberculosis is the name of the ___________ caused by the _________ Mycobacterium tuberculosis. a latent infection; bacterium b primary infection; bacterium c primary infection; virus d disease; bacterium

d

What can you deduce from the treatment strategy for M. tuberculosis infection? a The organism is easily spread during treatment. b The organism harbors a variety of resistance plasmids (R factors). c The organism is easily killed with antibiotics. d The organism has some innate resistance to antibiotics.

d

What is the role of epidemiology? a To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens. b To learn which organisms cause disease. c To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. d To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

d

Which of the following techniques would allow you to easily differentiate between Staphylococcus and Enterococcus? a genetic testing b Gram stain c simple stain d all of the above

d

Which of the following would be considered a fomite? a Contaminated water b A fly c A tick d A toy

d

Which of the following could be true of tuberculosis of the kidney? a The patient would likely be infected with MDR TB or XDR TB. b The patient would likely have a positive skin test. c The disease could be subsequent to a reactivated latent infection. d The disease could be subsequent to a normal primary infection. e All of the above could be true.

e

a disease constantly present in a population, usually in low numbers

endemic

a disease that simultaneously infects an unusually high number of individuals in a population

epidemic

the number of new cases in a population in a given time period

incidence

a measure of the incidence of disease within a population, including both fatal and nonfatal diseases

morbidity

a measure of the incidence of death in a population

mortality

a global disease

pandemic

the total number of new and existing disease cases in a population in a given time

prevalence