Module 5 driving

possible exiting problems

"Weave" lane conflicts - A "weave" lane is both an entrance and an exit for an expressway. Traffic may come onto and leave the expressway at the same location. This causes conflicts for both drivers using a "weave" lane. It also causes conflicts for drivers on the expressway and on the entrance ramp in terms of speed and space adjustments. The driver entering from the entrance ramp shall yield the right-of-way to the driver leaving the expressway. • There may be a stop light or stop sign at the end of the exit ramp or traffic on the exit ramp may be stopped. • Short deceleration lane prior to sharp curve • Very slow ramp speed

approaching work zones

1. reduce speed 2. pay attention to signs and maintain in appropriate lane

4 seconds between cars

46-70 miles per hour

shared left turn lane

Drivers traveling in either direction may use this lane for making left turns. Drivers may not travel further than 150 feet in this shared lane. Driver may use the shared left turn lane to enter a street from a driveway.

special expressway conditions (with disabled XD)

Expressways Through Cities The volume of traffic may increase dramatically; speeds may slow to a crawl. Drive in the left or center lane to avoid merge conflicts in rush hour. Search for exits early and adjust position for exit. Disabled Vehicles When seeing a disabled vehicle ahead, reduce speed and increase the space between your vehicle and the disabled vehicle. This may involve changing lanes. Be alert for pedestrians, tow trucks, and/or police vehicles.

right lane

Heavier and slower vehicles Vehicles entering the expressway Vehicles getting ready to exit

passing and being passed

Passing other vehicles and being passed often occurs on high-speed roadways. The intermix of traffic flow, interchanges, and traffic volume creates passing situations that raise the risk and provide sudden changes that add to the complex nature of multi-lane driving. Depending on the roadway, lane position, and speed, the driver may encounter passing activities on both sides of the vehicle. The BGE setting of the mirrors allows the driver to recognize movement from the rear and to the sides more effectively.

driving through curves

Searching as far ahead as possible and identifying the existence of a curve provides more time to evaluate and control the level of risk. • Does the roadway curve to the left or right? • Can the exit of the curve be seen ahead? • What is the sharpness of the curve? • What is the lane width, shoulder conditions, posted speed, or traffic volume? • Is the curve on grade, up or down hill? • Is the field of view restricted? • Can an apex point for exiting the curve be determined? Answering these questions and checking traffic to the rear better enables a driver to determine the best speed and lane position for negotiating a curve.

expressway considerations

Some entrance ramps enter from the left instead of from the right. This means that traffic is entering the far-left lane, usually reserved for higher speed traffic. Therefore, the potential for vehicle merging problems is much greater. When entering the expressway from the left, the search pattern is also different, and is directed to the right and over the right shoulder instead of the left of the shoulder. Also, additional lane changes to the right may be necessary once on the expressway if your desired speed is less than traffic traveling in the left lane of the expressway. Lane choice on the expressway is dependent upon several factors: the volume of traffic, type of traffic, speed, and the planned exit.

Central vision

Used to judge depth and position, it is measured by testing object identification and depth perception fields. It is used for determining standard visual references in driving, relative position in space and time, and movement into space/time.

warning signs

yellow/black or orange/black depending on the area of warning.

targeting

maintaining vehicle position by selecting a visual target well ahead of the vehicle

green arrow over a lane

means that the lane is open for travel.

red x over a lane

means travel in that lane is closed or prohibited.

interstate sign

shaped like a shield and is red, white, and blue in color.

stationary work zones

they have easily definable boundaries, can include highway widening projects, bridge maintenance work, or surveying for future highway improvements.

ramp metering

• Controls traffic volume with a system of lights and sensors. • Allows only one car at a time to enter roadway. • Spaces and controls number of cars entering a limited access highway.

transition area

Road markings indicate traffic detours and provide direction for required maneuvers. Pay close attention to road maneuvers. Pay close attention to road markings, barrels, or cones and make smooth maneuvers for lane and speed adjustments

Flaggers

Flaggers are construction workers who normally wear orange or yellow vests, or yellow-green shirts or jackets. They use STOP/SLOW paddles and red flags to direct traffic through the work zone and to let other workers or construction vehicles cross the road.

frequently turns are allowed from more than one lane

It is important to remember that regardless of the number of lanes from which turns can be made, the driver maintains lane position throughout the turn. Also, it is important to check traffic in the other turn lane(s) to be sure other drivers are not crossing into the lane you are entering.

2 seconds between cars

Under 35 miles per hour

path of travel

combination of targeting area, line of sight, standard visual references, and guided experiences. learning about path of travel and alternate paths of travel is critical for driver performance

mobile work zones

those in which maintenance vehicles are being operated at a slow speed, for such work as mowing grass, picking up litter, plowing snow, striping pavement, etc. Since these vehicles move at a slower speed than most other traffic, and since your vision may be restricted, extreme caution should be observed.

trumpet interchange- the only asymmetrical one :/

trumpet interchange is used when an intersecting side road forms a T intersection with the expressway Allows for interchange of secondary two-way streets to a multiple lane roadway with minimal traffic mix. The major function of a trumpet intersection is to replace the T-intersection at the junction of two roadways. These intersections are often found when interstate feeder roads stop at the interstate roadway or loop. For example, Interstate 64 may stop at Interstate 295, since Interstate 64 would direct drivers from a major city to the Interstate Loop (295) or the Interstate (95).

steps to changing lanes video

1- check your inside and side mirrors 2- give a left signal (why? rm) 3- check your left shoulder 4- check your inside mirror again 5- get into the appropriate lane when safe to do so 6- do not change lanes when it is not legal to do so

entering an expressway

Before entering the expressway, search guide signs for the correct route number and direction or destination. If entering what is believed to be an entrance ramp and it is marked with "DO NOT ENTER" or "WRONG WAY" signs that are red and white in color, immediately pull over to the edge, turn around, and get off the ramp.

long trips on expressways

Conduct thorough maintenance check of vehicle. Ensure balanced vehicle loading and that items will not pose a hazard during sudden braking maneuvers. Plan stops for food, rest, and fuel. Know the route and the exit numbers. Check with police or VDOT for construction delays (information is posted on VDOT's website). Carry money or credit cards for emergencies. Take a map of planned route. There are also many websites on the internet such as www.mapquest.com that will plan your route for you. It will even allow you to enter rest stops and gives you the option of avoiding toll facilities. You can enter the starting and ending location and the program will plan the route for you. It will tell you the exact distance and travel time. Of course, many of today's modern cars are also equipped with navigation systems which will give you step-by-step directions. You can also purchase a mobile navigation system that you can move from car to car, or sometimes your cell phone has navigational tools. There are many ways to navigate our roads today without ever pulling open a paper map. Plan to avoid congestion in cities. Carry a cell phone for emergencies. Monitor local radio stations for traffic crashes. Get travel advice from AAA or the internet.

work area

Cones, barrels, and concrete barriers provide some protection for highway workers, equipment, and the passing motorists. You will need to maximize space between the cones, barrels, and concrete barriers that separate your vehicle from the workers and machinery in the work zone.

to NOT do on the expressway

Drive over or across median, yellow painted line, or raised dividing section Make a left turn or a U-turn on crossovers (designed for emergency vehicles only) Use left lane except for passing Change lanes without signaling and checking for an open gap Drive onto expressway except through an on-ramp Park or Stop on the expressway, except at areas provided Park on shoulder unless you have an emergency or mechanical difficulties Back up Walk or ride a bike.

how to use da following distance rule

Glance at the vehicle ahead as it passes a fixed object, such as an overpass, sign, fence, corner or other fixed mark. Begin counting, one, one-thousand, two one-thousand, three one-thousand, etc. for the number of seconds it takes you to reach the same place in the road. If you reach the mark before you have counted off two, three, or four seconds, depending on speed, you're following too closely. Slow down and increase your following distance.

expressway dangers

Higher speeds—greater braking distances needed because it takes longer to stop Field of vision is narrowed Highway hypnosis may occur - see below Velocitation effect Entering and exiting sometimes from the left Vehicles on shoulder re-entering roadway Windy sections of the roadway Two vehicles changing lanes into same lane Slow moving vehicles ahead "Pack Driving" - when vehicle bunch up on the expressway. It robs the driver of a space cushion and results in chain reaction collisions. Tire hydroplaning during wet weather conditions and higher speed

$500

If you are convicted of exceeding the speed limit in a highway work zone, you may be fined up to $500. Remember, the color orange marks a work zone and means slow down and be alert.

plan ahead for anticipated turns

In heavy traffic, know where to turn. Since it is frequently difficult to change lanes, plan to get into the proper lane two or three blocks in advance.

complex intersections

It is important that students understand the increased risk at intersections controlled either by stop signs or traffic signals when joining and/or crossing multi-lane traffic traveling at speeds up to 60 mph. While the maneuver procedures remain consistent, gap requirements increase substantially at higher speeds, whether crossing or turning left or right. New drivers must learn to be alert to multiple turn lanes with drivers cutting across lanes on multi-lane higher speed roadways. The procedures for crossing or joining traffic traveling at higher speeds on multi-lane roadways is similar to those employed for basic intersection maneuvers, but require a larger space gap.

over 75 mph

It is important to note that many passenger car tires are not designed to steer out of problem areas at speeds beyond 75 mph. At speeds over 75 mph, high speed rated tires are required due to sidewall flexing at higher speeds and turning movements

Flashing arrow panels

Large flashing arrow panels or flashing message signs in work zones direct drivers to proceed into different traffic lanes and inform them that part of the road ahead is closed.

center lane

Long distance or passing Higher speed and passing traffic

toll facilities

Make sure you keep change in an easily accessible location Read the signs as you approach the toll plaza. Some tollbooths may require exact change or a prepaid pass, so choose a lane accordingly. Be sure to choose an open lane by looking for a green signal well in advance. Once you choose a lane, stay in it. Be alert to drivers ahead of you who switch lanes suddenly. After paying toll, wait for the go-ahead signal before exiting the booth (typically a green light).

what to do if vehicle becomes disabled

Pull off as far as possible onto the shoulder or median. Turn on emergency flashers. Raise the hood to signal for assistance. Stay in the vehicle and lock doors. Ask anyone who stops to go to a phone and call for assistance. Do not get into a stranger's vehicle.

half second reaction time

The driving manual says that hand response time for a human driver, unlike our superhero at right, is close to a half second. Foot response time is longer, normally three-quarters of a second. This does not take into account any delay in perception time as a result of the driver being tired, on medication, distracted, etc.

lane change procedure

When changing lanes, change one lane at a time. Do not cross several lanes at once. Adjust speed to the flow of traffic once in the new lane. • Signal. • Check traffic (mirrors and head check). • If clear, steer smoothly to the new lane (if not, wait). • Cancel signal. The far-left lane should be used for vehicles passing slower traffic. The center lane is for through-traffic. The far-right lane is used by slower-moving traffic or by vehicles entering or exiting the roadway.

highway hypnosis

When driving over a long period of time, particularly on a rural expressway with little traffic, be aware of a condition known to drivers as "highway hypnosis." The driver may become hypnotized by constantly staring ahead on the roadway, which may result in driving in a dulled, drowsy, trance-like condition. To avoid, switch drivers often, plan breaks and rest stops to combat highway hypnosis, and pull to a safe area for rest and sleep when tired (not on the shoulder of the road).

merge area of an expressway

allows the driver to merge onto the expressway. Attempt to merge at the speed of traffic.

short trips on expressways

• Know the name, route, and number of the entrance and exit to be used. • Check vehicle for basic maintenance problems. • Plan a time to travel to avoid congestion. • Take a local map or GPS (if needed).

entering the traffic flow

• Merge into lane position. • Release lane changer device. • Maintain new target area.

anticipate lane blockages and select the lane with the least conflict

A visual lead of one to one-and-a-half blocks [20 -30 seconds ahead] helps to identify the better lane. Identifying double-parked vehicles or turning vehicles backed up in a lane well in advance provides time to make a lane change if necessary. Sometimes there is no gap in which to make a lane change—Do not force it. Ask for permission to make the lane change by turning on the turn signal, changing vehicle position and making eye contact. In short, ask the other driver to cooperate by helping to make a gap. Remember to return the courtesy when someone else needs help.

other very important stuff

Lane markings on expressways mean the same as on any other roadway. The solid yellow line should always be to the driver's left side. Broken white lines separate lanes of travel going in the same direction. Solid white lines mark the right edge of the roadway or entrance and exit lanes. HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lanes are marked with a white diamond and require a minimum number of passengers in vehicles that are traveling in this lane. Expressway numbering follows a pattern. North/south routes have odd numbers. Even numbers are assigned to east/west routes. Most routes are one- and two-digit numbers. Alternate routes are usually three-digit. If the first digit is even, the alternate route goes around the city. If it is odd, it leads into the city

speed control

The driver should slow the vehicle on entry to the curve based on the ability to maintain the line of sight through the curve. The foot should squeeze the brake on entry and trail off the brake through the central part of curve until the apex or exit point is determined. Once the apex (the point where the car is closest to the inside of the curve line) is reached, light acceleration is used to pull the car out of the curve through the exit. The acceleration should be progressively firmer until adjusted to speed limit.

reasons for changing lanes

Entering or exiting • Changing lanes to allow another vehicle to enter • Following large or slow-moving vehicles • Lane ahead becomes blocked • Animals on expressway • Passing

tips for driving in work zones

Pay attention to advance warning signs. Follow instructions. Reduce speed to at least the posted construction zone speed signs. Slow and prepare to change lanes when safe. Be prepared for drivers who wait until the last second to move to the open lane. Maintain reduced speed until you clear the construction area. There should be a sign indicating that you are leaving the construction area. Be prepared for unexpected movements of workers and equipment.

advance warning area

Road signs indicate road conditions ahead, providing an early warning so motorists have ample time to adjust to the change. In this area, you must obey all signs, adjust early to the changes, slow down to mandated construction zone speed, and obey all flag-persons

evaluate

Scan open side areas first.Try to position your vehicle in an open zone with a clear line-of-sight to your path-of-travel. Be prepared to stop for a closed zone or line-of-sight restriction in your path-of-travel. Scan closed or changing areas. Identifying closed zones early will allow you to prepare. The greatest chance for conflict is in areas where vehicles may cross directly into your intended path-of-travel. Look for closed or changing frontal areas.A closed front zone occurs when there is a yellow or red traffic light, yield or stop sign, or anything moving into your intended path of travel.

buffer area

This areas is positioned just before the actual work zone. The buffer area is provided so that motorists can get accustomed to the new traffic pattern before traveling through the actual work area. Look well ahead while completing your lane and speed adjustments.

termination area

Traffic signs indicate to motorists that they have left the work zone and can resume normal driving. Maintain a reduced speed until clear of the construction area

other users of the 'ways

Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses, recreational vehicles, and other large moving vehicles add additional challenges to driving on multiple-lane roadways. They are especially a concern when driving on hills where large vehicle speeds are not consistent with other vehicles. Larger vehicles may provide a wind blast that can move smaller vehicles when passing. Keep in mind that drivers of smaller vehicles may not recognize the time needed to pass larger vehicles on the roadway.

focus vision

Used to read and identify distinct objects, it covers about three percent of your visual field. It is measured by using an eye chart to determine visual acuity. It is the basis for visual lead, targeting, and searching tasks in driving, each of which we'll examine in this module.

Message boards

You may see portable or permanent message boards along roadways. They provide information about traffic, road, weather or other hazardous conditions. Always obey any directions posted on these message boards.

left turn lane- enter street from driveway

• Signal a left turn and stop at edge of the roadway. • Check for drivers on the opposite side of the roadway waiting to turn left. • Check for drivers approaching from the right, signaling or waiting to turn left. • Check for a safe gap in traffic to the left. • If traffic is clear in both directions, enter the nearest through lane. Do not use the shared left turn lane. • If there is a gap to the left but not to the right, turn into the shared left turn lane, stop, and apply the right turn indicator. • When traffic in the lane to the right is clear, accelerate and steer into the nearest traffic lane.

regulatory signs

(speed limit, etc.) are rectangular shaped and colored black/red/white.

changing lanes

Before changing lanes, check your side and rear view mirrors for traffic approaching you from behind. Then, use your turn signal to let other drivers know you plan to change lanes. Check for other drivers who also may be moving into the same lane. Just before you begin moving into the other lane, quickly glance over your shoulder and check for any vehicles that may be in your blind spot. Whether you are changing lanes, passing, entering or exiting a highway, always use your turn signals and check traffic to the rear and sides. When driving on a multi-lane highway, stay in the right lane if you are driving slower than the traffic around you.

entering gap in traffic flow

Check mirrors. • Visualize target area on new roadway. • Check signal and create a space cushion.

entrance/exit ramps

Cross traffic is not present because of interchanges. The exit ramps and entry ramps may be miles apart but traffic mix increases at the locations for entry and exit. Interchanges are made up of the through lanes, entry, and exit ramps, acceleration lanes, and deceleration lanes. Entry ramps may be controlled by metering devices.

importance of COMMON SPEED of traffic

Driving at the common speed of traffic is the best way to establish and maintain a safe space around your vehicle. Avoid the possibility of exceeding the legal posted speed. Following distance is critical on the expressway. It is important to try to maintain a 3-4 second following distance. Keeping a space cushion to at least one side of your vehicle gives an escape route if the lane ahead becomes blocked. Also, try to maintain at least a 2-second space to the rear of your vehicle by controlling space to the front. Increase following distance when following large trucks, buses, or motorcycles, or when driving in bad weather, being tailgated, or entering/exiting the expressway.

advantages of targeting

There are several advantages yo- a. allows driver to visualize the space they intend to occurpy b. helps driver start learning to use a searching process c. gets driver to look far ahead, rather than close to vehicle d. allows driver to plan ahead e. increases steering precision and reduces steering reversals f. develops skid avoidance skills

ROAD WORK AHEAD/DETOUR

These signs indicate a change in the traffic pattern or route ahead. Slow down. Unusual or potentially dangerous conditions are ahead

3 seconds between cars

36-45 miles per hour

estimating passing gap needs

A four-lane divided or undivided highway can also be used to practice identifying space gap needs when passing a vehicle on a two-lane roadway. A driver traveling 40 mph is going to make a flying pass of a vehicle traveling 30 mph. If the driver makes all of the visual checks, signals intentions, and starts the pass from an interval two seconds behind the vehicle ahead, it will take about 13 seconds to complete the pass (at 50 and 40 mph, about 16 seconds, and at 60 and 50 mph, about 19 seconds). If the passing maneuver is started from three seconds back with both vehicles traveling at the same speed, the passing driver will have to accelerate to a speed 15 mph faster than the vehicle to be passed to complete the pass in the same time limits. To estimate the time and distance of an oncoming vehicle, begin counting one, 1,000; two, 1,000; etc. When an oncoming vehicle is seen, continue the count until the approaching vehicle is opposite your vehicle. Keep trying until accuracy at estimating necessary passing time is achieved. Passing is one more situation in which the use of headlights during daylight hours is critical. The combined distance traveled by the passing and oncoming vehicle at 60 mph is 38 seconds, or 3,344 feet. Without headlights on, an approaching vehicle may not become visible until it is within 2,200 to 2,500 feet. This is in contrast to about 4,500 feet with headlights or daytime running lights illuminated. The difference in enhanced visibility can be critical.

execute

Adjust speed.If you have identified a closed zone, prepare to reduce speed or stop. Maintain lane position.Your lane position (LP 1, 2, or 3) will indicate your intentions to other drivers and provide you with the greatest distance between opposing vehicles and/or other objects. Stop behind stop line, crosswalk, curb line, or before entry to intersections, when needed —proceed through open space area when traffic controls permit and your path-of travel is clear.

managing space

Adjust the vehicle's position and speed to road and weather conditions in order to provide time for braking, accelerating, and steering. Develop a minimal four-second following interval when merging onto the roadway, changing lanes, and exiting the expressway area. Minimal steering inputs are needed at higher speeds to change lanes when passing, entering, or exiting. Excessive steering can lead to a loss of control at higher speeds. Always move over one lane at a time rather than moving across multiple lanes. Visibility and time are key elements to performing a safe lane change. Make room for vehicles entering the roadway from an entrance ramp by exiting entrance lanes.

when stopping

Anytime a driver prepares to stop before braking, the eyes should go to the rear view mirror. Flash the brake lights to alert any following driver. When stopping, stop back at least one car length from the stop bar or vehicle ahead. (Stopping in a position to see the rear tires of the vehicle in front contact the road, provides room to steer around a stalled car.) Direct attention to the rear view mirror until two cars, or a truck, have stopped to the rear. Concentrating on the mirror and allowing extra space ahead increases ability to steer out of the lane if it becomes apparent that a vehicle closing from the rear is traveling too fast to stop in time. Once stopped, ease off the brake pedal and allow the vehicle to slowly move forward. If stopped behind another vehicle, retain the safe distance.

increase-increase relationship

As driving speed increases, the amount of information you need to maintain car position and detect movement increases. The ability of peripheral vision to detect the motion of other objects is affected by the speed and movement of the vehicle. Minor changes to car position occur faster, causing significant or exaggerated vehicle movements. Visual adjustments are needed to lengthen or increase visual lead, resulting in

basic cornering

As you approach a curve or release the accelerator, do your braking in a straight line. As the driver turns to the apex, he should release pressure on the brake. If the driver is still braking while steering, he should release pressure in the same manner as he steers. This is called trailing brake and will allow the driver to control motion of vehicle into curve. The apex of the corner is the point at which your car is closest to the inside edge of the usable roadway surface.

Barricades and cones

Barricades, vertical signs, concrete barriers, drums and cones are the most common devices used to guide drivers safely through work zones. When driving near the devices, keep your vehicle in the middle of the lane and obey the posted speed limit. As you leave the work zone, stay in your lane and maintain your speed. Don't change lanes until you are completely clear of the work zone.

characteristics of an expressway

Controlled access (limited entry and exit) - They are controlled-access because there are only certain locations where a driver can enter and exit the expressway. These are called interchanges. High speeds - speed on expressways can be up to 65 mph (up to 70 mph effective 7/1/10) and they typically carry a high volume of traffic. May have minimum speed limit - minimum speed limits are necessary because going too slowly on expressways can be just as dangerous as going too fast. In Virginia, it is against the law to operate a vehicle at such a slow speed as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic. The Department of Transportation or local authorities determine when posting minimum limits are necessary. Divided by a barrier or median - They are usually divided by a barrier of some type (guardrail, cement barrier, grassy median). Multiple lanes - There are multiple lanes going in the same direction (two, three, four, or more lanes). Only for motorized vehicles

risk-reducing strategies when being passed

• Check the position of the passing vehicle. • Move away from vehicle if it is too close. • Do not increase speed. • Once passed, adjust speed to create a 3-4 second or more following distance

passing

Head-on collisions, typically involving a passing maneuver, annually account for approximately 8,000, or nearly 20%, of all traffic fatalities. While some crashes occur due to impatience or illegal actions, many occur due to lack of knowledge regarding time/space gap requirements. Impatience, errors in timing, and poor judgment of space result in approximately 5,500 fatal head-on collisions annually. There are a number of instances when it is illegal to pass. Passing is not permitted when the left lane marker is a solid yellow line, or a sign indicates a no passing zone. It is illegal to pass on a two-lane road when approaching a hill crest, curve, or intersection. It is also illegal to pass within 100 feet of bridges, tunnels, and railroad crossings where traffic is limited to one lane of travel in each direction. Never move into the same lane space as a motorcycle, even if the lane is wide and the motorcyclist is riding to one side.

ROUGH ROAD/BUMP/UNEVEN LANES

These signs are used when certain road conditions, such as loose gravel or road construction, affect the roadway surface and create potentially difficult conditions for motorists, especially motorcyclists.

SEEIT you guys

Driving is managing time, space and visibility. A space management system is a systematic process used to manage time, space & visibility to reduce risk situations. When the steps become habit, you can recognize what's important in traffic situations by looking ahead and looking around you. SEEIT is the memory tool to help you remember the elements of the space management system: Searching Evaluating Executing In Time

intersections controlled by traffic signals

Before entering a signalized intersection, check again for oncoming vehicles signaling a left turn and look for pedestrians in the crosswalk, bicyclists, and cross traffic to make sure that they are stopped before you start to move. Whether first in line or in a line of vehicles, try to develop the habit of checking traffic and counting to three (1-2-3) before moving. This provides some protection against drivers who fail to stop for a red signal or drivers ahead who suddenly brake to a rapid, unexpected stop. Do not move into the intersection until there is space in the next block. If turning right, yield right-of-way to pedestrians in the crosswalk. Where there is more than one right turn lane, exit and enter the corresponding lane, and be alert for drivers crossing or drifting while making the turn. Remember when turning right on red, first stop and yield right-of-way to any vehicles, bicycles, or pedestrians in the intended path of travel.

trees at a curve

Trees can cause a line of sight (LOS) limitation. Curves and hills reduce a LOS. You are unable to see what you are driving into; therefore, you cannot know how your POT is. Looking 12 seconds ahead into curves means to direct your eyes through the curve, trying to see to the end of the curve as soon as you possibly can. By looking through hills and curves, you are consciously looking to see if your POT is open or closed to your vehicle's movement. If you were looking ahead, you would see the zone change to your LOS-POT created by the curve. Your LOS is closed. As you get closer to the curve, by looking into the curve you would be able to see the condition of your POT as early as possible. By searching into the curve you are able to immediately evaluate any problem to your LOS-POT at a time when you may need to avoid a surprise crash situation.

Peripheral vision

Used to detect color and motion changes, it is strongly affected by fatigue, drugs, and speed. It often gives the driver an initial warning of a changing or closed space area.

cresting hills

Hillcrests on roadways with opposing traffic and limited sight lines should generally be approached in lane position 3 near the right edge of the roadway. Also, it is essential to check traffic to the rear and reduce speed prior to cresting the apex, in order to assure a better position for responding appropriately if some object is blocking the path of travel on the downgrade. Keep in mind that hills can be taught as vertical curves with the same entry, apex, and exit rules of a curve.

search

Identify the intersection. Determine the type of intersection and number of intersecting roadways. Determine your lane position (right turn/left turn/straight) prior to the intersection. Identify any controls--signal lights, stop or yield signs and information signs. This will provide you with the information you need to adjust speed or position. Check rear areas. Check if rear zones are open or closed. If the rear zone is closed, tap your brakes a few times before stopping— the brake lights will flash and communicate to the driver to the rear that you are slowing or stopping. Search for possible intersection problems. Look for problem areas, such as construction or road maintenance, pedestrians on or near the intersection, or obstructions to your line of sight that may include buildings, parked vehicles, trees, fences, etc. Adjust speed. Intersections are unpredictable and you may have to stop. Be prepared. The closer you get to an intersection, the more important it is to adjust vehicle speed. Adjust lane position. Choosing the proper position (LP 1, 2, or 3) will lower the risk of possible conflicts by providing you the maximum amount of space between your vehicle and other vehicles

reversible lanes

In some large cities during rush hours, additional lanes are designated for traffic traveling into or out of the city. Identified as reversible lanes, they are marked with special double yellow broken lane line markers. Traffic in these lanes moves in one direction during certain periods of the day and in the opposite direction during other times of the day. Often found in areas with a large volume of traffic coming in a city during the morning hours and going out during the afternoon hours. In addition, signs at the side of the road and overhead lane signals tell the driver which lanes can be used.

target

fixed object that appears at the end and in the center of the path you intend to drive

exiting an expressway

Leaving the expressway is a smooth procedure accomplished at an expressway exit. As far in advance as possible, identify the exit needed. If the exit is missed, do not stop and/or back up on the expressway. Proceed to the next exit and turn around. The exit has two components: Deceleration lane - area where speed can be reduced to exit safely. Exit ramp - these may be level or sharply curved, uphill or downhill. Be sure to adjust speed to that of the ramp speed sign. Identify the exit needed early. Exits are marked with guide signs, usually one to two miles before the exit. In Virginia, exit numbers correspond with mile markers. You can determine if an exit is a right exit or a left exit by the position of the exit number on the sign. If the exit number is on the right, it is a right exit. If it is on the left, it is a left exit. About one-half mile (20-30 seconds) before the exit, signal and move to the lane that leads to the deceleration lane. At the deceleration lane entrance, perform a smooth lane change procedure and move into the deceleration lane. Check the posted ramp speed sign and begin to adjust speed to or below the posted speed. Also, check for traffic stopped ahead. Check mirrors and begin to slow down. Keep a space cushion ahead and behind your vehicle. Be prepared to stop.

one- or two- way street

One-way streets are usually marked with arrows mounted on corner posts and close to the overhead signal light, have only white and no yellow lane markings, and have cars parked on both sides of the street facing the same direction.

railroad crossings

Railroad crossings are specialized intersections. Some vehicles must always stop, unless an exempt sign allows them to drive on (buses, oil tankers, etc.). If you happen to follow a "Must Stop Vehicle" you must stop as well, since passing or overtaking is not allowed within 100 feet of a crossing. Each year, highway-rail crashes kill over 500 people. Over 2,000 more are seriously injured. Most of these crashes happen during the day and most happen at crossings near the driver's work or home. Bad weather or problems with the warning signals are rarely factors in these crashes. Driver error causes most of these crashes. Some drivers ignored the warning signals. Others saw or heard the train, but still took a chance. All were trying to beat the train - and lost. Trains are much heavier than cars, trucks or buses - and they go just as fast. But, they cannot stop quickly or turn to avoid a crash. A train going 50 mph (80 kph) takes 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to stop (on average), while a car going 55 mph (88 kph) takes only about 200 feet (61 meters) to stop. Large moving objects, such as planes and trains, create an illusion that they are moving a lot slower than they really are.

searching at a curve

Seeing the curve and/or downgrade 12 seconds ahead as a front zone change or a limitation in the path of travel (POT) will cause less stress and give the driver more control because he/she will now test the braking capabilities and get the best speed and lane position to negotiate the curve. If a driver notices that the front POT is closed due to a red light or a stopped car, you can save fuel if you stop accelerating and use the energy of the car's momentum. You should also apply the brake with light pressure. Looking 12 seconds ahead would enable you to see the right zone change created by the traffic that is pulling out of parking spaces or by the bus that is stopped or stopping in the right lane. The control you have of the front zone will be changed by the curve of the entrance ramp and by the traffic flow that will be coming from your left.

using a shared left turn lane to enter a driveway

Shared left turn lanes are marked with solid and broken yellow lines on both sides of the lane and white turn arrows indicating that drivers traveling in either direction can use the lane. Shared left turn lanes are intended only for vehicles making left turns. As a rule, drivers should not travel more than about 150 feet while slowing to stop or turn across traffic, or accelerating to enter traffic. When traffic is so heavy that a safe gap in oncoming traffic is not available, drivers can move out of the left travel lane, slow, or stop, if necessary, and then complete the left turn when there is a safe gap in traffic.

sight and vision

Sight or vision is the most important sense used in driving. Vision is the primary way that you gain information about the traffic scene, and good vision is crucial to risk management. It is so important, that the DMV has standards for your vision: a vision screening test is included when obtaining your drivers license to ensure you meet the standards. The Virginia vision standard is 20/40 or better vision in one or both eyes, and 100 degrees, or better, horizontal vision in one or both eyes.

checking mirror blind zones

Three quick mirror checks can answer the following questions: Are there vehicles present? If yes, where are they located? If yes, are they large or small? If yes, what is the relative speed? Regular side view mirrors, even when angled out an additional 12 to 16 degrees, do not provide sufficient information to safely make a movement to the side without first making a mirror blind spot check. A mirror blind spot check involves making a quick eye check to the left or right in the direction of intended movement. A partial solution to the problem of restricted vision [mirror blind spots to the left and right] is the use of convex mirrors such as those found on the right outside of new cars. Due to their rounded surface, convex mirrors provide a much wider view. A problem associated with such mirrors, however, is that objects are much closer than they appear to be when viewed in the mirror. If details are recognized when checking a convex mirror for objects to the left or right side and rear (i.e. headlights or grill), the vehicle is generally too close to allow movement in that direction.

multiple lane roadways- a curved-sided diamond, no flower this time

Traveling on multiple-lane expressways is usually safer and faster than traveling on local roads. Driving at higher speeds is demanding and you need to concentrate fully in order to manage visibility, time, and space. Multiple-lane roadways or expressways are complex risk environments with special characteristics. Expressways have a low frequency of collisions, but often have a high injury severity rate when a collision occurs because of the higher speeds. There are advantages to express driving - cross traffic is not present, opposing traffic is divided by a barrier, pedestrians, slow-moving vehicles, and bicyclists are not permitted and they are designed to help drivers anticipate conditions ahead.

steps to enter expressway

Use the correct entrance and check for ramp speed signs. On the entrance ramp, search for vehicles ahead and behind using quick glances while searching for gaps or open space in traffic flow. In the acceleration lane, use signal to indicate entrance to expressway, then adjust speed to flow of traffic. Continue to search ahead and behind while looking for a gap. In the Merge Lane, maintain speed/acceleration. Check rear zone and left rear zone. Accept or reject gap/space. Be prepared to drive onto the shoulder if necessary.

traveling downgrade

When driving down long, steep grades (6 degrees or greater), it is important to control the vehicle's speed and to check to the rear about ever five seconds for the presence of large vehicles. Any rapidly approaching large vehicle (particularly one with white smoke boiling out from beneath the rig) is apt to be a run-away, generally one that has lost its brakes. Do not attempt to outrun the truck. Instead, pull off the road as far as possible to give the driver the maximum amount of room.

cloverleaf interchange- the diamond with a flower in the middle

a cloverleaf interchange has a series of entrance and exit ramps that resemble the outline of a four leaf clover The cloverleaf usually has entrance and exit weave lanes, since traffic leaves one roadway and enters from another roadway. Curved roadways have banked and flat exits, which lead to braking and steering problems as drivers adjust from high speed to the speed of the exit curve. The curves are often noted by reflector poles, which are frequently knocked down by vehicles that lose traction due to excessive speed on the entry and exit of the curved roadways.

line of sight

ability to see the center of your path of travel from the vehicle to your targeting area. this can be blocked by a curve, hill, bush, building, vehicle, etc. the driver's ability to have an unrestricted line of sight is the visual basis for speed and steering adjustments. an interrupted line of sight means changes in speed and position are necessary for re-establishing a clear line of sight to your path of travel and targeting area

acceleration lane to expressway

allows a driver to adjust vehicle speed to the speed of traffic on the expressway. This is the area to get the speed up to or near the speed of traffic on the expressway. The amount of acceleration depends on traffic flow on the expressway. Again, searching ahead for traffic in the lane, and for traffic signs such as "stop" or "yield" is just as critical as searching for a gap on the expressway.

visual lead

area targeted 20 to 30 seconds from the front of the vehicle. keeping eye focus centered in the path of travel at an interval 20 to 30 seconds away from the vehicle is critical to gaining as much information as possible from the driving scene. Good targeting sets up good sigh lines for referencing and good peripheral fields for seeing changes and identifying alternate paths of travel

highway work zones

area where improvements or maintenance work is underway. It may represent new construction, repairs, resurfacing or redesigning or landscaping, mowing, and litter removal. Roadwork is a fact of life. If the Transportation Department forgoes highway improvements, then the entire road system becomes genuinely unsafe. Bridge cracks, potholes, and road deterioration can be lethal dangers. As the nation's highway system ages, more and more maintenance work will be necessary

increase distance in the following scenarios

behind a large vehicle that blocks your vision in bad weather or heavy traffic when exiting an expressway behind a motorcycle when being tailgated

diamond interchange- two trapezoids in which the baselines are parallel, no curves

diamond interchange is designed to be used when a road with slower speeds crosses a busy expressway Allows for interchange of a major roadway with a secondary dual or multiple lane roadway. The diamond interchange may have traffic control devices on the intersecting secondary roadway, which allow for left and right turns onto the secondary roadway. The signals may be used to allow left turns from the secondary roadway to the entry ramps of the major multiple roadway. Lane markings may indicate lane position on the approach to the intersection. A diamond interchange will allow the driver to re-enter the entrance ramp by moving across the intersection of the secondary roadway.

target area

driving environment to the left and right of where the target is located. searching the target area for driving related information is more important than trying to identify a specific target. identification of a specific target is only necessary while learning what a target is and how to identify one. target area searching requires identification of the condition of the target area as open or closed, red light or green, stopped traffic or moving, curve or hill crest, left curve or right curve, to give your a clear picture of what to expect ahead of the vehicle's targeting path. after knowing what the condition is in your target area, you then should assess your 12-15 second range to see what zone changes can or do affect your targeting path. make assessments of your other zones to see what your options are. then select the best lane position and get the best speed control in order to achieve the lowest degree of risk en route to the target area, as you get within 4-6 seconds of a zone change, you re-evaluate it to insure best control. closer to the target area, you re-evaluate the condition of the target area and begin assessing your next target area and the zone changes that you weilll encounter en route. this process of searching from one target area to the next target area is repeated continually

frontal road interchange

frontage road interchanges allow vehicles using parallel secondary two- or one- way roadways to merge onto a major multiple lane roadway Allows for interchange of vehicles using parallel secondary two-way or one-way roadways and a major multiple lane roadway. Frontage road turnarounds allow drivers to exit a multiple lane roadway and use the opposing frontage road to enter the multi-lane roadway in the opposite direction. They allow dense city traffic flows to mix efficiently with higher speed traffic flows of the multiple lane roadway. Yield rules and roadway markers on the frontage road may vary, depending on the direction of traffic flow.

entrance ramp to expressway

gives the driver time to begin evaluating traffic conditions. It allows the driver time to search traffic for flow and traffic gaps, and evaluate speed and space requirements before entering. These ramps may be uphill, downhill, or level with the expressway. Each presents a different challenge when trying to search the traffic flow on the expressway.

yield to oncoming traffic and pedestrians on the crosswalk when coming from the left

inding a gap in oncoming traffic, while at the same time yielding to pedestrians in the crosswalk, can be very difficult when turning left at a major intersection.

passing

is one of the most dangerous maneuvers a driver can attempt. High speed passing on expressways adds to the danger. High volume of traffic on expressways increases the chance of collisions. Passing may occur on the left or right. Again, more than two lanes heading in the same direction present special search technique challenges. Drivers often compete for the same space.

yellow x over a lane

means travel in that lane is about to change or close. The driver should move at least one lane to the right when safe to do so.

benefits of visual adjustment

more time to gather information increased peripheral vision area, which allows for motion detection farther away from your vehicle in order to give time for adequate response more space between other vehicles and your vehicle, so abrupt responses are held to a minimum.

need to change lanes

on the expressway occurs often. It can be dangerous when there are more than two lanes going in the same direction; several vehicles may want to move into the same lane. Openings in traffic may appear and disappear in seconds. Search techniques become even more important.

basic interactions

places where one road meets or crosses another. In Virginia, most crashes occur at intersections and most drivers were not aware of the other car when entering the intersection. There are several types of intersections. Most have traffic-control devices, but some do not. The different designs and controls at intersections require you to search differently. As you approach an intersection, you can use the SEEIT space management system to manage visibility, space, and time.

guide signs

rectangular and may be green/white, blue/white, or brown/white depending on where they are guiding the driver.

how to turn left from moving traffic

• Check the shared left turn lane for vehicles already stopped waiting to turn from or onto the highway. • Check ahead on the right to see if anyone wanting to make a left turn onto the highway will be entering the shared left turn lane. • Check oncoming traffic for vehicles signaling a left turn. • Check the driveway to the left for any vehicle signaling a left turn with intentions of moving into the lane while waiting for a gap in traffic to the right. • Check traffic to the rear and signal intention to turn left. • Adjust speed and enter lane. • If an adequate gap is not available, brake to a stop. • When oncoming traffic is clear, complete the turn.

passing maneuvers

• Check traffic ahead, to the side, and behind. • Signal. • Make a head check. • Change lanes smoothly. • Cancel signal. • Accelerate smoothly. • Check space to the side. • Check mirrors. • When both sets of headlights of the vehicle being passed are visible, complete the lane change procedure to return to the lane originally left. • Cancel signal. • Adjust speed to maintain space all around your vehicle.