Microbiology- Chapter 14

The BLANK lymph nodes are located in the groin.

inguinal

Host defenses can be divided into BLANK or inborn, nonspecific protections; and BLANK or adaptive, specific immunities.

innate, acquired

Skin is protected by the insoluble protein called BLANK

keratin

The primary infection-fighting blood cells are called _____. monocytes macrophages phagocytes erythrocytes leukocytes

leukocytes

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and are released as mature T cells, which subsequently settle in which two secondary lymphoid organs? lymph nodes spleen thymus bone marrow pericardium

lymph nodes spleen

The ________ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the BLANK system.

lymphatic

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and plays a role in specific immune reactions while residing in tissues is called a(n) ______.

macrophage

The largest phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte which is involved with specific immune reactions is called a tissue BLANK

macrophage

Of the granulocytes, BLANK cell is a specialized tissue cell that stores (and releases) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine.

mast

A BLANK is a large leukocyte that can develop into a tissue macrophage.

monocyte

Circulating phagocytes that mature into macrophages are called ______.

monocytes

The agranulocytic leukocytes are include two general types, the BLANK and BLANK.

monocytes, lymphocytes

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system. immune gastrointestinal mononuclear phagocyte lymphatic nervous

mononuclear phagocyte

The BLANK BLANK system is a network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body.

mononuclear phagocyte

Which two of the following body compartments must be in communication for effective immune function? mononuclear phagocyte system the blood stream hepatic portal system cerebrospinal fluid

mononuclear phagocyte system the blood stream

BLANK -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, is lymphoid tissue associated with mucus-producing tissue surfaces.

mucosa

Which type of granulocyte actively engulfs and kills bacteria? eosinophil neutrophil basophil mast cell

neutrophil

An elevated number of white blood cells, in particular the BLANK , are a sign of bacterial infection.

neutrophils

In the inflammatory response, BLANK are the first phagocytes to respond to bacteria and other foreign materials

neutrophils

Of the granulocytes, BLANK are short lived phagocytes that actively engulf and kill bacteria.

neutrophils

Hair follicles, skin glands, and unbroken skin are BLANK barriers that protect portals of entry against pathogens invading the body.

physical

BLANK is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.

plasma

The clear portion of blood that does not contain clotting factors is known as BLANK

serum

What term is used to describe the clear fluid derived from clotted blood? buffy coat serum formed elements plasma

serum

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of BLANK muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

The unbroken BLANK is a formidable barrier to the entry of microbes and is classified as a component of the first line of defense.

skin

Which of the following is a first line of defense? Skin Antibodies Phagocytosis Inflammation Complement

skin

Along with MALT tissue, BLANK-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and BLANK-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) also provide defense against microbes.

skin, gut

The BLANK is a lymphoid organ located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

spleen

BLANK cells are pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.

stem

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called _____ cells.

stem

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? Stomach Thymus Spleen

stomach

The BLANK is the site of T-cell maturation and shrinks in size with age.

thymus

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.

unidirectional

The liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.

whole blood

A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies is known as a(n) BLANK lymphocyte.

B

________ cells are white blood cells that give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies. B Mast T Phagocytic NK

B

Lymphocytes include ________ cells. B eosinophil basophil NK T mast

B, T, and NK

________ are motile granulocytes that function in inflammatory events.

Basophils

Which of the following are granulocytic white blood cells? Lymphocytes Basophils Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils

The 3 main types of phagocytes are BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK cells.

Blank 1: neutrophils Blank 2: monocytes Blank 3: macrophages

Which of the following is characteristic of both nonspecific and specific host defenses? -Both involve a leukocyte response -Both depend on barrier protection -Both activate T and B cells

Both involve a leukocyte response

________ are a line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes.

Dendritic cells

Which actions of skin components are important to the removal of microbes from the skin? (select all that apply) Desquamation of hair follicle cells Flushing effect of sweat glands Flushing effect of Pacinian corpuscles Outer layers of skin sloughing off

Desquamation of hair follicle cells Flushing effect of sweat glands Outer layers of skin sloughing off

Of the granulocytes, BLANK are involved in immunologic responses to protozoal and helminth worm infections and inflammatory reactions.

Eosinophils

Which cell type plays only a MINOR role in phagocytosis? Monocytes Eosinophils B cells Basophils T cells

Eosinophils

________ are the granulocytes that are mostly involved in immunologic responses to protozoal and helminth worm infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions.

Eosinophils

True or false: The flow of lymph is bidirectional.

False

True or false: The spleen filters lymph but not blood.

False

True or false: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.

False Reason: Macrophages develop from monocytes.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen? Filter for erythrocytes Filters out microbes for phagocytosis Filter for lymph

Filter for lymph

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma? Formed elements Antibodies Clotting factors Dissolved proteins Dissolved nutrients

Formed elements

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located? Neck Groin Armpit Chest

Groin

What is GALT an acronym for?

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Which of the following are examples of GALT? Epidermis Lacteals Alveoli Peyer's patches Appendix

Lacteals Peyer's patches Appendix

BLANK , more commonly called white blood cells, are primary infection-fighting blood cells.

Leukocytes

Which two of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels are correct? Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the hands and feet. Lymphatic vessels have thin walls. Lymphatic vessels are adapted to high pressure. Lymphatic capillaries are prevalent in the thymus.

Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the hands and feet. Lymphatic vessels have thin walls.

Identify two correct statements regarding lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels have thin walls. Lymphatic capillaries are prevalent in bone. Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the brain and spinal cord. Lymphatic vessels are generally subject to low pressure.

Lymphatic vessels have thin walls. Lymphatic vessels are generally subject to low pressure.

BLANK fluid is a plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, containing large numbers of white blood cells but lacking red blood cells.

Lymphatic, Lymph, or Interstitial

________ are the group of agranulocytic leukocytes that includes B cells, NK cells, and T cells.

Lymphocytes

Which of the following terms is used to describe the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal surfaces in the body? MALT DRACO GALT PAMP

MALT

________ are specialized tissue cells that trigger inflammatory reactions such as allergic symptoms. Mast cells Lymphocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Mast cells

Which of the following is NOT a granulocytic white blood cells? Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Neutrophils

Monocytes

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells? Eosinophils Monocytes Neutrophils Lymphocytes Basophils

Monocytes Lymphocytes

BLANK are granulocytic leukocytes that are the first phagocytes to respond in inflammation.

Neutrophils

________ are the first phagocytes to respond to an inflammatory event and the most common leukocyte.

Neutrophils Eosinophils: are involved in immunologic responses to fungal and helminth worm infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions. Basophils: are motile granulocytic cells that function in inflammatory events and allergies. Mast cells: are non-motile cells that are bound to connective tissue along capillaries. They release mediators such as histamine that trigger local inflammatory reactions and many allergic symptoms. Lymphocytes: are the second most common of the leukocytes and include B cells and T cells.

Which blood cells are elevated in number during bacterial infections?

Neutrophils Reason: Lymphocytes tend to be elevated in viral infections while neutrophils spike in bacterial infections.

Which of the following can remove microbes from the body by shedding or sloughing off? Outer layer of skin Hair follicles Intestinal villi Cells lining the respiratory passages

Outer layer of skin Hair follicles

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical barrier? Earwax Mucous membranes Phagocytes Intact skin

Phagocytes

What is the main role of neutrophils? Phagocytosis Responding to fungal infections Histamine release Antibody production

Phagocytosis

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense? Apoptosis Sneezing Antibodies Phagocytosis Inflammation Antimicrobial products Fever

Phagocytosis Inflammation Antimicrobial products Fever

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect? Sebum, saliva, and tears Tears Tears and saliva Sebum and saliva Sebum and tears Sebum

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which of the following is more often used in immune testing and therapy? Serum Plasma

Serum

Lymph moves only through the contraction of ________ muscles. skeletal cardiac smooth

Skeletal

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs? Spleen Lymph nodes Thymus Pharynx Stomach Brainstem

Spleen Lymph nodes Thymus

The two types of leukocytes with different staining patterns that can be distinguished microscopically are ______. agranulocytes stem cells white blood cells granulocytes B cells

agranulocytes, granulocytes

Nonspecific host defenses include all of the following except ______. physical barriers antibody production chemical barriers

antibody production

Where are axillary lymph nodes located?

armpit

The BLANK lymph nodes are located in the armpits.

axillary

Along with mast cells, BLANK are types of granulocytic leukocytes that mediate function in inflammatory events.

basophils

Which process causes cells to become more specialized over time, through changes in gene expression? apoptosis differentiation activation

differentiation

Activities in which two of the following body compartments must be communicated to the other for effective immune function? thyroid gland extracellular fluid-filled spaces lymphatic system bronchiopulmonary system

extracellular fluid-filled spaces lymphatic system

A BLANK is any type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules.

granulocyte

A type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules is called a(n) ________.. monocyte agranulocyte leukocyte lymphocyte granulocyte

granulocyte

The two types of leukocytes distinguished microscopically by their staining patterns are ______. stem cells and reticular cells granulocytes and agranulocytes red blood cells and white blood cells B cells and T cells

granulocytes and agranulocytes

The acronym GALT stands for BLANK- associated BLANK tissue.

gut, lymphatic

A name for macrophages that migrate to specific tissues and remain resident there is ________. histiocyte astrocytes basophils neutrophils eosinophils

histiocyte

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and differentiate to mature T cells under the influence of ______. hormones interferons lymph B cells

hormones

BLANK BLANK is a liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma.

Whole Blood

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the pharyngeal region, and plays a major role in T-cell maturation? Tonsils Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Thymus

Thymus

True or false: A chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates cell development, inflammation, and immunity is called a cytokine.

True

True or false: Inborn physical barriers or chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

True

True or false: Lymphatic fluid is a plasma-like fluid that moves in and out of tissues, transporting numerous white blood cells but lacking red blood cells.

True

True or false: Sebaceous secretions, saliva, and tears all have antimicrobial properties.

True

Where is the spleen located? Upper left abdomen Lower left abdomen Lower right abdomen

Upper left abdomen

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism? Vomiting Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever

Vomiting Reason: Events of inflammation, including phagocytosis and fever, are second line defenses.

A BLANK is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

A BLANK cell is a large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, thin cell processes.

dendritic

The process by which a change in gene expression causes immature cells to express different cell surface markers and respond to new signals is called BLANK.

differentiation