Microbiology Exam #3

Which groups represent eukaryotic organisms? Check All That Apply Bacteria Algae Protozoa Archaea Helminths Fungi Viruses

- Algae - Protozoa -Helminths -Fungi

The two major parasitic groups of helminths include Check All That Apply the flatworms. the spirochetes. the roundworms. the flagellates. the archaeons

- flatworms -roundworms

Select the statements that are true of inducible operons to test your understanding of the differences between inducible and repressible operons. Check All That Apply Inducible operons often contain genes for enzymes that function in catabolic processes. Inducible operons are usually in the "turned on" state and are 'turned off' when not needed. The inducer is often the product of the enzymes encoded. Inductible operons will be "turned on" in the presence of the substrate and turned off in its absence. The lac operon is an example of an inducible operon.

-Inducible operons often contain genes for enzymes that function in catabolic processes. -?

The NET production of ATP upon the completion of the series of glycolytic reactions is ______ molecule(s) of ATP. 1 2 4 6

2

What is the total ATP yield per glucose in organisms that carry out fermentation? 8 38 1 2

2

ATP yield for fermentation

2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration ATP yield

2-36 ATP

Which of the following DNA sequences is complementary to 5' TAGAC 3'? Multiple Choice 3' TAGAC 5' 3' ATCTG 5' 3' GTCTA 5' 3' CAGAT 5' None of these choices are correct.

3' ATCTG 5'

How much ATP is generated in the electron transport system? 4 10 30 2

30

Aerobic Respiration ATP yield

36-38 ATP

The two 3-carbon molecules which glucose is split into are converted through a series of steps into the final 3-carbon molecule. During these later steps, _____ molecule(s) of ATP are made. 1 2 4 6

4

The trp operon consists of ________ structural genes. Multiple Choice one two three four five

5

Select the statements that accurately reflect codons and their use in translation. Check all that apply. Check All That Apply AUG is a start codon. Codons are bases found on tRNA. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. Codons are recognized by lysosomes. Codons are made up of 6 bases

?

According to Chargaff's rule, which of the following statements regarding the number of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, and G) in the double-stranded DNA is true? Multiple Choice A = T and C = G A + G = C + T A + T = C + G A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T A = T and C = G, A + G = C + T, and A + T = C + G

A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T

DNA replication in bacteria begins at Multiple Choice a single origin and proceeds in one direction. a single origin and proceeds in both directions. two origins and proceeds in both directions. many origins and proceeds in one direction. many origins and proceeds in both directions.

A SINGLE ORIGIN AND PROCEEDS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ______. Multiple Choice A site P site E site either the A or P site either the A or E site

A SITE

rRNA

A and P sites

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation resulting from an insertion or deletion of bases that causes a change in the reading frame of the mRNA

Silent Mutation

A mutation that changes one codon to a different codon that specifies the same amino acid, such that there is no change in the resulting polypeptide

Nonsense Mutation

A mutation which changes a codon that specifies an amino acid to a stop codon, resulting in premature termination of polypeptide synthesis

Missense Mutation

A mutation which results in a change in a codon such that a different amino acid is specified

f the codon GGU is positioned in the A site of the ribosome, which of the following will occur? The mRNA will exit the E site to prepare for another incoming amino acid. A tRNA with the anticodon CCT will add its amino acid to the peptide chain. A tRNA with the anticodon CCA will deliver its amino acid to the site. The ribosomal complex will dissociate and release the peptide chain.

A tRNA with the anticodon CCT will add its amino acid to the peptide chain.

The motile, feeding stage of protozoa is called the ______. Multiple Choice A. trophozoite B.cyst C. sporozoite D. oocyst E. food vacuole

A. trophozoite

Enzymes act as catalysts to lower what aspect of a chemical reaction? Multiple Choice Noncompetitive inhibitor status Activation energy Binding site availability Product concentration

ACTIVATION ENERGY

During the electron transport chain, ATP will be made from ______. ADP + Pi AMP + 2Pi Adenosine + P3 ADP + H2O

ADP+Pi

The three basic catabolic pathways are ______. Check All That Apply aerobic respirationaerobic respiration deaminationdeamination polymerizationpolymerization anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration fermentation

AEROBIC RESPIRATIONS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONS FERMENTATION

Fungi reproduce sexually less frequently than asexually. What might be the reason behind this infrequency of sexual reproduction? Multiple Choice Sexual reproduction requires two genetically different strains of the fungus to come together. Sexual reproduction is more energy-intensive than asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, one parent divides. All statements are true.

ALL

Glycolysis makes products that feed into _____. All of the choices are correct. electron transport Krebs cycle fermentation

ALL

Which of the following occur(s) in both bacteria as well as eukaryotes? Translation DNA replication Transcription All of these choices are correct.

ALL

The property of some metabolic pathways that enables them to serve multiple functions in the breakdown, synthesis, and conversion of metabolites is known as ______. Multiple Choice anabolism amphibolism parabolism catabolism

AMPHIBOLISM

Repressible operons (such as the arg operon) is only turned off when the nutrient is required. are usually in the "on" mode. are turned off by low levels of nutrients. are usually in the "off" mode.

ARE USUALLY IN THE ON MODE

The chemical in which energy is stored in cells is called ______. Multiple Choice AMP cAMP cADP ATP

ATP

The Calvin cycle uses ________, which are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis. Multiple Choice CO2 and H2O RuBP and O2 ADP and NADH ATP and NADPH 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose

ATP and NADPH

What two main types of by-products are produced in fermentation? Oxygen Acids ATP Alcohol

Acids and Alcohol

If an organism lost the ability to make primase, what would it be unable to do? Add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand Add a short sequence of complementary DNA to the existing DNA strand Supercoil DNA after replication is complete Join Okazaki fragments together

Add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand

Regulated Enzymes=

Add more Substrate --> ENZYME IS INDUCED

_______ refers only to energy-requiring processes that result in synthesis of cell molecules and structure. Metabolism Anabolism Anabolism and metabolism Catabolism

Anabolism

Asexual spores Sexual spores Match each of the options above to the items below. a. These are produced by the mitotic division of a single parent cell. b. These are produced by the union of genetic material from two different strains.

Asexual spores: These are produced by the mitotic division of single parent cell. Sexual Spores: These are produced by the union of genetic material from two different strains.

Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> CIf Enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate? Multiple Choice A only B only C only A and B B and C

B only

Electron carriers Multiple Choice transfer lipids. become reduced when they receive electrons. are made up of carbohydrates. are holoenzymes.

BECOME REDUCED WHEN THEY RECIEVE ELECTRONS

Nucleotides are the building blocks of ______. Multiple Choice DNA only RNA only both DNA and RNA Correct neither DNA nor RNA cells

BOTH DNA AND RNA

Which type of microbes were first found to utilize the lac operon in order to conserve energy by only expressing genes when the gene products were needed? Multiple Choice Viruses Bacteria Helminths Protozoans

Bacteria

Caused by Helminths? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY a. Candiasis b. Malaria c. Ascariasis d. River Blindness

C. ascariasis d. river blindness

When an inhibitor mimics the substrate and occupies the active site of the enzyme, this is referred to as ______ inhibition. Multiple Choice competitive noncompetitive reference allosteric

COMPETETIVE

What is a by-product of the Krebs cycle? Oxygen Water FAD Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Select the statement that more accurately reflects the Calvin cycle. Multiple Choice It is the same as glycolysis. It is a series of light-dependent reactions. Carbon fixation is an important step in this cycle. It produces ATP in order to make glucose.

Carbon fixation is an important step in this cycle

_____ are groups of three bases in mRNA that specify one amino acid in the amino acid chain. Triplets Codons Anticodons Genes

Codons

Two or more pathways which merge into one. a. Linear pattern b. Cyclic pattern c. Divergent pattern d. Convergent pattern

Convergent pattern

Which of the following contain a metal ion which can accept and donate electrons? Chelators Fluorochromes Quinolones Cytochromes

Cytochromes

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in bacteria? Mitochondria Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

Cytoplasm

An operon is composed of _____. enzymes protein RNA DNA

DNA

Which of the following best describes transcription? Multiple Choice DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA Correct DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein

DNA --> RNA

The enzyme that travels along the leading strand assembling new nucleotides on a growing new strand of DNA is ______. Multiple Choice DNA polymerase I DNA ligase RNA primase DNA polymerase III helicase

DNA PRIMASE II

Which of the following depicts the direction genetic information flows? RNA → protein → DNA DNA → RNA → protein RNA → DNA → protein Protein → DNA → RNA

DNA → RNA → protein

The genetic material in bacteria is Multiple Choice double-stranded DNA. double-stranded RNA. single-stranded DNA. single-stranded RNA. either double-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNA.

DOUBLE STRANDED DNA

In a helminth life cycle, which host harbors the adult, sexually active stage of the pathogen? Multiple Choice Reproductive host Definitive host Intermediate host Secondary host

Definitive host

A pathway in which there is a branch point from which two separate series of reactions are initiated. a. Linear pattern b. Cyclic pattern c. Divergent pattern d. Convergent pattern

Divergent pattern

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function, where S is "substrate" and E is "enzyme" and P is "product"? Multiple Choice S + P -> E-P -> E + P E + P -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S E + P -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S

E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

In DNA replication, Multiple Choice both strands replicate in the same direction. each strand replicates in a different direction. only one strand of DNA is used as a template. a single strand of DNA is copied to make two single strands of DNA.

EACH STRANDS REPLICATE IN A DIFFERENT DIRECTION

Binding of an activator to the activator binding site on DNA binds DNA, RNA, and ribosomes together. creates a replication fork. enhances the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter site. acts as a primer for RNA synthesis.

ENHANCES THE ABILITY OF RNA POLYMERASE TO BIND TO THE PROMOTER SITE

Where do NADH and FADH2 go after being produced in the Krebs cycle? The Calvin cycle Electron transport chain Substrate-level phosphorylation Fermentation pathways

Electron Transport Chain

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once. True or False

F

Before DNA replication can occur, the OH bonds between the strands must be broken. True or False

F

One DNA strand is used as the template to make two new strands of DNA. Multiple Choice True False

F

The completed polypeptide is released from the tRNA that is in the E site. True or False

F

Anabolic reactions produce ATP to create new molecules. True or False

F * It doesn't produce energy it uses energy

All fungi can form hyphae. True or False

F?

The cell walls of fungi and algae are chemically identical to the bacterial cell wall. True or False

F?

All biochemical pathways have the same number of enzymatic reactions. True or False

FALSE

DNA replication does not require a template. True or False

FALSE

In humans, fungi can only infect the skin. True or False

FALSE

The Gram stain would show red cells in clinical specimens from a patient infected with a protozoan. True False

FALSE

The electron transport chain consists of a series of membrane-bound carriers that shuttle protons and electrons to NADH. True or False

FALSE

There are no algae that can cause human disease. True or False

FALSE

Vegetative hyphae produce spores. True or False

FALSE

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, while the leading strand is synthesized discontinuously. True or False

FALSE THE OPPOSITE LEADING STRAND= CONTINIOUSLY LAGGING STRAND= DISCONTINIOUSLY

The bacterial chromosome is linear. True or FalsE

FALSE?

What means of locomotion is used by Trypanosoma? Pili Pseudopods Cilia Flagella Fimbriae

FLAGELLA

A hydrogen atom consists of a proton and a pair of electrons. Multiple Choice True False

False

An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time. True or False

False

Both DNA and RNA are usually double-stranded molecules. False True

False

Fungi have cell walls made of peptidoglycan. True or False

False

In bacteria and eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria. True False

False

Only yeast are able to carry out fermentation for catabolism. True False

False

The Krebs cycle is part of fermentation, as well as cellular respiration. True False

False

The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time. True False

False

RNA molecules are circular and double-stranded, as compared to the linear single-stranded structure of DNA molecules. True or False

False *usually single stranded?

All fungi cause some kind of disease in plants or animals. True or False

False?

Which structures are used by protozoans for motility? 1. Flagella 2. Cilia 3. Centrioles 4. Pseudopods 5. Fimbriae

Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopods

Which protozoan listed here also uses that same means of locomotion? Toxoplasma Entamoeba Plasmodium Giardia

GIARDIA

In humans, helminths generally infect the ______. Multiple Choice gastrointestinal tract muscular system urinary tract nervous system skin

Gastrointestinal Tract

The enzyme that unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule is ______. Multiple Choice DNA polymerase DNA ligase RNA primase DNA polymerase III helicase

HELICASE

Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of ______. Multiple Choice fungi algae helminths protozoa yeasts

Helminths

A mycelium is an intertwined mass of which type of fungal cells? Multiple Choice Hyphae Endospores Spores Conidia Yeasts

Hyphae

In the absence of tryptophan, the trp repressor is Multiple Choice active and can bind to the operator. active and cannot bind to the operator. inactive and cannot bind to the promoter. inactive and can bind to the operator. inactive and cannot bind to the operator.

INACTIVE AND CANNOT BIND TO THE OPERATOR

When a repressor binds to the operator site on DNA it blocks RNA polymerase and mRNA synthesis. the operator site forms a hairpin loop with the structural locus. it prevents the binding of the substrate to the operator site. it links adjacent thymines and alters DNA folding.

IT BLOCKS RNA POLYMERASE AND MRNA SYNTHESIS

Select the statement that accurately characterizes ATP. Multiple Choice It contains five high-energy bonds. It contains three phosphate molecules. It contains the nitrogen base cytosine. It is generated by a catabolic reaction.

IT CONTAINS 3 PHOSPHATE MOLECULES

Before an activator can bind to DNA, it must be released from the represor part of the operon. the two strands of DNA must separate. it must be cleaved into 2 subunits. it must react with the substrate it regulates.

IT MUST REACT WITH THE SUBSTRATE IT REGULATES

In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in cristae. in the glycocalyx. in the plasma membrane. in mitochondria.

In the plasma membrane

Which statement accurately reflects the Krebs cycle? Multiple Choice It produces 30 ATP per cycle. It occurs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of bacterial cells. It produces 8 reduced coenzymes per glucose molecule.

It produces 8 reduced conenzymes per glucose molecule

Protozoans would likely be ________ bacteria under the brightfield microscope. larger than smaller than the same size as

LARGER THAN

Glycolysis is an example of which metabolic pattern? Multiple Choice Linear Cyclic Branched divergent Branched convergent

Linear

All of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell are collectively referred to as ______. Multiple Choice metabolism amphibolism catabolism anabolism

Metabolism

Filamentous Fungi

Multicellular, cell walls of chitin, absorb nutrients, produce hyphae

The intertwined mass of hyphae that constitutes the body of a mold is a ______. Multiple Choice stem bud mycelium stock rhizoid

Mycelium

Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD? Multiple Choice NAD + H -> NADH NAD+ + H -> NADH NAD+ + H -> NADH2 NADH -> NAD+ + H NADH -> NAD + H

NAD+ + H -> NADH

The two 3-carbon molecules glucose is split into are converted through a series of steps into pyruvate. During these steps ATP is converted into ADP. NADH is converted to NAD+. NAD+ is converted to NADH. acetyl CoA is converted into oxaloacetic acid.

NAD+ is converted to NADH

Select the electron carriers used by cells. Check All That Apply GlucoseGlucose NADNAD FADFAD ATPATP NADPNADP

NAD, FAD, NADP

Hydrogens are transported from other reactions to the electron transport chain by ______. cytochrome c and Coenzyme Q NADH and Coenzyme A NADH and FADH NADH and Coenzyme Q

NADH and FADH

What is oxidized at the beginning of the electron transport system? a.NADH and FADH2 b. Protein in membrane c. Water d. Oxygen e. ATP

NADH and FADH2

When the product of a metabolic pathway accumulates, it may be able to slow down or turn off the pathway by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. This is referred to as ______. Multiple Choice negative feedback competitive inhibition allosteric inhibition

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Which of the following statements about tRNA is true? Multiple Choice No tRNA can recognize a stop codon. Only one tRNA can recognize a stop codon. Some but not all tRNAs can recognize a stop codon. All tRNAs can recognize a stop codon, but they do so rarely. All tRNAs can recognize a stop codon, and they do so all the time.

NO TRNA CAN RECOGNIZE A STOP CODON

Coordinated sets of genes that are regulated as a single unit are referred to as ______. operons transposons exons introns

OPERONS

DNA replication begins at a specific site called the ______. Multiple Choice initiator start codon origin promoter replicator

ORIGIN

During aerobic respiration, the last carrier protein transfers a pair of electrons to ______. Multiple Choice water NADH oxygen coenzyme Q a proton (H+)

OXYGEN

On one of the strands of bacterial DNA, the new complementary strand is synthesized discontinuously into small pieces of DNA called ______. introns Okazaki fragments lagging fragments spliceosomes

Okazaki fragments

The initial transfer RNA occupies the _______ site on the ribosome. E site A site P site

P site

Eating undercooked meat can lead to food-borne disease via helminthic infection. What is the common host for Taenia solium? Multiple Choice Pigs Chickens Geese Cows Ducks

PIGS

Which term most accurately describes a fungus growing on live human skin? Multiple Choice Autotroph Parasite Saprobe Heterotroph

Parasite

What locomotor structures might you see if you were observing a motile protozoan under an electron microscope? Pseudopods Pili Flagella Fiimbriae Cilia

Pesudopods, Flagella, Cilia

Which of the following is NOT a catabolic process? Hydrolysis of ATP Fermentation Glycolysis Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Which pair is mismatched? Multiple Choice Giardia - transmitted by feces in drinking water Histoplasma - causes Ohio Valley fever Plasmodium - causes Chagas disease Trypanosoma - causes African sleeping sickness Trichomonas - sexually transmitted

Plasmodium - causes Chagas disease

A group of protozoa that are not motile are the ______. Multiple Choice ciliates amoebas dimorphics trophozoites Plasmodium sp.

Plasmodium sp.

After returning from a trip to Africa, Tom feels tired and weak and has severe anemia. A blood smear reveals a protozoan in his blood and the health care provider diagnoses malaria. Which of the following could be the causative agent of this disease? Multiple Choice HIV Trichophyton rubrum Plasmodium vivax Taenia solium Giardia lamblia

Plasmodium vivax

What usually terminates the process of translation? Ribosome degradation with use Depleted tRNA supply Presence of a stop codon on mRNA Presence of a repeating mRNA sequence

Presence of a stop codon on mRNA

DNA

Promoter

Cilia are similar in structure to flagella and are commonly found on which microbial cells? Multiple Choice Fungi Protozoans Bacteria Archaea

Protozoans

Amoeba utilize what structures for motility? Multiple Choice Cilia Flagella Pseudopods Axial filaments

Pseudopods

The two 3-carbon molecules that glucose is split into during glycolysis are converted through a series of steps ending in what 3-carbon molecule? Fructose 1.6 diphosphate Acetyl CoA. Pyruvate Citric acid Diphosphglyceric acid

Pyruvate

The protein that promotes translation termination is called ______. Multiple Choice terminator polypeptidase release factor doomsday factor X factor

RELEASE FACTOR

The process of decarboxylation involves _______. adding water removing carbon removing hydrogen removing water

REMOVING CARBON

Parasitic helminths have a highly developed ______ system to enhance host transmission. Multiple Choice reproductive nervous digestive respiratory muscular

REPRODUCTIVE

Which of the following best describes translation? Multiple Choice DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein

RNA --> PROTEIN

Before the lagging strand can begin assembling new DNA nucleotides, which of the following must occur? Multiple Choice DNA polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides. DNA polymerase I removes some material and replaces it with DNA. OH bonds must be broken between the two strands of DNA. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between the 3' OH of the growing strand and the 5' phosphate in front of it. RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer.

RNA PRIMASE CONSTRUCCTS A SHORT RNA PRIMER

Select which of the following represents a proper pairing of a nucleic acid and one of its components. Multiple Choice RNA, uracil DNA, ATP DNA, ribose sugar RNA, deoxyribose sugar

RNA, uracil

DNA Polymerase II

Responsible for adding bases to the new DNA chain and proofreading the newly laid down bases

DNA polymerase I

Responsible for removing the primer, closing gaps in the DNA and repairing mismatched bases

Topiosomerase I and II

Responsible for supercoiling and untangling of DNA

Primase

Responsible for synthesizing an RNA primer

Ligase

Responsible for the final binding of nicks in DNA during replication

Helicase

Responsible for unzipping the DNA helix

The Calvin cycle begins by the attachment of CO2 to which of the following? Multiple Choice RuBP Glucose 3-phosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate None of the choices are correct.

RuBP

In the condition called athlete's foot, the fungus Trichophyton consumes the keratin protein found in hair, nails, and dead skin. Which of the following descriptors does not apply to Trichophyton? Multiple Choice Heterotroph Saprobe Eukaryote Parasite

Saprobe

Most fungi obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals. These fungi are called ______. Multiple Choice saprobes parasites free-living mutualistic antagonists

Saprobes

mRNA

Start Codon

Which part(s) of an operon will eventually be translated to protein? Structural genes Operator Promoter The entire operon

Structural Genes

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme? Multiple Choice Water Product Substrate Any other enzyme None of these choices are correct.

Substrate

A structural gene encodes the information for a specific protein. True or False

T

After DNA replication, two identical DNA molecules are formed. Multiple Choice True False

T

Apoenzymes can be regulated by competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors that bind to the active and regulatory sites respectively T/F

T

Coenzymes and cofactors mediate the function of the apoenzyme often by directly interacting with the fit of the enzyme and its substrate

T

Cofactors and coenzymes participate in reactions catalyed by apoenzymes often by transferring electrons T/F

T

Conjugated enzymes are composed of an apoenzyme along with a cofactor that may be an organic molecule or inorganic element T/F

T

The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its shape and specific function. True or False

T

Which of these are base-paired correctly? T - A G - T C - A C - T

T-A

(electron transport) Oxygen acts as Multiple Choice a carrier of electrons, passing electrons down the chain. a reducing agent. the terminal electron acceptor. a coenzyme.

THE TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

Amphibolic reactions utilize multiple biosynthetic pathways to conserve energy in a cell. True or False

TRUE

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin cycle. True or False

TRUE

Infections caused by fungi are called mycoses. True or False

TRUE

Reproductive hyphae are responsible for producing fungal spores. T or F

TRUE

The sequence of DNA bases ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. True False

TRUE

Translation termination concludes with the dissociation of the two ribosomal subunits and mRNA from each other. True or False

TRUE

What happens when a hairpin loop forms in mRNA? Transcription of the coding strand begins. The RNA polymerase and the mRNA dissociate from the DNA. Transcription of DNA to mRNA begins. Exons are removed from the RNA transcript.

The RNA polymerase and the mRNA dissociate from the DNA

Select which of the following is an accurate statement reflecting the genotype or phenotype of an organism. Multiple Choice An organism's genotype can often be modified by temperature changes. The alleles contained within the cells of an organism comprise its genotype. An organisms's phenotype dictates its genotype. Skin color describes an organism's genotype.`

The alleles contained w/i the cells of an organism comprise it's genotype

How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration? The final electron acceptor The type of ATP produced The reduced coenzymes involved The production of carbon dioxide as a by-product

The final electron acceptor

After mRNA is made, what generally occurs? The mRNA is translated to protein. It is degraded. It is translated to DNA. It is transcribed again.

The mRNA is translated to protein

Which of the following statements about biochemical pathways is TRUE? Multiple Choice They are very well organized and structured. They convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product. They can only function for a few runs. They are very well organized and structured, and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product. They are very well organized and structured. They convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product, and they can only function for a few runs.

They are very well organized and structured, and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product.

Which nitrogenous base is NOT present in RNA? Uracil Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

Thymine

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP in bacteria than anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes. True or False

True

All structural genes in an operon code for proteins related to the same function. True False

True

Bacteria lack membrane-enclosed organelles. True False

True

Electrons enter the electron transport chain when NADH transfers them there along with protons in the form of hydrogen. True or False

True

If you know the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, you can deduce the DNA sequence it was transcribed from. True False

True

In a biochemical pathway, the product of the first reaction becomes the substrate in the second reaction. True or False

True

Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation that makes evolution possible. True or False

True

NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules. True or Fals

True

Plastoquinone is the primary electron acceptor for electrons leaving photosystem II. True or False

True

Regulated Enzyme: The production of these enzymes can be turned on or off as needed T/F

True

Replication, transcription and translation take place in the bacterial cytoplasm. True False

True

Several codons can be translated into the same amino acid, but one particular codon cannot be translated into different amino acids. True False

True

The Calvin cycle functions to construct carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. True or False

True

The energy captured in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP comes from the proton motive force created in respiration. Multiple Choice True False

True

Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded. True False

True

Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced. True or False

True Oxidized= hydrogens removed reduction= hydrogens added

Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. True or False

True?

A protozoan having a flagellum would be classified in the genus ______. Multiple Choice Enterobius Plasmodium Trypanosoma Toxoplasma Entamoeba

Trypansoma

For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many times does the Krebs cycle turn? Two One Six Three

Two

How many net ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? Three Two One Six

Two

If one strand of DNA contains the bases ACAGT, what would be the complementary bases on the mRNA strand? ACAGT UGUCA TGTCA GUGAC

UGUCA

Algae

Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic protists

Yeast

Unicellular, cell walls of chitin

Protozoa

Unicellular, heterotrophic protists

Anabolism

Uses Energy

Protozoan cells do not exhibit ______. Multiple Choice cyst formation ectoplasm and endoplasm a cell wall heterotrophic nutrition motility

a cell wall

A hydrogen atom consists of ______. Multiple Choice protons only electrons only a proton and an electron a proton and several electrons a variable number of protons and electrons

a proton and an electron

In the absence of lactose an activator binds to glucose. a repressor binds to the operator site of the lac operon. an inducer binds to the operator site of the lac operon. an activator binds to the operator site of the lac operon.

a repressor binds to the operator site of the lac operon.

The electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain shuttle electrons to ATP synthase. ribosomes. a terminal acceptor. transmembrane channels.

a terminal acceptor

Select the activities of fungi which are considered beneficial from a human perspective. Check all that apply. a) Produce toxins such as aflatoxin b) Form associations with plant roots to enhance uptake of water and nutrients c) Produce antibiotics d) Conduct fermentation to produce alcohol e) Contribute to allergies f) Contribute to the carbon cycle by decomposing organic matter g) Conduct photosynthesis to restore adequate levels of oxygen to the atmosphere

a) Produce toxins such as aflatoxin b) Form associations with plant roots to enhance uptake of water and nutrients c) Produce antibiotics d) Conduct fermentation to produce alcohol f) Contribute to the carbon cycle by decomposing organic matter g) Conduct photosynthesis to restore adequate levels of oxygen to the atmosphere

Caused by Fungi? CHOOSE ALL a. Candiasis b. Amoebaisis c. Malaria d.ALL e. Histoplasmosis f. Crytococcosis

a. Candiasis e. Histoplamosis f. Crytococcosis

A specimen from a patient suffering diarrhea shows a one-celled organism in the microscope. The organism moves very slowly by protruding its cytoplasm. You would predict that the patient has an infection caused by ______. Multiple Choice a. Entamoeba b. Plasmodium c. Toxoplasma d. Giardia e. Trichomonas

a. Entamoeba

Conidia are a. Free spores not enclosed within a spore-bearing sac b.Reproductive spores produced within sac-like structureReproductive spores produced within sac-like structuress

a. Free spores not enclosed within a spore-bearing sac

A stepwise series of reactions in which the product of each step becomes the substrate for the following step. The reactions can be diagrammed in a straight line. a. Linear pattern b. Cyclic pattern c. Divergent pattern d. Convergent pattern

a. Linear pattern

Which of the following does not pertain to helminths? Multiple Choice a. Members of Kingdom Protista b. Have organ systems c. Eggs and sperm used for reproduction d. Parasitic worms e. Often alternate hosts in complex life cycles

a. Members of Kingdom Protista

Which is not a characteristic of fungi? Multiple Choice a. Photosynthetic b. Include single-cell and filamentous forms c. Presence of cell walls d. Heterotrophic nutrition

a. Photosynthetic

What serves as an electron acceptor in fermentation? a. Pyruvate or other organic molecule b. ATP c. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide

a. Pyruvate or other organic molecules

Noncompetitive Inhibition is a. enzyme regulation due to the binding molecules other than the substrate in the regulatory site b. inhibition of the enzyme activity by supplying a molecule that resembles the enzymes normal substrate

a. enzyme regulation due to the binding molecules other than the substrate in the regulatory site

Mycellium are a. Woven intertwining mass of hyphae b. Oval cells that reproduce by budding c. Long thread-like cells

a. woven intertwining mass of hyphae

Where does carbon dioxide go when it is released during reactions of the Krebs cycle? a. It diffuses out of the cell. b. It donates electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production. c. It enters a fermentation pathway to form ATP. d. It catalyzes a glycolytic reaction.

a.It diffuses out of the cell

Proton pumps are an example of _____ transport. osmotic passive active translocation

active

constitutive enzymes=

add more substrates --> no change amount to substrates

The energy released during the reactions of glycolysis is used to form ______. adenosine triphosphate glycerol glycogen guanine triphosphate

adenosine triphosphate

The electron transport chain is part of ______. pyruvate oxidation aerobic respiration glycolysis fermentation

aerobic respiration

Although both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration utilize glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system, ______ respiration uses O2 as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport system, whereas ______ respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than O2 as the final electron acceptor. Multiple Choice aerobic; anaerobic anaerobic; aerobic fermentative; aerobic aerobic; fermentative

aerobic, anaerobic

Protists include ______. Multiple Choice helminths algae and protozoa viruses bacteria yeasts and molds

algae and protozoa

Reactions that use energy and synthesize building blocks into macromolecules are part of _______, whereas ______ refers to cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy. Multiple Choice A. anabolism; catabolism B. anabolism; amphibolism C. amphibolism; catabolism D. catabolism; anabolism

anabolism; catabolism

The two strands of the DNA molecule are ______. antiparallel parallel alternating palindromic identical

antiparallel

Conjugated enzymes consist of a protein ______ and a nonprotein _____. Multiple Choice noncompetitive inhibitor; apoenzyme apoenzyme; cofactor substrate; enzyme apoenzyme; product

apoenzyme; cofactor

(electron transport) Protons received from NADH Multiple Choice act as coenzymes. are passed along the electron transport chain along with the electrons. are the terminal electron acceptors. are pumped outside the cell.

are pumped outside the cell

Fungal asexual spores Multiple Choice cannot be seen using a light microscope. produce offspring with different combinations of genes from the parent. are the products of meiotic division by a single parent cell. are produced when nutrients are limiting. are used to identify fungi.

are used to identify fungi.

Choose the phrase that best describes photosynthesis. Multiple Choice a. A process which occurs in plants and converts solar energy to sugars b. A process which harvests light energy and converts it to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) that is then used to "fix" or transform CO2 into organic compounds such as sugars c. A process which uses light energy to fuel anabolic reactions such as the assembly of large polysaccharides d. A process which harvests light energy and converts it to chemical energy, which is used to split glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

b. A process which harvests light energy and converts it to chemical energy(ATP and NADPH) that is then used to "fix" or transform CO2 into organic compounds such as sugar

Which of the following statements is correct? Multiple Choice a. All heterotrophs are fungi, and include both parasites and saprobes. b.All fungi, whether parasite or saprobe, are heterotrophs. c.All saprobes are heterotrophic, but only some are parasitic. d.All heterotrophs are parasites, but only some are saprobes.

b. All fungi, whether parasite or saprobe are heterotrophs

A stepwise series of reactions in which the starting molecule is actually regenerated and able to initiate another turn of the cycle. A diagram of the reaction would show a circle. a. Linear pattern b. Cyclic pattern c. Divergent pattern d. Convergent pattern

b. Cyclic pattern

Larval development of helminths occurs in which host? Multiple Choice a. Primary host b. Intermediate host c. Definitive host d. Transport host e. Larval development takes place in all hosts.

b. Intermediate host

Yeast are a. Woven intertwining mass of hyphae b. Oval cells that reproduce by budding c. Long thread-like cells

b. Oval cells that reproduce by budding

What is reduced at the end of the electron transport system? a. NADH and FADH2 b. Oxygen c. ATP d. Protein in membrane e. Water

b. Oxygen

Sporangiospores are a. Free spores not enclosed within a spore-bearing sac b.Reproductive spores produced within sac-like structureReproductive spores produced within sac-like structuress

b. Reproductive spores produced within sac-like structures

When protons are pumped outside the cell membrane, Multiple Choice A. water is made. B. a proton motive force is created. C. NADH gets reduced. D. electrons are lost.

b. a proton motive force is created

A saprobe differs from a parasite in that Multiple Choice a. a saprobe has the ability to undergo meiosis to produce sexual spores, but a parasite can only perform mitosis to produce asexual spores. b. a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals. c. a saprobe has a pseudohyphae morphology, but a parasite has true hyphae. d. a saprobe is a fungus, but a parasite is a protozoan.

b. a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.

Protozoan cysts are Multiple Choice a. are produced by binary fission. b. analogous to bacterial endospores. c. necessary for transmission to a new host. d. part of all protozoan life cycles. e. the primary form of replication.

b. analogous to bacterial endospores

The NADH involved in the electron transport chain is made a. by decarboxylation reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. b. by redox reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. c. by reduction reactions in the Krebs cycle only. d. by oxidation reactions in the Krebs cycle only.

b. by redox reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Competitive inhibition is a. enzyme regulation due to the binding molecules other than the substrate in the regulatory site b. inhibition of the enzyme activity by supplying a molecule that resembles the enzymes normal substrate

b. inhibition of the enzyme activity by supplying a molecule that resembles the enzymes normal substrate

The function of the enzyme ATP synthase is to Multiple Choice a. accept a proton from inside the cell membrane as it accepts electrons. b. utilize the energy of the proton motive force to convert ADP to ATP. c. produce reduced coenzymes like NADH. d. transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain. e. shuttle electrons from NADH to a terminal electron acceptor.

b. utilize the energy of the proton motive force to convert ADP to ATP

Cotranscriptional translation occurs in ______. Multiple Choice fungi helminths bacteria protozoans

bacteria

Early in glycolysis, two phosphates are added to the glucose molecule. These phosphates come from conversion of NADH. breaking down ATP. Hydrolysis of KH2PO4. transfer from phospholipids.

breaking down ATP

Adulthood and mating of helminths occur in which host? Multiple Choice a. Primary host b. Secondary host c. Definitive host d. Transport host e. Mating occurs in all hosts.

c. Definitive Host

Which of the following represents a correct sequence during photosynthesis? Multiple Choice a. Photosystem I - ATP production - Photosystem II - NADPH production b. Photosystem I - NADPH production - Photosystem II - ATP production c. Photosystem II - ATP production - Photosystem I - NADPH production d. Photosystem II - NADPH production - Photosystem I - ATP production e. Photosystem I - Photosystem II - ATP production - NADPH production

c. Photosystem II - ATP production - Photosystem I - NADPH production

Select that statement that best describes the role of protozoan cysts. Multiple Choice a. Protozoan cysts are the active, growing stage of the organism. b. Protozoan cysts are a reproductive stage. c. Protozoan cysts are a survival form which allows them to survive adverse environmental conditions between hosts. d. Protozoan cysts are necessary for the infection of intermediate hosts while the trophozoites are the stage that infects definitive hosts.

c. Protozoan cysts are survival form which allows them to survive adverse environmental conditions between hosts.

Choose the statement that most accurately states the significance of the electron transport system. Multiple Choice a. The electron transport system is instrumental in the creation of an electrochemical gradient of electrons across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). The electron gradient drives the phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase enzyme. b. The role of the electron transport system is to dispose of electrons that were removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by using these electrons to make water. c.The electron transport system transforms the energy of electrons into the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient) across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). This proton gradient provides the energy used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. d. The movement of electrons from one carrier to the next provides the energy necessary to split glucose.

c. The electron transport system transforms the energy of electrons into the potential energy of a electrochemical gradient(proton gradient) across the cell membrane (bacteria) or inner mitochondrial membrane(eukaryotes). This proton gradient provides the energy used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP

The energy for the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain is provided by _____. a. water b. an electron gradient c. a proton gradient d. oxygen molecules

c. a proton gradient

Hyphae are a. Woven intertwining mass of hyphae b. Oval cells that reproduce by budding c. Long thread-like cells

c. long thread like cells

You are attempting to identify the type of helminth that has been isolated from a patient stool sample. The most important consideration to make this distinction is to Multiple Choice a. examine the sample to see if microscopic eggs are present. b. determine if the cells are eukaryotic or bacterial by looking for nuclei. c. look at the gross anatomy to determine if the body is segmented or not. d. ask the patient about recent food and water consumption.

c. look at the gross anatomy to determine if the body is segmented or not.

A protozoan cyst differs from a helminth egg in that Multiple Choice a. a cyst is metabolically active, but an egg is not. b. the chromosome is free in the cytoplasm of a cyst, but enclosed in a nucleus in an egg. c. the cyst can germinate to form the organism but the egg must be fertilized. d. cysts have a uniform structure, but eggs have a wide variety of morphologies.

c. the cyst can germinate to form the organism but the egg must be fertilized.

What is the main purpose for fermentation reactions? a. Create alcohol as a nutrient for further processing b. Produce carbon dioxide c. Regenerate NAD molecules for glycolysis d. Produce more ATP per glucose than glycolysis alone

c.Regenerate NAD molecules for glycolysis

DNA polymerase unwinds the helix and separates the two strands. can only add nucleotides in a certain direction. 'stitches' the Okazaki fragments together. synthesizes both new strands continuously.

can only add nucleotides in a certain direction

In contrast to bacterial cell walls that contain peptidoglycan, eukaryotic cell walls are constructed of either ________. Multiple Choice chitin or cellulose amino acids or glycogen ribonucleic acids or proteins lipids or sucrose

chitin or cellulose

The specific sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the ______ whereas the complementary sequence of 3 bases in tRNA that bind to the mRNA is known as the _______. Multiple Choice codon, anticodon gene, locus 5' cap, 3' poly A tail primer, telomere

codon; anticodon

During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) ______. Multiple Choice cyst endospore trophozoite sporozoa seed

cyst

When environmental conditions become unfavorable, many protozoa produce _____. Multiple Choice endospores eggs cysts spores

cysts

In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the ____. endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane cytoplasm mitochondria

cytoplasm

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

cytoplasmic or inner mitochondrial membranes

Choose the phrase that best describes glycolysis. Multiple Choice a. A series of redox reactions used to generate ATP using energy harvested from the transport of electrons from NADH and FADH2 b. A cyclic series of redox reactions which process pyruvic acid and release CO2 and generate ATP and NADH c. The series of catabolic reactions which break down pyruvate to form acetyl CoA and CO2 d.A 9-step pathway resulting in the enzymatic splitting and oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2 ATP

d. A 9 step pathwa resulting in the enzymatic splitting and oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2 ATP

Caused by Protozoa? a. Amoebaisis b. Giardiasis c. Malaria d. ALL

d. ALL

During glycolysis, ______ is oxidized and ______ is reduced. a. NAD+, glucose b. ATP; glucose c. Glucose; pyruvate d. Glucose; NAD+

d. Glucose; NAD+

Which of these represents a proton? a. Carbon atom b. Oxygen ion c. Cytochrome d. Hydrogen ion

d. Hydrogen Ion

Where do the electrons for the electron transport system come from? a. Water b. Oxygen c. Pyruvate d. Reduced coenzymes

d. Reduced Conenzymes

Choose the statement that best describes the role of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. Multiple Choice a. The Calvin cycle splits water and releases the electrons that are used to reduce CO2. b. The Calvin cycle is a light-capturing series of reactions that convert light energy to chemical energy. c. The Calvin cycle is synonymous with the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. d. The Calvin cycle is the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis, the set of reactions that actually convert CO2 to organic carbon compounds.

d. The Calvin Cycle is the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis, the set of reactions that actually convert CO2 to organic carbon compounds

Choose the statement that most accurately describes a typical helminth lifestyle. Multiple Choice a. The helminth reproduces asexually and is facultatively parasitic, which means it can live independently or can live parasitically within a host. b. The helminth reproduces sexually and alternates between free living and parasitic stages of its life cycle. c. The helminth reproduces asexually in its definitive host and sexually in its intermediate host. d. The helminth reproduces sexually and spends most of its life in either a single animal host or a series of animal hosts.

d. The helminth reproduces sexually and spends most of its life in either a single animal host or a series of animal hosts.

Choose the statement that best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Multiple Choice a. The light dependent reactions fuel photosynthesis in the light and the light independent reactions take over and fuel photosynthesis in the dark. b. The light independent reactions can only occur in the absence of light whereas the light dependent reactions can occur in the presence or absence of light. c. The light independent reactions provide the CO2 and H2O that are necessary for the light dependent reactions. d. The light dependent reactions provide the ATP and NADPH that are necessary for the light independent reactions.

d. The light dependent reactions provide the ATP and NADPH that are necessary for the light independent reactions

Select the most accurate statement reflecting the process of transcription. Multiple Choice a. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of both bacterial and eukaryotic cell types. b. A new RNA molecule is transcribed from a DNA template in a 3' to 5' direction. c. AUG is the start codon for transcription. d. Transcription relies upon the action of RNA polymerase.

d. Transcription relies upon the actions of RNA polymerase

The final acceptor for electrons and hydrogens in aerobic respiration is ______. a. SO42- b. pyruvic acid c. organic compounds d. free oxygen e. H2O

d. free oxygen

Select the statement that accurately reflects fermentation. Multiple Choice a.It can only produce alcohol as a by-product. b.It rarely produces gas as a by-product. c.It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration. d. It results in the incomplete oxidation of glucose.

d. it results in incomplete oxidation of glucose

The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions within a cell is ______. Multiple Choice a. catabolism b. redox reactions c. phosphorylation d. metabolism e. cellular respiration

d. metabolism

Coenzyme Q a. transfers protons from outside the membrane to inside the membrane. b. removes protons from water. c. is the last step in the electron transport chain. d. transfers protons from inside the membrane to outside the membrane.

d. transfers protons from inside the membrane to outside the membrane

Fungi that grow as yeasts at one temperature but as molds at another temperature are called ______. Multiple Choice saprobes pseudohyphae parasites dimorphic spores

dimorphic

All of the following are helminths except ______. Multiple Choice a. flukes b. pinworms c. roundworms d. tapeworms e. trypanosomes

e. Trypansosomes

Semiconservative replication of DNA means Multiple Choice only one strand is used as a template. a double-stranded DNA is split into two single-stranded DNAs. only half the genes are copied into the new cells. each DNA made contains one old strand and one new strand of DNA.

each DNA made contains one old strand and one new strand of DNA.

One bacterial chromosome replicates to become two chromosomes with each made of alternating 1000 bp stretches of original and newly synthesized DNA. each made of one strand of DNA from the original chromosome and one newly synthesized strand. each made entirely of newly synthesized DNA after the original is enzymatically degraded. one of which contains the two original strands of DNA and one of which is made entirely of newly synthesized DNA.

each made of one strand of DNA from the original chromosome and one newly synthesized strand.

One advantage of having genetic control mechanisms is too many sections of the DNA molecule are not used at the same time. enzymes are only produced when they are needed. the chance of mutations during RNA synthesis is reduced. free nucleotides are not used up too rapidly.

enzymes are only produced when they are needed.

Exoenzymes are

enzymes that are secreted and function outside a cell

Endoenzymes are

enzymes that function in a cell

Constitutive enzymes are

enzymes which are always present in a cell in relativley constant amounts

Penicillinase, cellulase, and amylase are examples of ______. Multiple Choice apoenzymes exoenzymes endoenzymes holoenzymes

exoenzymes

Photosynthetic pigments are clustered together to form photosystems in the stroma of the chloroplast.

fALSE

The electron transport system is located within the mitochondrial cristae of bacteria and serves to convert electron energy into ATP. True or False

fALSE

In the presence of tryptophan, transcription of the trp operon is on. True or False

false

The newly-synthesized strand of DNA has exactly the same base sequence as that of its template strand. True or False

false

The high-energy electrons of photosystem I are directly passed on to ______. Multiple Choice ferrodoxin plastoquinone plastocyanin ATP synthase NADP reductase

ferrodoxin

The two major types of helminths based on body type are the _____, which include the tapeworms, and the _____, which are also known as nematodes. Multiple Choice flatworms; roundworms flatworms; flagellates roundworms; flatworms roundworms; spirochetes

flatworms; roundworms

Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of ______. Multiple Choice algae helminths protozoa bacteria fungi

fungi

In producing beer and wine, humans have exploited the microbial ability to ferment sugar to alcohol. The microbes responsible for this process are ______. Multiple Choice algae fungi bacteria protozoans

fungi

You are observing an organism under the microscope and you note that it has a cell wall, no chloroplasts, and a nucleus. Your prediction would be that this organism is a(n) ______. Multiple Choice fungus virus alga bacterium

fungus

A segment of DNA encoding a protein or an RNA molecule is a ________. chromosome genotype gene phenotype

gene

A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule is a _______. Multiple Choice gene Z band chromosome VNTR

gene

Chemiosmosis

generation of concentration gradient of protons by electron transport chain

The sum total of the genetic material of a cell is its ______. Multiple Choice genes proteome transcriptome

genome

The new field of science aimed at the study of whole genomes is called ______. Multiple Choice nutrigenomics proteomics genomics pharmacogenomics

genomics

The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its ________ whereas the observable traits due to gene expression are referred to as its __________. Multiple Choice phenotype, genotype haplotype, phenotype genotype, phenotype genotype, proteotype

genotype, phenotype

Glycolysis is the breakdown of ______. glucose fatty acids starch glycogen

glucose

The Krebs cycle occurs after _______. the electron transport chain the Calvin cycle fermentation glycolysis

glycolysis

Early in the process of DNA replication, the enzyme ______ separates the two strands. replicase endonuclease primase helicase

helicase

You are observing an organism under the microscope, and it is clearly multicellular with no cell walls. Your prediction is that this organism is a(n) ______. Multiple Choice alga bacterium helminth fungus protozoan

helminths

Protozoa are classified into four groups based on ______. Multiple Choice the resistance properties of their cysts how they move their pathogenicity their required nutrients

how they move

The two strands of DNA are joined to each other or held together by ______. covalent bonding hydrophilic interaction Van der Walls forces hydrogen bonding

hydrogen bonding

The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called ______. Multiple Choice septa asci conidiophores pseudohyphae hyphae

hyphae

In the life cycle of the pinworm Enterobius, a common pediatric infection, the child carries the adult worm in his/her intestine. The adult worm releases eggs, which are transmitted out of the body in the feces. The child will scratch the itching anal region, picking up the worm eggs and re-inserting them into his/her mouth. For this helminth life cycle, the human is the ______ host. Multiple Choice intermediate definitive primary intermediate and definitive

iNTERMEDIATE AND DEFINITIVE

Synthesis of mRNA is in the 3' to 5' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. in the 3' to 5' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule. in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule.

in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.

The electron transport chain in bacteria is located Multiple Choice in the cytoplasm. in the mitochondria. in the cell wall. in the cell membrane. in the plasmid.

in the cell membrane

When a bacterium is grown on glucose only it can only synthesize carbohydrates and must make proteins via catabolism. it will be unable to synthesize lipids. it must synthesize about half of the amino acids it needs. it must synthesize all the amino acids it needs. I

it must synthesize all the amino acids it needs.

In an inducible operon, when a substrate or inducer is present it reacts with the repressor and activates it. it reacts with the repressor and inactivates it. it reacts with the operator and inactivates it. it reacts with the operator and activates it.

it reacts with the repressor and inactivates it.

After glycolysis, pyruvate can be converted into ______ under anaerobic conditions. malic acid lactic acid cytochrome c acetone

lactic acid

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is synthesized continuously while the _______ strand is synthesized in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments. Multiple Choice parallel, antiparallel leading, lagging forward, backward 5', 3'

leading, lagging

In the first step of lipid catabolism, ______ break the bonds joining the fatty acids to the glycerol. The fatty acids are then converted to a number of acetyl CoA molecules in a process known as beta oxidation. Multiple Choice lipases transferases amylases beta-oxidases

lipases

What are the 3 types of RNA are involved in translation?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Unicellular, heterotrophic protists

multicellular animals

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence is a ______, Multiple Choice methylation mutation primer catalyst

mutation

The letters of an mRNA codon are based on the ______ in the nucleotides of the transcript. deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous bases hydrogen bonding phosphate position

nitrogenous bases

RNA is a chain of ______. proteins monosaccharides nucleotides amino acids

nucleotides

If lactose is present, the operator of the lac operon is switched ____; therefore, this is an example of a(n) ______ operon. off; repressible on; repressible off; inducible on; inducible

on; inducible

Glycolysis starts with _____ and ends with _____. a. one glucose; four ATP molecules b. two glucose; one pyruvate molecule c. one glucose; two pyruvate molecules d. one glucose; one pyruvate molecule

one glucose; two pyruvate molecules

Hydrogen consists of ______. two protons and one electron one proton and two electrons two protons and two electrons one proton and one electron

one proton and one elctron

Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> CEnzyme 1 can utilize Multiple Choice only A as substrate. only B as substrate. both A and B as substrates. neither A nor B as substrate. either A or B as substrate, but not both. Next Visit question mapQuestion 49 linked to 50 51 and 52 of 99 Total49 50 51 52 of 99

only A as a substrate

A(n) _____ is a group of bacterial genes in a linear arrangement that will be transcribed together. Multiple Choice variable region centromere repressor operon

operon

What component of RNA is different from one individual (or one bacterium) to the next? Order of nitrogenous bases Number of phosphates Bond between phosphate and sugar Type of pentose sugar

order of nitrogenous bases

Saprobe

organism that obtains food from decaying organic matter

The specific point on the DNA molecule where replication begins is the ______. R factor poly-A tail hinge region origin of replication

origin of replication

The energy released during the reactions of glycolysis is released by ______ reactions. reduction dehydration oxidation hydrolysis

oxidation

Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose. Multiple Choice reducing oxidizing redoxing anabolizing phosphorylatingf

oxidizing

Enzymes that have coenzyme carriers and are critical to redox reactions are called ______. Multiple Choice transferases oxidoreductases phosphorylases kinases

oxioreductases

The bond connecting amino acids is a _______ bond. glycosidic hydrogen peptide ionic

peptide

A _______ is the physical expression of the genes present and can change depending upon what genes are turned "on". plasmid genotype chromosome phenotype

phenotype

The three basic parts of a nucleotide are ______. carboxyl group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base. phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, glycerol. phosphate, hexose sugar, nitrogenous base. phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base.

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base.

What three components make up RNA structure? Adenosine, two phosphates Amino acid, phosphate, nitrogenous base Phosphate, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar Phosphate, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar

phosphate, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar

The electrons excited by sunlight are replaced by electrons from _______ in photosystem I, and by electrons from ________ in photosystem II. Multiple Choice water; photosystem I water; carbon dioxide water; water photosystem II; photosystem I photosystem II; water

photosystem II; water

The main purpose of cellular respiration is to _____. produce energy produce water produce carbon dioxide produce glucose

produce energy

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the _______. promoter on DNA terminator on DNA initiator on DNA promoter on RNA

promoter on DNA

Enzymes are ______. Multiple Choice lipids proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids steroids

proteins

In the electron transport reaction, ATP synthase uses energy from ______ to make ATP. protons passed from cytochromes electrons passed from cytochromes protons stripped from water protons re-entering the cell

protons reentering the cell

Cell walls are not typically possessed by ______. Multiple Choice fungi algae bacteria protozoa

protozoa

Cilia are exhibited by certain ______. Multiple Choice protozoa fungi algae bacteria viruses

protozoa

When fungal buds remain attached in a row following cell division, the resulting chains of yeast cells are called ______. Multiple Choice molds septa mycelia pseudohyphae dimorphic

pseudohyphae

DNA polymerase fills in gaps in DNA. can work with both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA. can add nucleotides in two different directions. requires a template for the synthesis of DNA.

requires a template for the synthesis of DNA

Protein synthesis occurs on ______. ribosomes nuclear membrane cell membrane mitochondria

ribosomes

The two major groups of helminths are the ______ and the ______. Multiple Choice tapeworms; flukes cestodes; trematodes roundworms; flatworms roundworms; pinworms

roundworms; flatwoms

DNA replication is described as ______. Multiple Choice disruptive dispersive conservative semiconservative

semiconservative

. During the electron transport chain in bacteria, protons are carried along the transport chain. shuttled to the outside of the cell membrane. shuttled to the inside of the membrane. are shuttled to the inner space of the mitochondria. attached to molecules in the glycocalyx.

shuttled to the outside of the cell membrane

The property of wobble means that ______ mutations result if changes occur in _____ position of some codons. frameshift; any missense; the third silent; any silent; the third missense; any

silent; the third

The Calvin cycle takes place in the ________ of chloroplasts. Multiple Choice matrix stroma thylakoid membrane inner membrane outer membrane

stroma

Select the type of RNA molecule that is associated with an amino acid, which is used to build a polypeptide chain during translation. Multiple Choice tRNA rRNA microRNA mRNA

tRNA

The DNA replication machinery is assembled at the replication fork. True or False

tRUE

In some degradative pathways, in the absence of an inducer (e.g.: arabinose) the activator protein can't bind to DNA, and RNA polymerase can't bind to the operator site. will block the formation of polyribosome complexes. the activator protein can't bind to DNA, and RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter site. the activator protein can't compete with the repressor for binding to the operator site.

the activator protein can't bind to DNA, and RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter site.

Amoebic dysentery is most commonly contracted through Multiple Choice direct transmission from one host to another. contaminated blood products. puncture wounds. insect bites. the fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water.

the fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water.

When an amino acid such as arginine binds to a repressor the repressor binds to an allosteric site on an activator. the repressor binds to the operator site on the DNA. the repressor detaches from the operator site. the repressor binds to the small ribosomal subunit.

the repressor binds to the operator site on the DNA.

Two different mechanisms for copying the DNA strands are used because the strands are oriented in opposite directions. repressor proteins bind to one strand. of changing levels of free nucleotides during the process. purines and pyrimadines require different enzymes.

the strands are oriented in opposite directions

The process of transcription is similar to translation. the synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication. the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication. binary fission in prokaryotes.

the synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication

Cells prefer to use carbohydrates as energy sources because they contain the greatest amount of energy per unit. the waste products of their breakdown are non-toxic. their internal bonds are so easy to cleave. they are such good donors of hydrogen and electrons.

they are such good donors of hydrogen and electrons

For one turn of the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are produced? Three Six Depends on if the process is aerobic or anaerobic Two

three

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is _______. transcription replication conjugation translation

transcription

n the presence of tryptophan, tryptophan binds to the ______. Multiple Choice operator promoter RNA polymerase trp genes trp repressor

trp repressor

an operon is a group of genes that is under the control of a singe operator site. True or False

true

The last carrier protein in the electron transport chain transfers two electrons to oxygen. two protons to Coenzyme Q. two electrons outside the cell. two electrons to ATP synthase.

two electrons to oxygen

Vegetative hyphae are responsible for __________as well as __________ and __________ of nutrients.

visible growth; absorption and digestion

A mechanism that blocks transcription blocks passage of mRNA out of the nucleus. will block ribosomes from producing protein. will block mRNA from binding to ribosomes. will block the production of mRNA.

will block the production of mRNA.

Catabolism

yields energy