Nutrition CH 7
Nutrigenomics
study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome
Each amino acid group has a _____________ atom that anchors a _____________ atom and three different groups of atoms.
carbon; hydrogen
Structural proteins such as collagen are found in.....
cartilage, ligament, and bone tissues.
an autoimmune disorder that results in poor absorption of nutrients (malabsorption) in the SI
celiac disease
A protein undergoes _________________ when it is exposed to various conditions that alter its natural folded and coiled shape
denaturation
Chemical reactions called deamination and transamination are involved in the synthesis of amino acids, which occurs primarily in the __________.
liver
Some causes of low BUN can include...
liver failure, malnutrition, and over hydration
The R group identifies the molecule as a ________________ amino acid, such as serine or lysine
particular
Hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and testosterone stimulate ______________ nitrogen balance
positive
BV of plant sources are highly ______________
variable
eats only plant foods
vegan/total vegetarian
Why does protein have nitrogen?
Nitrogen allows cells to make a wide array of important biological compounds such as enzymes and hormones.
rare genetic disorder that affects 1 in every 10-15,000 infants in the US; usually occurs when cells are unable to produce the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or produce an inactive form of this enzyme
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Trypsin and chymotrypsin break down polypeptides into _____________ peptides and ____________ ___________
shorter peptides and amino acids
According to the World Food Programme, one in every _____ children in developing countries is underweight due to malnutrition
six
Following digestion of proteins to amino acids, the amino acids are transported by ___________ ____________ _____________ into the absorptive cells
specific carrier systems
Negative nitrogen balance occurs during events such as....
starvation, serious illnesses, and severe injuries.
When an amino acid is not available, production of the protein __________; the partially made polypeptide chain is ________________
stops ; dismantled
Signs of children with kwashiorkor
stunted growth, unnaturally blonde/sparse hair, and patches of skin that have lost normal coloration; child does not look as sick as they are due to edema (very misleading)
Protein _____________ in cells cannot proceed when the supply of amino acids is lacking in one or more of essential amino acids.
synthesis
Amino acid derivatives
the body uses amino acids to form nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles
A food intolerance is not the same as a food allergy because...
the offending substance does not trigger the body's immune response
T/F: If PKU is not diagnosed and treated within a few weeks of birth, the affected infant can develop intellectual disability during the first year of life
true
T/F: Today, ASDs affect 1 in 68 children in the US
True
The kidneys filter urea, small amounts of ammonia, and creatine from ___________ and eliminate the compounds in _______________
blood; urine
In addition to signaling excessive protein intake, an elevated UUN may indicate excessive _______________ of protein in the body
breakdown
A _______________ can protect the pH of a solution. Proteins may act as this because they have both acidic and basic components.
buffer
As a result of deamination, the amino acid that gives up its amino group becomes a _____________ ________________
carbon skeleton
Urinary elimination of urea and creatine accounts for _________ of the lost nitrogen.
most
In 2013-2014, protein comprised about ________ of the typical adult American's total energy intake for a day.
15%
When the body is in a state of positive nitrogen balance, it retains _________ nitrogen than it loses as proteins are being added to tissues
more
After entering the absorptive cell, amino acids move into the ____________ of the ___________
move into the capillary of the villus
PDCAAS is calculated by ________________ the amino acid composition score of the protein by the protein's digestibility score
multiplying
Diets that do not supply adequate amounts of essential amino acids can result in....
poor growth, slowed recovery from illness, and even death
An elevated BUN level occurs when the kidneys are diseased and unable to filter ________ from the blood properly.
urea ; when urea accumulates in the blood it causes toxicity
Signs and symptoms of celiac differ from person to person but generally include....
-abdominal bloating -chronic diarrhea -weight loss
A healthy adult's RDA for protein is ________g/kg of body weight
0.8g/kg
Most animal and soy proteins score a PDCAAS score of __________
1.0
Humans digest animal proteins to a greater extent than plant proteins, therefore vegetarians may need to increase their protein intakes by about _____ to compensate
10%
In the US, 1 in _______ people have celiac disease
141
The human body makes proteins by following information coded in _________; cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to info from ___________
DNA//deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA
The process of removing the nitrogen-containing group (usually NH2) from an unneeded amino acid
Deamination
T/F: Americans typically consume inadequate amounts of protein.
False
Urine calcium loss is more common in which gender?
Female
Structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin
Keratin
Lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids; not digested as efficiently
Low-quality or incomplete protein
Complex, organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
Protein
T/F: Individuals who are sensitive to gluten may test negative for celiac disease yet report similar signs and symptoms.
True
T/F: Muscle cells can deaminate certain amino acids and use their carbon skeletons for energy.
True
The human body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from endogenous sources and the remainder from _______________ (dietary) sources
exogenous
an inflammatory response that results when the body's immune system reacts inappropriately to one or more harmless substances in a food
food allergy (substance =allergen)
Examples of foods containing high-quality proteins include....
meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk/milk products
Infants of mothers who lack B12 in their diet have a high risk of developing severe developmental delays associated with _________________ damage.
neurological
Normally an adult's body maintains its protein content by maintaining its ____________ ________________
nitrogen balance/equilibrium
Most plant foods are _______ sources of high-quality proteins. The exceptions include _________ and ________ protein.
not ;; quinoa and soy protein
Some nutrition experts suspect that increased consumption of animal protein is associated with _______________, a condition characterized by thin bones that fracture easily
osteoporosis
The force of blood pressure moves watery fluid out of the __________________ and into ________________
out of the bloodstream; into tissues
Connection between two amino acids ; chemical link between acid group of one amino acid and amino group of another amino acid
peptide bond
Children with PEM do not grow and are very weak, irritable, and vulnerable to dehydration and infections. If they survive, their growth and intelligence may be....
permanently stunted
making dietary choices based on one's genetic makeup
personalized nutrition
Immunologist
physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of an allergy
Sulfites can be naturally found in foods, but are also added to certain drinks/foods in order to...
prevent spoilage or preserve flavors
In most cases of food allergens, the allergen is a _____________
protein
Amino acids that are not incorporated into proteins become apart of a small amino acid pool, a readily available supply of amino acids that cells can use for future _____________ ____________________
protein synthesis
the process of breaking down old or unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins; occurs constantly within cells
protein turnover
Positive nitrogen balance occurs during periods of....
rapid growth (pregnancy, infancy, and puberty)
Recovery from illness/injury involves replacing the protein that was lost or _______________; this results in positive nitrogen balance until equilibrium is restored
refeeding
To measure protein quality, the two key factors are compared against a ______________ protein
reference
Transamination reactions are _______________
reversible
In many cultures, traditional foods already combine complementary proteins. An example of this is...
rice and beans
usually avoids red meat, but consumes other animal foods, including fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products
semivegetarian
Compared to celiac disease, people with gluten sensitivity do not have damage to the ____________
small intestine
Nutrigenetics
study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body's responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations
Celiac disease can result in _______________ even though food intake may be nutritionally adequate
undernutrition
individuals who rely heavily on plant foods; may or may not include some animal foods in diet
vegetarians
Some other food cooking processes that denature proteins (besides heat)
whipping them or exposing them to alcohol or acid
A protein lacking one of the essential amino acids will have an amino acid composition score of
zero
To make dishes that contain complementary combinations, consumers must know these two things:
1) which plant foods are good protein sources 2) which essential amino acids are limiting or low in those plant foods
Compounds that include amino groups in their chemical structure
Amines
T/F: Certain hormones and enzymes are proteins.
True
T/F: Compared to people who eat meat, vegetarians tend to have a lower risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers.
True
T/F: Skin testing is a reliable way to test for allergens.
True
Also evaluated as part of certain patients' health care screening; can be used as a marker of protein intake
Urine urea nitrogen (UUN)
Proteins are comprised of smaller chemical units called...
amino acids
Foods differ in both ____________ of protein and in protein _______________
amount; quality
What are some examples of amino acid derivatives?
creatine, melanin and regulatory amines such as serotonin, epinephrine, and histamine
As a result of PKU, phenylalanine or its toxic by-products build up in tissues and _____________ __________, including nerve cells in the brain
damage cells
Kwashiorkor primarily occurs in ________________ countries where mothers commonly breastfeed their infants until they give birth to another child. The child that is weaned off will begin to develop protein __________________
developing ; deficiency
Marasmic Kwashiorkor is characterized by
edema and wasting
unpleasant physical reactions, including headaches and intestinal discomfort, after consuming nonprotein substances in food such as lactose, MSG, or sulfites
food intolerances
The shape of a protein is important because it influences the compound's ______________ in the body.
function
In your stomach, ___________________ __________ denatures proteins making them easier to digest
hydrochloric acid
High intakes of red meat and processed meat may ________________ the risk of all-cause morality
increase
Protein needs ______________ during pregnancy, breastfeeding, periods of rapid growth, and recovery from serious illnesses or injuries
increase
A person with elevated BUN due to kidney disease is often advised to eat _________ protein so that their kidneys have less work to do
less
Vegetarian diets tend to supply _________ saturated fat than diets that include animal foods
less
People suffering from alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certain intestinal tract disorders are at risk for protein ___________________
malnutrition
If a child with kawshiorkor does not obtain enough energy, they eventually develop _______________ kwashiorkor
marasmic
Contractile proteins in muscles enable _______________
movement
eats fish, eggs, and dairy products but avoids red meat, poultry, or other animal products
pescavegetarian
Legumes
plants that produce pods that have a single row of seeds
Pepsin initiates enzymatic digestion of proteins into smaller ________________
polypeptides
The most naturally occurring proteins are ____________________, comprised of 50 or more amino acids
polypeptides
Children with celiac experience ________ growth due to nutrient malabsorption and protein malnutrition
poor
Amino acids are classified as either nonessential or essential according to the body's ability to _____________ it
produce
most commonly used tool for measuring protein quality; takes into consideration essential amino acid composition of protein and how well protein is digested and absorbed
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
If a person consumes more protein than needed, the extra/unnecessary amino acids undergo _______________ and some excess NH2 is transferred to the liver in _______________; liver cells remove NH2 from the amine component of glutamate, forming _________, which is a highly poisonous waste product
deamination; glutamate; ammonia
If cells form an excess of hydrogen ions (H+), the pH of tissues ____________. To help restore pH to normal range, basic portions of protein molecules bind to the excess H+, neutralizing the excess ions and _____________ the pH
decreases (becomes more acidic); raising
During starvation, the level of protein in the blood __________________, and as a result, some water leaks out of bloodstream and enters spaces between cells. The resulting accumulation of fluid in tissues is called _________________
decreases; edema
Excess amino acid or protein intake can lead to ______________ because the kidneys need _______ water to dilute and eliminate the toxic waste products of amino acid metabolism in urine.
dehydration; more
A food that is gluten free is not necessarily nutrient ___________ and/or a healthy addition to the diet.
dense
In cases of celiac disease, the peptide _____________ contained in gluten, enters the intestinal mucosa and activates the immune system, which inflames or destroys __________
gliadin; villi
People with celiac cannot tolerate foods that contain ___________, a protein found in wheat, barely, and some other cereal grains
gluten
One treatment option for ASDs is special diets that exclude ___________ and __________, a protein in milk.
gluten and casein
Some other causes of elevated BUN levels (besides kidney disease) include....
heart disease, bleeding in the GI tract, and urinary tract obstructions
What are the three different groups of atoms found on amino acids?
1) amino or nitrogen containing group 2) the R group or side chain 3) carboxylic acid group
What are the two key factors in determining the quality of a protein?
1) digestibility 2) amino acid composition
Protein digestion begins in the ____________; HCL denatures food proteins and activates _________ from the inactive form of the enzyme, pepsinogen
stomach; pepsin
The FDA requires that manufacturers of alcoholic beverages that contain _____ or more mg sulfite/L to include a warning
10
Every mixture of plant foods does not make a complementary combination. For example....
A salad made by combining apples, grapes, and oranges
A measure of the amount of each essential amino acid in a gram of the food protein divided by the "ideal" amount of each essential amino acid in a reference protein
The amino acid composition score
Allergies such as peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish tend to persist into ________________
adulthood
What are the end products of protein digestion?
amino acids
Mixtures of certain plant foods that provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins.
complementary combinations
Calculate BV
divide grams of nitrogen absorbed by grams of nitrogen retained
Food source with the highest BV of 100% is ________ _______________
egg whites
Protein-rich foods are often cooked to make them more digestible and safe to eat, but _________ also causes proteins in foods to undergo denaturation
heat
Undernutrition
lack of food
eats eggs and milk products
lactoovovegetarian
obtains animal protein by consuming milk and milk products
lactovegetarian
Amounts of ______________ amino acids in a food determine whether the item has a high or low BV
limiting
As children mature, they often ______________ allergies to wheat, milk, soy, and eggs
outgrow
eats eggs
ovovegetarian
Skin, blood, nerve, bone- all cells in the body-- contain ________________
proteins
Performing weight/resistance training leads to nitrogen ________________
retention
Signs of marasmus
weakness and wasting; such thin body that ribs, hips, and spinal column are visible through the skin.
Severe PEM causes extreme __________ ______ and marasmus/starvation
weight loss
Several nonessential amino acids are ______________ essential, meaning they become essential under certain conditions
conditionally
If the DNA code is faulty, the wrong amino acid will be inserted into the polypeptide chain __________________, forming an abnormal polypeptide and often leading to genetic defects such as ____________ _________ _______________
consistently; sickle cell anemia
Enzymes released by the absorptive cells of the SI break down most of the shortened peptides into ______________, _______________, and _____________ amino acids
dipeptides, tripeptides, and individual amino acids
Soon after polypeptides enter the SI, the ______________ secretes protein-splitting enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin
pancreas
Animal foods, such as beef, supply almost _____-_________ of the protein in the American diet.
two-thirds
the liver can use ammonia to make ________, a metabolic waste product that is released into the bloodstream
urea
For healthy adults, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range or AMDR for energy from protein is _____ to _____%
10 - 35%
The human body contains proteins made from ______ different amino acids.
20
What is the most commonly used reference protein?
Egg white protein (albumin)
T/F: Red meat is the only source of high quality protein.
False
T/F: Autism is four to five times more in girls than boy
False; four to five times more common in boys than girls
Limiting amino acids
The essential amino acids that are in relatively low amounts; reduce the protein's ability to support growth, repair, and maintenance tissues
Occurs when the nitrogen-containing group is transferred to another substance to make a nonessential amino acid
Transamination
T/F: The incidence of diagnosed autism has increased 10-fold in the past 20 years
True
Nutritional genomics may explain why dietary interventions can have ________________ effects on the health of _________________ individuals
different; different
Group of sulfur containing compounds that result from the metabolism of certain amino acids
sulfites
the loss of organ and muscle proteins as the body tears down these tissues to obtain amino acids for energy metabolism
wasting
A healthy human body can make _____ of the 20 amino acids that are in proteins. These are the ___________________ amino acids
11; nonessential // dispensable
Normal values for UUN are measured from a ________ ______________ urine sample and are between ______ to _______ g.
24-hour urine sample; 12 to 20g
About ______ of American adults do not eat meat, fish, or poultry, and about ______ of adults avoid eating any food from animal sources.
3.2% ; 0.5%
Allergic reactions generally occur within ______ minutes to a ___________ of hours after eating the offending food.
30 minutes to a couple of hours
Chronic intake of a very high protein diet is over _______ % of energy; detrimental to kidneys
35%
Out of all the children in the US with food allergies, ____% of those children have experienced a significant allergic reaction
39%
Normal values for BUN are between...
6 and 20 mg/dL
Proteins also help maintain acid-base balance, or the proper pH of body fluids. In order to function properly, a slightly basic pH of ________ to ________ needs to be maintained.
7.35 to 7.45
In the US approximately _____% of young children suffer from food allergies, and among those children with food allergies, ____% of those have multiple food allergies
8% ; 30%
Most animal sources of protein, including milk, cheese, and meat, have a high BV ranging from ______ to ________%
90-100%
A measure of protein quality based on how well and how quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue proteins
Biological Value (BV)
A blood test often used to assess kidney function
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support protein deposition in muscles and other tissues; support growth of young child; well digested and absorbed by body
High-quality or complete protein
T/F: People who suffer from asthma often develop breathing difficulties after consuming food treated with sulfites.
True
T/F: To maintain good health, individuals with celiac disease should follow a gluten-free diet.
True
T/F: Vegetarian diets are often lower in saturated fats and calories than typical Western diets.
True
T/F: When calculating an under or overweight person's RDA for protein, use the healthy weight for the person's height when making the calculation.
True
T/F: As of 2013, the FDA has adopted a gluten-free labeling standard.
True; A product can be labeled gluten-free if it contains less than 20 ppm of gluten/~6mg/serving
The remaining 9 amino acids that cannot be produced by the body are ________________ amino acids; these must be supplied by foods
essential // indispensable
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
affects people whose diets lack sufficient protein as well as energy
Proteins in the blood, such as ______________, also help maintain the proper distribution of fluids in blood and body tissues
albumin
Metabolic processes can ___________ pH when they produce acidic or basic by-products.
alter
The more protein a person consumes, the more _________ __________ needs to undergo deamination, therefore increasing urea synthesis
amino acids
When dipeptides and tripeptides come in contact with microvilli, enzymes within the microvilli can break them down into ________ ________
amino acids
In severe cases, sensitive people who are exposed to food allergens can develop _________________ shock, a serious drop in blood pressure that affects the whole body.
anaphylactic
Blood proteins help counteract the effects of blood pressure by......
attracting the fluid and returning it to the bloodstream
Children and adults with PKU should ___________ foods high in phenylalanine and should avoid the sweetener _________________
avoid; aspartame
When the nitrogen-containing group is removed, the R group, carboxylic acid group, and anchoring carbon atom form the "_______________ ________________" of an amino acid
carbon skeleton
The amino acid pool is an _____________, or internal, source of nitrogen
endogenous
Because plant foods add bulk without calories, vegetarians may feel more "full" soon after eating therefore they may not consume as much ____________ and nutrients as they need
energy
After an amino acid undergoes deamination, the carbon skeleton that remains can be used for ___________ or converted into other compounds, such as ______________
energy; glucose
After being absorbed, amino acids travel to the liver via the _____________ portal vein ; the liver keeps some amino acids for its needs and releases the rest for ____________ ______________
hepatic ; general circulation
High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they can lead to _____________ than normal urinary loss of ________________
higher ; calcium
As a result of immune response, the individual is likely to experience symptoms such as...
hives, swollen/itchy lips, scaly skin rash (eczema), difficultly swallowing, wheezing, difficultly breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
According to WHO guidelines for identifying and treating children with PEM, the most sick children require....
hospitalization, carefully controlled feedings, and frequent health assessments
Since 1997, the prevalence of food allergies among children under 18 years of age has been _______________ in the US
increasing
When the body is in a state of negative nitrogen retention, it _____________ more nitrogen than it retains
loses
in general, plant foods have ______ energy density ; they add _______ to the diet without adding ____________
low ; add bulk to diet without adding calories
Urea levels in both blood and urine are used as _____________ of dietary protein intake and chronic disease
markers
Compared to the typical American diet, vegetarian diets provide _________ fiber, phytochemicals, folic acid (a B vitamin), vitamins E and C, and the minerals potassium and magnesium
more